Luca Pacioli Research Articles

Archimedean solids in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries

Several artists, artisans, and mathematicians described fascinating solid bodies in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The knowledge they developed on the subject was so progressive that it is considered a milestone in the history of polyhedra. In the first part of this study we analyze, from a chronological and comparative perspective, the consistent studies developed between 1460 and 1583 on those that came to be recognized as Archimedean Solids. The authors who engaged in such studies were Piero della Francesca, Luca Pacioli, Leonardo da Vinci, Albrecht Dürer, Augustin Hirschvogel, an Anonymous Author who accomplished remarkable studies between 1538 and 1556, Wentzel Jamnitzer, Daniele Barbaro, Lorenz Stöer, Rafael Bombelli, and Simon Stevin. In the second part, we discuss how the revolutionary method of describing solid bodies with planar nets contributed to the rediscovery of the Archimedean Solids. We also present our interpretation of some of the studies by the Anonymous Author and our conclusions on his identity and influence on other authors.

Form and Matter of Regular Geometrical Bodies in Luca Pacioli’s Summa (1494) and Compendium de divina proportione (1498)

Abstract Luca Pacioli (ca. 1447–1517) is widely considered a central figure in the Italian Renaissance, particularly in the history of practical mathematics. The perspectival representations of geometrical bodies that Leonardo da Vinci drew for Pacioli’s Compendium de divina proportione are, in turn, often singled out to illustrate the relationships between the visual arts and mathematics in the late fifteenth century. Yet despite increasing scholarly attention, the philosophical framework of Pacioli’s works deserves to be further explored. This paper discusses how Pacioli ably developed his arguments on regular geometrical bodies by relying on a predominantly Aristotelian philosophical framework. In this way, Pacioli established correlations among the quantitative, material, and formal properties of regular geometrical bodies, concluding with the visualisation of their (geometrically defined) form at the level of the intellect.

Geometrías en el arte: la divina proporción y la proporción cordobesa

Since Euclid, it has been contemplated that the average and extreme ratio, known as the golden ratio or divine proportion according to Luca Pacioli, is the ultimate canon of beauty. Numerous studies have been conducted in an attempt to support this thesis. However, in the latter half of the 20th century, a new study emerged to confirm that in the city of Córdoba, a previously unknown proportion dominated, which had not been studied in either art or architecture. Rafael de la Hoz, the architect responsible for this discovery, referred to it as the Cordovan proportion or Human Proportion. Once discovered, it became evident that it was not a peculiarity unique to this Andalusian city, but rather, a canon of beauty that has been used on numerous occasions, albeit not explicitly acknowledged as such.

Rethinking the Standard-Setting Process: The Role of Intangibles

ABSTRACT This think piece looks at the traditional reporting for intangibles and concludes that the measuring and reporting of intangibles needs a structural rethinking to incorporate 21st-century technology involving new forward-looking information and methods to provide information that is consistent with current capabilities (e.g., apps, bots, multiple databases, artificial intelligence). Traditional measurement methods, first published by Fra Luca Pacioli, satisfied business needs for centuries, but they limit modern external stakeholders’ ability to evaluate and compare firms’ current performance or predict their future performance. The traditional concepts of articulation, consolidation, and valuation of intangibles are inadequate, and sometimes blatantly misleading. Further, empirical research has ignored the emergence of new circumstances in business operations and accounting technology. The goal of this think piece is to discuss the traditional backward-looking approach to financial reporting for intangibles and to outline some considerations for developing a new system.

Level of Ethical Awareness of Bs Accountancy Students in Selected Private Universities in Camarines Sur: Basis for Ancillary Business Ethics Guide

Accounting is a discipline that involves not just the mechanical application of accounting expertise but also making complex judgments, both quantitative and qualitative, which demands the highest standards of integrity and objectivity. Ethical considerations are therefore of utmost importance to all accountants. Ethics education should continue to play an important part in accounting education. Accounting ethics were first introduced by Luca Pacioli and later expanded by government groups, professional organizations, and independent companies. Robert H. Montgomery, describing ethics in accounting, has said that “Accountants and the accounting profession exist as a means of public service; the distinction that separates a profession from a mere means of livelihood is that the profession is accountable to standards of the public interest and beyond the compensation paid by clients.”

The mathematics-based learning method and its impact on student performance in the Introductory Accounting course: cognitive load theory

PurposeThis study aims to describe and examine the effectiveness of the mathematics-based learning method, called Accountamatics (Accounting from Mathematics perspective). The Accountamatics method is rooted in the principles of double-entry bookkeeping and the rules of debits and credits, which were initially documented by Luca Pacioli, a Mathematics Professor, in a mathematics book.Design/methodology/approachThis study uses a quasi-experimental design, spanning a duration of one semester, to examine its research objectives. The participants included 230 students from the Faculty of Economics and Business in Indonesia, who were accredited by AACSB. Control variables, including gender, majors and study backgrounds, were taken into consideration. The data was analyzed using a linear regression test, followed by a comparative t-test.FindingsThe study findings show a significant positive impact of the Accountamatics method on student performance when compared to traditional learning approaches. Furthermore, the analysis indicates that the control variables examined in the study did not have a significant effect on student performance. Thus, it can be inferred that the implementation of the Accountamatics method has a beneficial effect on the academic performance of college students.Practical implicationsThe study findings provide valuable insights for faculty members in higher education institutions, highlighting the potential benefits of incorporating mathematics-based teaching in accounting as an alternative approach for business students. These findings contribute to the existing knowledge on innovative teaching methods that can enhance the study of accounting within the business curriculum.Originality/valueOver the span of around 25 years, extensive research has been conducted to compare traditional teaching methods with innovative approaches. However, the results have not consistently shown that the innovative methods outperform their traditional counterparts. In response to this, the Accountamatics method has been developed, building upon the fundamental knowledge in accounting that has been used since 1494. Despite its historical significance, this method is sometimes regarded as limited to technical knowledge in the modern era.

GOLDEN ERA IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ACCOUNTING THEORY

The socio-economic environment in which the enterprise operates is constantly being transformed; accordingly, accounting must be functionally improved. Accounting theory is the basis of accounting science. It provides an opportunity to improve methodical support and accounting methods and expand business entities' capabilities to independently form internal carriers of accounting, economic, financial, social and other information. The article is devoted to disclosing the most famous accounting theories of the 15th-19th centuries (the golden era of accounting theories), which Professor Oleksandr Galagan classified. The study results show that over five centuries (XV-XX), accounting grew from a craft and art to a science due to the formation and development of own theories. The formation and development of the science of accounting in the theoretical aspect in this period significantly outstripped other components of economic science. In addition to developing the eight elements of the method, scientists paid great attention to the accounting mission in society, expanding its tasks and functions. It was found that the scope and depth of the development of accounting science during this period can be demonstrated by selecting the nine most vivid theories after the works of Luca Pacioli and Benedetto Cotrugli. All these accounting theories can be divided into two main groups: 1) metaphysical accounting theories; 2) positive accounting theories. It was found that all the founders of accounting theories positioned accounting as an essential component of economic science, the so-called “mind” in managing the firm and the state. The research results show that Professor Oleksandr Galagan classified accounting theories regarding teachings that explain this type of activity from certain laws accepted by humanity. In his opinion, the highest among these accounting theories were the laws of nature. It has been proven that accounting theory should be the basis for the development of accounting science. The provisions of the accounting theories identified in the study will substantiate the further development of accounting science on the laws of causality characteristic of other sciences to form an accounting theory relevant today.

The origin of double-entry bookkeeping: Hypotheses and facts

Subject. This article examines various historical versions of the origin and formation of double-entry bookkeeping for the period from the 13th century through the 15th century. Objectives. The article aims to consider various hypotheses and assumptions about the origin of double-entry bookkeeping, and identify the major points in the development of accounting using double-entry bookkeeping, taking into account specific historical conditions based on the application of the principle of historicism. Methods. For the study, I used analysis and synthesis, observation, comparison, and generalization. The works of well-known scientists, both Russian and foreign, in the field of the history of accounting served as the methodological basis for the study. Results. The article emphasizes the exceptional influence of Luca Pacioli's Treatise on the Accounts and Records (1494) on the writings of many authors on accountancy. It shows that before Luca Pacioli's work was presented, double-entry bookkeeping had been used in the practice of Italian merchants and bankers, and it gives a chronology of the appearance of accounting books and archival materials testifying to the birth of Italian double-entry bookkeeping. The article also describes the main characteristics of the accounting books of Venetian, Florentine and Genoese companies in medieval Italy, confirming the use of double-entry techniques. Conclusions and Relevance. The article concludes about the date and place of origin of double-entry bookkeeping. The study substantiates the position that in the process of researching the origin of double-entry bookkeeping, it is advisable to use authentic literary sources and archival materials of past periods.

Did the ancient Romans have double-entry bookkeeping?

Purpose: The main purpose of the article is to establish whether the ancient Romans used double-entry bookkeeping. The secondary aim is to present a wide range of accounting vocabulary used by the Romans, which was later used by Venetian merchants and Luca Pacioli in the 1494 treatise on double-entry bookkeeping and which is still in use today.Methodology/approach: The paper uses a deductive inference method based on an anal-ysis of the economic, legal, and historiographical literature on the accounting vocabulary used in the state and private finances of the Romans. Findings: Although the terminology presented in the article suggests that the Romans had a highly developed accounting system using the principle of double entry, this was not the case. No material evidence of this has been found in accounting documents, such as single accounting records, repeated counter entries or balance sheets. Historians of ac-counting and banking rely on the analysis of secondary historical sources, such as legal literature that documents the course of trials in which account books were the main evidence. One trial that was fully described in the literature was between the partners Fannius and Roscius, in which Cicero was the defender of Roscius. The article demonstrates that Ciceros defense speech does not prove the existence of double-accounting in Rome. Reflecting on the reasons for the absence of double-entry bookkeeping, the author pre-sents de Ste. Croix's arguments, the most important of which was the Roman numerical notation system (I, V, X, L, C, M) did not force bookkeeping entries into columns. This was only done by the Arabic numeral notation system, which quickly translated into the opposite double notation.Research limitations: The lack of surviving documents and a need to rely on legal litera-ture.Originality/value: The article proves that the double notation the debit/credit convention cannot be ascribed to ancient Rome. However, the article informs the reader about the richness of the accounting and financial terminology of Rome at the turn of the era.

A Review on New Accounting History and Empirical Research

This research paper provides an explanation of the accounting history. The paper explores how merchants developed a record-keeping system known as the Bollac and traces the stages of accounting development from Mesopotamia in 3500B.C. to the present dayIt also examines Luca Pacioli's important contributions to the advancement of double-entry accounting, for whom he is frequently referred to as the Father of Accounting. The report also highlights the importance of accounting history in the modern world. The research then discusses the opportunities and difficulties that the accounting industry may face as the decade comes to an end. This essay looks into the methods used in historical research and suggests ways to make accounting history more relevant to modern accounting scholars. It explores several connected topics, including organizational history, internal accounting, specialized international accounting history literature, and accounting theory These subjects offer insightful information and resources that enable researchers to delve further into their particular fields of study

Yaroslav Sokolov and his School

The article is devoted to the 85th anniversary of the outstanding scientist in the field of accounting, doctor of economic sciences, honored worker of science of Russian Federation, professor Yaroslav Vyacheslavovich Sokolov (1938–2010). The authors made an attempt to review the multifaceted scientific and pedagogical activities of the scientist over nearly 50 years. The authors analyze Sokolov’s ideas in the field of accounting, as well as his contribution to the creation of certain areas (the Sokolov school); his works in the field of history, which won him universal recognition, among which a special place is given to his republished work «Treatise on Accounts and Records» by Luca Pacioli; the social and educational activities of the scientist on the background of changing economy in the country and in the world are shown. An attempt has been made to assess comprehensively the role of Professor Sokolov in the formation of the process of training specialists in accounting, analysis and audit, as well as statistics.

HISTORY OF ACCOUNTING FROM THE ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS TO THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE AND REPUBLIC OF TURKEY

The aim of this research is to examine the birth of accounting in ancient civilizations, then its history in the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Turkey, as well as accounting’s development process until today. Discussions about where accounting was first born and invented still continue, and there is no universal consensus. However, there are different opinions about the fact that accounting first appeared in ancient Egypt, Persia, Mesopotamia, Babylon, Assyria, Sumer, China, India or Islamic civilizations. Some sources, on the other hand, have a completely different point of view and show the Summa de Arithmetica, Geometria, Proportioni et Proportionalita, written by the Italian mathematician Luca Pacioli, as the starting point of accounting, which includes the double-entry bookkeeping technique. In the Ottoman Empire Period, the Ladder (Merdiban) Method, which is an accounting record culture, was applied. In fact, the related method was also used by the Seljuks and İlkhanids in Anatolia previously. Concerning the Republic of Turkey period, accounting developed parallel to the industrialization and globalization attempts.

A new paradigm of Luca Pacioli’s bookkeeping on blockchain phenomenon

AbstractThe objective of this study is to examine the double and triple entry bookkeeping related to blockchain technology bookkeeping. The data we obtained for 30 articles from the database we searched for were provided by major publishers (Elsevier (www.sciencedirect.com), Emerald (www.emeraldinsight.com), Springer (www.springerlink.com), and Wiley (www. wiley.com)) and by service libraries (Complete Business Resources and Web of Science). We show the thoughts of philosopher Foucault regarding the power of knowledge, which will be associated with the phenomenon of the triple-entry and double-entry bookkeeping system paradigms. In addition, we document the blockchain technology has changed the paradigms of both bookkeeping systems. The novelty in this article is the implementation of the philosopher Foucault's thought in the paradigm of the triple-entry and double-entry bookkeeping systems. Our study contributes to expanding the existing literature by providing some arguments and findings regarding the blockchain bookkeeping systems and the future research agenda.AbstrakTujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengkaji pembukuan double dan triple-entry yang terkait dengan pembukuan teknologi blockchain. Data yang kami peroleh adalah 30 artikel dari database penerbit besar (Elsevier (www.sciencedirect.com), Emerald (www.emeraldinsight.com), Springer (www.springerlink.com), dan Wiley (www.wiley.com)) dan dari perpustakaan layanan (Sumber Daya Bisnis Lengkap dan Web of Science). Kami tunjukkan pemikiran filsuf Foucault mengenai kekuatan pengetahuan, yang akan dikaitkan dengan fenomena paradigma sistem pembukuan triple-entry dan double-entry. Selain itu, kami mendokumentasikan teknologi blockchain telah mengubah paradigma kedua sistem pembukuan tersebut. Kebaruan dalam artikel ini adalah implementasi pemikiran filsuf Foucault dalam paradigma sistem pembukuan triple-entry dan double-entry. Studi kami berkontribusi untuk memperluas literatur yang ada dengan memberikan beberapa argumen dan temuan mengenai sistem pembukuan blockchain dan agenda penelitian di masa depan.

Sejarah dan pemikiran akuntansi syariah

This paper discusses the history of the birth of sharia accounting which is inseparable from thedevelopment of Islam, the obligation to record non -cash transactions as mentioned in the QS. AlBaqarah: 282 encouraged Muslims to care about recording and gave rise to the tradition ofrecording among the people, and this was one of the factors that encouraged cooperation at thattime. History proves that accounting science has long been practiced in the Islamic world,such as the term journal, which was used during the time of the Islamic caliphate with theterm "jaridah" for financial bookkeeping. Likewise with the double entry written by LucaPacioli. That way we know that Islam first recognized the accounting system because theQur'an was revealed in 610 AD, which is 800 years earlier than Luca Pacioli whopublished his book in 1494. Sharia accounting is accounting which processes financialtransactions using contracts in accordance with the provisions of the Qur'an and Hadithand ijmak. Thus, accounting has been known as a means of accountability to companyowners, so sharia accounting is more than that, namely accountability to company ownersand God.

SYSTEM OF PROPORTIONALITY OF THE SAVIOR TRANSFIGURATION CATHEDRAL IN PERESLAVL- ZALISSKYI

Transfiguration Cathedral in Pereslavl-Zalessky is the oldest white stone church of pre-Mongol Kievan Rus' that survived to this day in its original form. The power of its emotional impact on the viewer was noted by the famous American architect of the XX century Luis Kahn, who travelled around cities of the Golden Ring of Russia in 1973. At the end of this trip, he stated that he was most impressed by the Transfiguration Cathedral.
 We explored the emotional potential of this unique creation of ancient Russian masters using a distinctive theoretical and information model based on the laws of visual perception. Determining the amount of visual information contained in dimensions of the structure, we found that relations between these dimensions belong to a specific proportional system or sequence of numbers.
 We have proposed a mechanism for measuring the strength of the proportional relationship of dimensions that could belong to one structural level or several at once.
 The method of identifying the proportional correlation and strength of proportional relationships is based on determining the information modularity of relations and the values of information modules in the information content of individual relations.
 During the process of information analysis of the Transfiguration Cathedral, it was found that the vast majority of the ratios belong to the two proportional systems: the golden ratio, with a base of 1,618 and the proportional sequence (progression) with a base of 1,477.
 According to the findings of the Russian neurophysiologist P.V. Simonov, a member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the exact numbers were found in relations between the extreme characteristics of the encephalogram of the human brain. These ratios of frequencies, according to Simonov, correspond with the human emotional states of "aesthetic perception" and "creative act". 
 It is a well-known fact that Leonardo da Vinci and his associate Luca Pacioli developed the golden ratio theory in the early XVI century. This makes us wonder how the ratio of 1,618 and its derivatives came to be used in Kievan Rus in the XII century?
 The construction of temples in Kievan Rus was based mainly on the "time will tell" principle. Keeping that in mind, we suggested that the perfection of the proportional construction of the Transfiguration Cathedral was achieved because of the architects' sharp sensitivity to the visual perception of proportions, supported by various sacred religious practices.
 The presence of the ratio of "aesthetic perception" and the ratio of "creative act" in the proportional structure of the Transfiguration Cathedral explains the strength of its emotional effect on the famous connoisseur of beauty Louis Kahn.

Examining intersecting lives: Luca Pacioli, father of accounting, and his friend, Leonardo da Vinci

In 1494, the first printed book on double-entry accounting was written by Franciscan Friar Luca Pacioli, later called the Father of Accounting. He would become close friends with Leonardo da Vinci, the iconic symbol of the Renaissance. This study analyzes simultaneously the lives of Pacioli and Leonardo, using a ‘biographical lens’ approach, incorporating older research and more recent work, to shed new light on their lives and contributions, providing a glimpse of how they became friends, where their lives intersected, some interests they shared, and how each contributed to the other's work. Preparers and users of financial information are indebted to Luca Pacioli for his monumental role in the development of accounting. His friend, Leonardo, made myriad contributions to art and science, notably world-famous paintings such as the Last Supper. Pacioli and Leonardo changed the course of history with their exceptional contributions, sometimes collaborating, to their respective fields.

Calculating the financial result on the Goods Inventory account: The historical and methodological aspect. Part 2

Subject. This article examines the problem of identifying the financial result on the Goods Inventory account. For the first time, the procedure for determining the financial result on the Goods Inventory account was described by Luca Pacioli in the twenty-seventh chapter of his Treatise on the Accounts and Records (Particularis de Computis et Scripturis) in 1494. It raises many questions. Objectives. The article aims to reconstruct the procedure for identifying the financial result on the account Goods Inventory on the basis of medieval treatises on accounting. It also aims to prove that medieval treatises on accounting published after the publication of Luca Pacioli's Treatise on the Accounts and Records are of independent scientific value. Methods. For the study, I used combinations of analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, and historical and logical research methods. Results. Based on the study of the works of medieval authors, the article reconstructs the procedure for determining the financial result on the account Goods Inventory and proves that medieval works on accounting, published before the end of the 16th century, had independent scientific significance. Relevance. The results obtained can be applied to explain the nature of the financial result, and when defining the financial result and developing an accounting methodology for identifying it.

Calculating the financial result on the Goods Inventory account: The historical and methodological aspect. Part 1

Subject. This article examines the problem of identifying the financial result on the Goods Inventory account. For the first time, the procedure for determining the financial result on the Goods Inventory account was described by Luca Pacioli in the twenty-seventh chapter of his Treatise on the Accounts and Records (Particularis de Computis et Scripturis) in 1494. It raises many questions. Objectives. The article aims to reconstruct the procedure for identifying the financial result on the account Goods Inventory on the basis of medieval treatises on accounting. It also aims to prove that medieval treatises on accounting published after the publication of Luca Pacioli's Treatise on the Accounts and Records are of independent scientific value. Methods. For the study, I used combinations of analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, and historical and logical research methods. Results. Based on the study of the works of medieval authors, the article reconstructs the procedure for determining the financial result on the account Goods Inventory and proves that medieval works on accounting, published before the end of the 16th century, had independent scientific significance. Relevance. The results obtained can be applied to explain the nature of the financial result, and when defining the financial result and developing an accounting methodology for identifying it.

Polyhedrons, Art, And Architecture in Renaissance Venice

Scholars have long studied the influence of perspective in Italian Renaissance. The aim of this essay is to focus on a specific place and period of time, dealing with artists, mathematicians and scholars that lived and worked in Venice from the beginning to the second half of the of 16th century. In particular, I would like to explain why proportion and polyhedrons were welcomed into the artistic expressions of the Venetian Renaissance society. For this purpose, I would like to recon- struct the cultural environment that animated Venice, focusing on the role played by the mathemati- cians as well as analyzing the virtuous perspectives performed by the artists in the city. I would like to reconnect also the few but significant clues that art, mathematics, and perspective have handed down to us, starting from a sort of a cultural manifesto proposed by Luca Pacioli: the mathematiza- tion of the world.

The Business Needs that Drove the Emergence of Double Entry: In Defense of Pacioli, again … It is Time to Remove Those Dark Glasses

ABSTRACTBeing able to understand how double entry bookkeeping works is a critically important skill for an accountant, but few accounting graduates understand or perform double entry at the level desired. It has always been taught using rules, never by principles. This paper responds to and rejects criticisms published in this journal by Richard Macve. They concern a paper I published in 2018 presenting Luca Pacioli's approach to teaching double entry using a principles-based approach. My response also uses grounded theory to reject Professor Macve's theory concerning the development of double entry by generating an opposing new theory to explain what motivated its emergence. Furthermore, it highlights problems in the use of literature in accounting history and uses theories of pedagogy and studies on teaching double entry to reject his insistence that it should be taught using a balance sheet equation approach. Several other comments/suggestions in his wide-ranging article are addressed.