Loyal Service Research Articles

Racialising Refugees: The Global Colour Line in US Resettlement

Abstract Following the 2021 Taliban takeover of Afghanistan and the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, there were notable differences in access to resettlement and other pathways of humanitarian migration. Drawing on an analysis of statements by US policymakers, this article considers the global context and implications of the disparate language and approaches used in responses to Afghan and Ukrainian displacement. It shows how racialised and gendered narratives contributed to and were constituted within a broader international hierarchy and global colour line. The positioning of Ukrainians as possessing higher civilisational attributes deserving of solidarity and support, and their portrayal through prisms of strong agency, sovereignty, and kindred Western values, echoed across transnational constructions of collective white identity. In contrast, Afghan resettlement was rendered conditional on extensive security vetting and proof of loyal service to US and NATO missions in Afghanistan. Portrayals of Afghans as less assimilable, as potential terrorist infiltrators, as incapable of self-governance and unable to generate their own progress perpetuated features of the global colour line. Attending to the different logics used to construct refugee and parolee groups and policies broadens our understanding on how multilayered processes of Orientalism and racialisation shape resettlement and disparities in access to protection.

"ЛИКОВАНИЕ ДЛЯ ЦАРЕДВОРЦА": СЦЕНЫ ВОЗВРАЩЕНИЯ ЧИНОВНИКА ПОСЛЕ НАГРАЖДЕНИЯ В СИСТЕМЕ ДЕКОРА ДРЕВНЕЕГИПЕТСКИХ ЧАСТНЫХ ГРОБНИЦ ЭПОХИ НОВОГО ЦАРСТВА

The phenomenon of the court officials’ being awarded by the king for the loyal service had reached the highest peak of its development by the New Kingdom period as confirmed by a considerable number of sources, as well as by scenes illustrating the pharaoh’s rewarding of the nobility, which appeared in private tombs first during the reign of Thutmose IV. However, the focus of the article will not be on reliefs that illustrate the process of awarding an official, but rather on less common scenes that attest to the awarding of an official. The present article is about the features of the composition of the scenes of an official’s return after being awarded their evolution, and the place of such scenes in the system of painting private tombs of the XVIII–XIX dynasties. In the XVIII dynasty, especially in the Amarna era, when reward scenes are at their greatest, such subjects are part of a scene illustrating the awarding of an official, such as the scene in the tomb of Aye at Akhetaton (TA 25). But already during the reign of the last kings of the XVIII dynasty they become a separate scene, which first appears on stelae, such as the stela of Ani, and then on the walls of tombs, (for instance, the Tomb of Maya, LS 27). That kind of scenes continued its existence during the early period of the XIX dynasty: images in the Tomb of Amenemope (TT 41) and the Tomb of Userhat (TT 51) reflect the impact which the Amarna style had on the XIX Dynasty art because they are stylistically close to it. Probably there’s no rewarding scene exactly because those officials were not awarded by a king himself, the rewards were handed over to them by the high-ranking officials in the royal treasury of the palace. During the reign of the XX dynasty such scenes completely disappear from private tombs, indirectly marking the changing the officials’ role at the royal court, generally downgrading the role of the private individual in state affairs and bringing the deeds of the ruler back to the forefront, as was the case in the early XVIII dynasty.

ИКОНОГРАФИЯ СЦЕН НАГРАЖДЕНИЯ ЧИНОВНИКОВ В ДРЕВНЕЕГИПЕТСКИХ ЧАСТНЫХ ГРОБНИЦАХ ВРЕМЕНИ ПРАВЛЕНИЯ XX-XXI ДИНАСТИЙ

The phenomenon of the king’s rewarding the court officials and warriors for the loyal service reached the peak of its development during the New Kingdom Era, which is confirmed by a considerable number of historical sources, as well as the scenes depicting the king, rewarding the noble people which first appeared in private tombs during the reign of Thutmose IV and went on appearing during the whole New Kingdom Era. This article deals with the rewarding scenes which can be seen in private tombs in Thebes and which are dating back to the 20th – 21st Dynasty period. Painting of private tombs of that time is characterized by fewer scenes depicting services and daily life of officials, and, to the contrary, larger number of scenes related to the posthumous existence of the tomb owner. There are only four scenes of reward in the private tombs dated back to the period in question from the necropolises in Rifeh, Aniba, Dra Abu El Naga. By the time of the reign of the 21st dynasty, there is only one image originating from Tanis.

नारी शक्ति: विकसित भारत की नींव

The status of women in India has undergone many major changes in the last few centuries. From equal status with men in ancient times to the low standard of living in the medieval period as well as the promotion of equal rights by many reformers, the history of women in India has been quite dynamic. In modern India, women have occupied top positions such as President, Prime Minister, Speaker of Lok Sabha, Leader of Opposition etc.Literary sources that specifically discuss the role of women are very few; an important exception is the Stridharmapaddhati of Tryambakayajvan, an official of Thanjavur around 1730 AD. This book compiles the rules of conduct for women from the ancient period of Apastamba Sutra (4th century BC). Its main verse is as follows:Mukhno Dharma: Smritishu Vihito Bhartrushushrusanam Hi: The main duty of a woman is related to the service of her husband.Where the word Suśruṣa (lit., "desire to hear") has a variety of meanings ranging from a devotee's prayer to God to the loyal service of a slave.

Birth of the palatine branch of the Garai family The early history of the Dorozsma genus (1269–1375)

The main objective of this paper is to present that period of the history of the Dorozsma genus which started with it being mentioned for the first time (1269) and finished with the appointment of Nicholas to the office of palatine (1375). In this early time the genus disintegrated to branches and families which shared their hereditary possessions, performed military and diplomatic missions. They could start a conscious lordship-construction out of the estates they got from the king for their loyal service. Prosperous kinship and lord-in-waiting (familiaris) relationships were formed. The presentation of all these factors can hopefully expose the premises that preceded the “success-story” of the palatine branch of the Garai family in the middle of the 14th century.

David Stephenson, Patronage and Power in the Medieval Welsh March: One Family's Story. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. 2021, xviii, 142 pp.

Abstract: A veteran research-fellow at Bangor University here offers a study which may soon be regarded as a minor classic. It is an account of the Clanvowe family and has varied points of interest. First is their rise. They come to attention with Hywel ap Meurig (d. 1281), a native Welshman who established the family fortunes in the mid-Powys region when the power of Llywelyn (d. 1282), Prince of Wales and ruler of Gwynedd, was in decline. Stephenson uses official records (petitions, correspondence, court rolls, lists of office-holders) from government and other archives (together with native genealogies) to show how, by loyal service to Mortimer and Bohun marcher lords, this Welsh family prospered in a turbulent age. Their success is instructive. In the eternal business of getting on and using circumstances to their advantage, they were experts.

Italians in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the Second Half of the Sixteenth Century

This article deals with Italian immigration to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the second half of the sixteenth century by trying to disclose what mechanisms were at play in the process of their integration into the host society. It also attempts to highlight localities and fields of activities in which the demand for services provided by Italians was felt most acutely. Integration on the part of the Italians proceeded for the most part by their providing loyal service and establishing patron-client relations with their paymasters, and by staying in touch with one another in a network of mutual assistance. Crucial importance in the process of integration through assimilation within an adopted country must be ascribed to the mixed marriages concluded between Italian men and local women. This study draws heavily on hitherto untapped material contained in the official records of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, conventionally known as the Lithuanian Metrica.

Valtavirtateknologioita itsenäisesti käyttävien vammaisten henkilöiden eriytyvät toimijuudet sähköisten vammaispalveluiden käyttäjinä

Sosiaalihuollon sähköisten palveluiden tutkimus on lisääntynyt, mutta vammaisia henkilöitä sähköisten palveluiden käyttäjinä koskevaa tutkimusta on vähän. Tässä tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan valtavirtateknologioita, kuten tietokoneita ja matkapuhelimia, itsenäisesti käyttävien vammaisten henkilöiden sähköisten vammaispalveluiden (SVP) käyttöä tilannekohtaisen toimijuuden näkökulmasta. Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on lisätä ymmärrystä vammaisten henkilöiden SVP käyttöön vaikuttavista tekijöistä. Tutkimusaineistona ovat vammaispalveluiden asiakkaina olevien vammaisten henkilöiden teemahaastattelut (n=14). Aineistoa analysoitiin luokittelemalla ja tyypittelemällä. Teoreettisena analyysikehyksenä hyödynnettiin toimijuuden modaliteetti -teoriaa, joka sopii erittelemään toimijuuden muotoutumista yksilöllisten ja ympäristöllisten tekijöiden tilannekohtaisena kudelmana.
 Analyysin tulos eriytyvistä toimijuuksista on typologia: taidokkaat, potentiaalit, varaukselliset ja pakotetut SVP-käyttäjät. Taidokkaat käyttäjät ovat suvereeneja kehittäjäasiakkaita, jotka hyötyvät monipuolisesta sähköisten palveluiden tarjonnasta. Potentiaalit käyttäjät ovat palvelunkäyttäjäasiakkaita, jotka kaipaavat lisää tietoa ja tukea SVP hyödyntämiseen. Varaukselliset käyttäjät luottavat muita heikommin sekä palveluihin yleisesti että sähköisiin palveluihin. Pakotetut käyttäjät pyrkivät sopeutumaan sähköistyviin palveluihin turvautuen kuitenkin niiden, kuten yleisemminkin palveluiden käytössä, läheisten tukeen.
 Tutkimuksessa esitetään, että vammaisten henkilöiden SVP käyttöön vaikuttaa henkilön aiemmalle elämänkululle rakentuva nykyinen tilanne kaikkine osatekijöineen, joista lähemmin tarkasteltiin vammaan liittyvän tilanteen sekä vammaispalveluasiakkuuden vakiintuneisuutta tai vakiintumattomuutta. Tulosten perusteella suhteellisen vakaassa tilanteessa elävien vammaisten henkilöiden (taidokkaat ja potentiaalit käyttäjät) myönteinen suhde sähköisiin palveluihin ilmenee SVP runsaampana käyttönä kuin vakiintumattomissa tilanteissa elävillä, joiden suhde palvelujärjestelmään on pulmallisempi ja SVP käyttö vähäisempää (varaukselliset ja pakotetut käyttäjät). Kaikkien tyyppien SVP käyttöä edistäisi palveluiden käytettävyyden, saavutettavuuden ja esteettömyyden kohentaminen, mutta toimia tulisi myös eriyttää huomioiden asiakkaiden SVP-käyttäjätyypit.

ИКОНОГРАФИЯ СЦЕН НАГРАЖДЕНИЯ ЧИНОВНИКОВ В ДРЕВНЕЕГИПЕТСКИХ ЧАСТНЫХ ГРОБНИЦАХ ВРЕМЕНИ ПРАВЛЕНИЯ XIX ДИНАСТИИ

The phenomenon of the king’s rewarding of the court officials and warriors for the loyal service reached the peak of its development during the New Kingdom Era, which is confirmed by lots of historical sources, as well as the scenes depicting the king’s rewarding the noble people which first appeared in private tombs during the reign of Thutmose IV and went on appearing during the whole New Kingdom Era. This article deals with the rewarding scenes which can be seen in private tombs in Thebes and which are dating back to Dynasty XIX period. Painting of private tombs of Dynasty XIX is characterized by fewer number of scenes depicting services and daily life of officials, and, to the contrary, larger amount of scenes related to the posthumous existence of the tomb owner. There are only three rewarding scenes in the private tombs dated back to the period in question, and these scenes can be found in the burials of Paser, the mayor of Thebes (TT 106), Apy the sculptor (TT 217) as well as in the burial of Thai who was a royal scribe. The composition of these scenes is based on scenes dated back to the period of Dynasty XVIII reign, however, they are smaller in scale.

Last Day at Kensington Hospital.

Today is a special day. After ten years of reliable and loyal service, Sophie is leaving Kensington Hospital to undertake a Master's degree in nursing. On this occasion, a farewell drink has been arranged with members of the staff in the Medical Unit.

Prioritising McDonalds: The Gift of Work and Catholic Social Teaching

Prioritising McDonalds: The Gift of Work and Catholic Social Teaching Kevin Hargaden Introduction: ‘McDonalds should be your first priority’ As a teenager, my wife had a friend who worked part-time at a local McDonalds. The roster was drawn up without reference to the fact that she was preparing to sit her Leaving Certificate exams. Although she brought this up numerous times, the issue went unaddressed until she eventually had to miss a shift. When she next returned to work, her manager angrily confronted her and demanded an explanation for why she had not shown up. That she had a French oral exam was not a satisfactory excuse. ‘McDonalds’, insisted the boss, ‘should be your first priority’.1 This delightfully incongruous sentence quickly established itself as a slogan shared between my wife and myself. As we approach middle-age, we still commonly deploy it at times when people make unreasonable demands of us based on swollen appraisals of their own importance. The musician at church wants three practices before the Sunday service – McDonalds should be your first priority. A group of concerned parents is calling on us to join a protest to ban sugar from the local crèche – McDonalds should be your first priority. It remains the case, however, that the most likely thing to inspire anyone to utter our motto is a demand made by a boss, a supervisor or a line manager. That any employer would be our first priority was patently absurd to us as teenagers. As adults, it has become common sense. In this instance, I am not sure that this process of maturation is one of increasing wisdom. We have seen friends secure fantastic positions and then disappear into a void of impossible expectations. We sat recently with an older friend who has been let go after decades of loyal service because, for two quarters in a row, their outputs did not match the algorithmically generated prediction of performance. My wife and I have good jobs that mostly finish when we leave our offices and yet we are perpetually exhausted. How, we wonder, do other people cope? In this essay I want to investigate the idea of the ‘gift of work’, contrasting Studies • volume 108 • number 432 389 Prioritising McDonalds: The Gift of Work and Catholic Social Teaching how in mainstream discourse it is often considered as a benevolence of the owners of capital, whereas in the conversation around Catholic Social Teaching it is seen as a gratuitousness which ‘can be recognised as an authentic expression of humanity’.2 The common mode of discussing how people find employment is unintentionally revealing. We commonly speak of corporations – or even ‘job creators’ – ‘giving’ jobs.3 We live in a context where the employer gifts the work and the employee is honour-bound as the recipient to make a non-identical, yet at least equivalent contribution in response.4 The company – or the ‘job creator’ – gives magnanimously, the worker gives sacrificially. Work is where you give it your all, where you give it your best, where you give it 110%, and the rest of your life’s commitments will just have to make do with whatever percentage is left over after that. Continuously justifying the employer’s beneficence by achieving relentless and increasing productivity is not only rationally selfserving , it is appreciative. If Karl Barth was right when he said gratitude was the source of joy,5 then all of us ferocious hard-workers should be the happiest bunch capitalism has ever encountered. When we turn to Catholic Social Teaching, we find that the gift of work takes on a very different meaning. While consonant with the earlier writings on work in the encyclical tradition, Pope Benedict XVI introduces new notes by framing work in terms of the ‘principle of gratuitousness’, a means by which the human being participates in the work of justice in a fashion that transcends mere transaction.6 Work as a gift that traps us There is a considerable moral force behind our common narratives about work. In an oft-cited essay, J M Keynes speculated back in 1930 that the productivity gains to be won through technological innovation would mean that, within...

A lo que obliga el ser rey

A lo que obliga el ser rey

Application of Gap Model in Finding Service Quality Gaps: Comparative Study on Domestic and Foreign Banks Operating in Pakistan

The banking sector of Pakistan is growing with every passing year and the quality plays a major role in the developed banking sector. To retain loyal customers quality service is vital. Though, quality and customer service are major driving forces in the business community. Moreover, the product's quality is its capability which satisfies customers' expectations and needs. SERVQUAL scale questionnaire is used as research instrument which was developed by Parasuraman et al. (1988) which quantify the expected quality of banking services of selected samples of banks including domestic and foreign banks in Pakistan. The basic aim of this paper is to investigate the service quality and its relationship among domestic and foreign banks operating in Pakistan. A total of 300 respondents (account holders) were surveyed out of which, 50 account holders for each of the 6 banks including domestic and foreign Banks were surveyed. The sample selected is nonrandom convenient sampling method. This study is descriptive as well as comparative. The results, therefore, suggest that Bank Al-Falah has favorable gap scores in terms of Tangibility, Reliability, and Responsibility. Whereas Soneri Bank earned average Gap Scores in Assurance and Empathy. Also, national bank performed as less service quality measure and holding gap scores greater than all the other banks. Hence, therefore, this research indicates that all independent variables tangibility, empathy, reliability, assurance, responsibility, and empathy have significant relationship dependent variables consumer perceive quality. This study offers practical help to researchers and practitioners in providing a direction for service quality improvement by indicating the common theme that develops the service quality model.

Контрактный раздаток и солидаризм – новая веха российской матрицы

Ольга Эрнестовна Бессонова – доктор социологических наук, ведущий научный сотрудник, Институт экономики и организации промышленного производства СО РАН. Адрес: 630090, Новосибирск, просп. Лаврентьева, д. 17. E-mail: beol@ngs.ru
 Цитирование: Бессонова О.Э. (2019) Контрактный раздаток и солидаризм – новая веха российской матрицы // Мир России. Т. 28. № 1. С. 7–31. DOI: 10.17323/1811-038X-2019-28-1-7-31
 В статье раскрывается содержание интегрально-институциональной парадигмы, которая является новым теоретическим инструментом анализа социально-экономической эволюции. В новой парадигме происходит смена интеллектуальных координат: на глобальном уровне рынок и раздаток (нерыночные институты) рассматриваются как универсальные механизмы координации, а на локальном практическом уровне – как «равноценные руки» государства. Переосмыслена версия общемировой и российской эволюции в ракурсе цивилизационной, формационной и институциональной проекций. Обосновывается тезис, что социальное государство и демократия в развитых западных странах – результат инклюзивного синтеза рынка и раздатка. Вскрывается институциональная дилемма современности – не социализм (план) или капитализм (рынок), а квазирынок или контрактный раздаток. Главный практический результат новой парадигмы – это обоснование необходимости перехода России к демократическому порядку открытого доступа на базе институциональной матрицы контрактного раздатка и идейной платформы солидаризма с целью преодоления системного институционального кризиса квазирынка.

De-‘Moor’ Tifying Shakespeare’s Othello: Iago as a Renaissance Form of Islamophobia

Albeit Othello’s loyal service to Venice is clear, ramifications of the Blackamoor in the text has called upon a continuous scholarship of interest over the last two decades. One begins to wonder, whether the Blackamoor’s presence in a Venetian setting serves a purpose to the English readership? If so, to what extent did Shakespeare refine the representation of a Moor to draw upon readership? How does Iago serve as a propagandist who articulates and fuels concerns for the seventeenth-century version of Islamophobia? As such, these significant questions have led to the construction of this paper, since these issues continuously problematize and make relevance of Shakespearean plays in the contemporary world. As such, this article examines the significance of Shakespeare’s inclusion, portrayal and representation of Othello as a Moor that poses an image of threat in a seventeenth-century Western context. At the same time, this paper also asserts that Iago is the mouthpiece who initiates worries over possible threats of Islamophobia. The use of Greenblatt’s New Historicism, particularly his concept of energia (1988) enables the validation of such claims by making relevance of the Battle of Lepanto (1571). Results indicated that ‘Othello’ provides an important platform to discuss contemporary renaissance issues such as Islamophobia and Englishness, through indicative clues that Iago is the mastermind that causes fear of the advancing Moors.

Interacting with Audiences

Drawing on open-ended responses to a representative survey of US journalists, this article examines how journalists’ role conceptions may be associated with distinct perceptions of and practices toward audiences, whether online or offline. In particular, this research considers the potential for more reciprocal, or mutually beneficial, interactions between journalists and audiences. Using exploratory factor analysis and normalized index scores, journalists are characterized within four role conceptions. Results show that Populist Mobilizer and Entertainment roles are more associated with digital audience engagement, while Loyal Support and Public Service roles better characterize offline interactions. Findings point to a need for better explanations of how journalists’ role conceptions connect with their engaging (or not) in more purposeful, persistent and reciprocal interactions with audiences.

Barbarians and brothers-in-arms

AbstractThe modern explanation of the Byzantine distinction between Roman and barbarian has focused on a dichotomy based on political allegiance to the emperor. In this interpretation, while individuals could change identity by changing loyalty, the categories themselves did not change. This essay argues that sixth-century Byzantine military elites had more complex opinions about identity and loyalty. In particular, they could accept that many who served the emperor loyally were in fact non-Romans and even barbarians, even if they liked them and refrained from using that term pejoratively. In fact, Byzantines could exhibit approval and fondness of non-Romans in loyal service to the emperor. The application of the pejorative label “barbarian” to non-Romans serving in the Byzantine military was limited to occasions when criticism was deemed appropriate (such as the misbehavior of the non-Roman) and those situations in which a reference to traditional barbarian tropes served a literary purpose.

Editor’s Introduction

I am delighted to introduce this issue of Contemporary Drug Problems, the first to be published by SAGE. The move to SAGE constitutes an exciting new arrangement for the journal, the details of which I will explain below. Before I do so, I want first to offer my thanks on behalf of the editorial team, and all past and present readers and contributors to the journal, to Martin Greenberg and his team at Federal Legal Publications for their loyal service to the journal over many decades.Our new arrangement with SAGE offers both continuity and change. Contemporary Drug Problems will continue to publish four issues per year in both print and online editions, and it will retain its international orientation as well as its commitment to* supporting high quality social-science research on alcohol and other drugs from a wide range of disciplinary perspectives;* publishing research papers that make a significant contribution to social, cultural, historical or epidemiological knowledge and theory concerning drug use and related issues;* providing opportunities for longer articles and studies for which publication options are limited, including historical research, critical analyses, qualitative studies, and policy and legal analyses; and* serving a burgeoning constituency of social researchers as well as policy makers and practitioners working in health, welfare, social services, public policy, criminal justice and law enforcement.In particular, the journal will continue to welcome submissions that emphasize the innovative use of contemporary theory in analyzing empirical materials, whether they derive from epidemiological, ethnographic, historical, interview-based, modeling, or textual methodologies. We will also continue to encourage authors to consider carefully the political implications and potential effects of their analyses, and any policy recommendations that might derive from them, in order to avoid the stigmatization, marginalization, or pathologization of people and social collectives engaging in alcohol and other drug use or experiencing problems associated with this use.In keeping with these aims. Contemporary Drug Problems has, in recent years, published an impressive range of works. These include influential special issues on topics as diverse as alcohol and violence, hepatitis C, and tobacco, as well as selections of papers presented at the journal's very successful 2011 and 2013 conferences in Prato, Italy, and Aarhus, Denmark, respectively. The research articles it has published have covered a wide range of significant issues, including evolving research methods, innovative aspects of supervised injecting facilities, the politics of drug policy, the centrality of gender to a comprehensive understanding of alcohol and other drug issues, the generative role of social networks, the complexities of dual diagnosis and treatment systems, new ways of conceptualizing context, the cost-effectiveness of important public health measures such as needle and syringe programs, and the ever-changing alcohol and other drug landscape for young people. …

Bishops, Clerks, and Diocesan Governance in Thirteenth-Century England: Reward and Punishment. By Michael Burger. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012. xvi + 313 pp. $99.00 cloth.

(ProQuest: ... denotes non-US-ASCII text omitted.)Bishops, Clerks, and Diocesan Governance in Thirteenth-Century England: Reward and Punishment . By Michael Burger . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 2012. xvi + 313 pp. $99.00 cloth.Book Reviews and NotesMichael Burger introduces his study of the medieval English church's episcopal administration by warning his readers to prepare some unavoidably piling up of detail (7). Indeed, his volume does describe so many trees that it can be a challenge to keep the forest in mind. But this piling, if unpleasant for some readers, is a virtue of the book. Burger's twenty-six pages of Sources Cited document a valiant attempt to track down every shred of primary and secondary material bearing on his subject.Burger's proposal is that England's bishops used carrots more than sticks to manage their clerks. The award of a benefice was a major carrot but (to mix metaphors) also a two-edged sword. Once given, its tenure was for the lifetime of its recipient. The secure income it guaranteed gave a clerk considerable independence of his bishop. In this a benefice was much like a fief, and Burger explores the extent to which ecclesiastical and secular administrators evolved similar strategies. Both benefices and fiefs were endowments intended to support servants, but the difficulty of revoking them lessened the threat of eviction that would have been useful for disciplining subordinates. Bishops had the added problem that too openly treating a benefice a payment for service might lead to a charge of simony. As the medieval era evolved, secular administrators looked for other ways to support their servants without permanently endowing them with the resources that generated their incomes. This led to what some scholars have (somewhat crudely) termed feudalism. Burger concludes his introduction by summarizing the topic of his book as an examination of bastard feudalism . . . episcopal style (11).Burger analyzes episcopal administration from the sometimes symbiotic and sometimes confrontational perspectives of both bishops and their clerks. Benefices were the episcopal carrots most desired by clerks, but carrots were not all on one side and sticks on the other. Bishops needed to attract educated men equipped to offer the carrot of loyal service. Because service could be onerous and even physically dangerous, the temptation to disobey might be strong. As noted above, a clerk's secure tenure potentially weakened his superior's ability to wield the stick of a threat of dismissal, but Burger points out that the tradition protecting occupants' rights to their benefices was supported by ecclesiastical administrators at all levels. Holding benefices of their own, they were wary of challenges to tenure that might backfire. The Church's elaborate system of courts of appeal (rising ultimately to Rome) offered sticks with which a clerk could threaten a bishop who attempted to evict him. Both bishops and clerks also devised strategies to game the system, and each found ways to manipulate the other with rewards or punishments. …

Memory, Counternarrative, and the Body Politic in Post–Imjin War Chosŏn Korea

Abstract From the late Chosŏn Dynasty to the present day in both North and South Korea, General Im Kyŏngŏp (1594–1646) has been honored for his loyal service against the Manchus in the early seventeenth century. A close reading of official accounts, literati essays, legal cases, and historical fiction reveals, however, that Im was a deserter and a suspected traitor at the time of his death. Yet by the late eighteenth century, the Chosŏn state had promoted Im, presented him as an ideal subject, and honored his loyalty through state-sanctioned commemoration. Today, the memory of Im remains largely positive; twenty-first century Koreans predominantly know him as a Chosŏn hero or as the object of shamanic supplication. This article suggests that Im’s posthumous rehabilitation attests to the growing power of a reading public and the influence of popular culture on political discourse in an early modern public sphere.