Lowland Dipterocarp Forest Research Articles

Beetle pollination of Shorea parvifolia (section Mutica, Dipterocarpaceae) in a general flowering period in Sarawak, Malaysia

Pollination ecology of an emergent tree species, Shorea (section Mutica) parvifolia (Dipterocarpaceae), was studied using the canopy observation system in a lowland dipterocarp forest in Sarawak, Malaysia, during a general flowering period in 1996. Although the species has been reported to be pollinated by thrips in Peninsular Malaysia, our observations of flower visitors and pollination experiments indicated that beetles (Chrysomelidae and Curculionidae, Coleoptera) contributed to pollination of S. parvifolia in Sarawak. Beetles accounted for 74% of the flower visitors collected by net-sweeping, and 30% of the beetles carried pollen, while thrips accounted for 16% of the visitors, and 12% of the thrips carried pollen. The apical parts of the petals and pollen served as a reward for the beetles. Thrips stayed inside the flower almost continuously after arrival, and movements among flowers were rare. Fruit set was significantly increased by introduction of beetles to bagged flowers, but not by introduction of thrips. Hand-pollination experiments and comparison of fruit set in untreated, bagged, and open flowers suggested that S. parvifolia was mainly outbreeding.

Some Records of Termitomyces from Old World Rainforests

Summary. Eleven species of Termitomyces are enumerated from the rainforests of the Old World, seven from Malaysia and seven from the Republic of Cameroon, with three species common to both. Lepiota discipes Henn. is synonymised with Termitomyces letestui and a second record is made of Tricholoma termitomycoides Corner, which resembles Termitomyces heimii Natarajan. During collecting trips for ectomycorrhizal fungi to Greater Templar Park, Selangor, and Pasoh Forest Reserve, Negri Sembilan, both in Malaysia, and Korup Rainforest National Park, Republic of Cameroon, as part of three separate interdisciplinary studies, several populations of the genus Termitomyces were also collected. This account records these finds and in so doing expands the known distribution of the species considered. Fresh collections were made in the policies of the Forest Research Institute of Malaysia (FRIM) at Kepong, an area of 1300 hectares which forms part of the Greater Templar Park. It was formerly agricultural land, in some places with tin mining and can now be classified as a lowland rainforest. It is of a secondary nature especially as it was artificially planted in many areas with various dipterocarps and other specimen trees. The history of the plantings dates back to 1929 and is well documented. Further collections were made in logged and unlogged areas at Pasoh, an outstation of FRIM. This area is a mixed lowland dipterocarp forest dominated by Shorea leprosula Miq. and has been the subject of intensive study for over fifty years. The Korup collections were made in an area of unlogged forest dominated by caesalpinioid legumes. The agaric genus Termitomyces R. Heim has long been a curiosity to not only mycologists but botanists and even entomologists. The relationship between certain termites and fungi was first described in 1779 from the East Indies by Johann Konig, the German naturalist (Collins 1982). Termitomyces species are well known as a food source and are considered delicacies, with many species on sale in markets and at roadsides in the old world tropics. Termites are the most important group of invertebrate decomposers in the tropics and it is estimated that they are responsible for the removal of approximately 28% of all leaf litter in the rainforests of Malaysia (Collins 1982). Members of the family Termitidae, subfamily Macrotermitinae (the higher termites), have an association with members of the genus Termitomyces. These termites build

Plant reproductive intervals and pollinators in the aseasonal tropics: a new model

What factors determine reproductive intervals and modes of pollination in plants of the aseasonal tropics? To answer this general question, we present a new explanation for some community patterns of plant reproductive intervals and pollinators observed in a lowland dipterocarp forest in Sarawak, Malaysia, using a mathematical model featuring different display effects for different types of pollinators. Predictions from the model matched with the following observed patterns: (i) flowering intervals were different among forest strata (forest floor < understorey < canopy < subcanopy and emergent), and not in the exact order of stratum height; (ii) among generalist pollinators, the proportion of social foragers was maximum in intermediate forest stratum; and (iii) plants pollinated by specialist pollinators were found on the forest floor and in gaps.

Pollination biology in a lowland dipterocarp forest in Sarawak, Malaysia. I. Characteristics of the plant‐pollinator community in a lowland dipterocarp forest

Flowerings and flower visitors were observed continuously in alowland dipterocarp forest in Sarawak, Malaysia, for 53 mo in1992-1996. Flower visitors of 270 plant species were observed orcollected, and pollinators were assessed by observing body contact tostigmas and anthers. We recognized 12 categories of pollination systems.Among them, plants pollinated by social bees included the largest numberof species (32%) and were followed by beetle-pollinated species(20%). Pollination systems were significantly related with somefloral characters (flowering time of day, reward, and floral shape), butnot with floral color. Based on the relationships between pollinatorsand floral characters, we described pollination syndromes found in alowland dipterocarp forest. The dominance of social bees and beetlesamong pollinators is discussed in relation to the general floweringobserved in dipterocarp forests of West Malesia. In spite of high plantspecies diversity and consequent low population densities of lowlanddipterocarp forests, long-distance-specific pollinators were uncommoncompared with theNeotropics.

Photosynthesis rates of selected tree species in lowland dipterocarp rainforest of Sabah, Malaysia

Diurnal courses of net photosynthesis, transpiration and water potential of leaves of ten woody species from the natural lowland dipterocarp forests in Sabah (North Borneo, Malaysia) and one exotic tree species were studied in the field. The indigenous species represent different ecological niches and successional stages in the various layers of the dipterocarp forest, such as pioneers, trees of the understorey or main canopy and emergents. Diurnal changes in CO2 exchange and transpiration reflected primarily differences in irradiance. The diurnal courses of water potential mainly tracked the rate of transpiratory water loss. Light-dependency describes most of the diurnal variations of leaves’ gas exchange. Light response curves of net photosynthesis of the investigated species of the Dipterocapaceae were almost equal (light saturated assimilation rate, Amax: 5.0–7.2 μmol CO2 m–2 s–1), while those of the other species exhibited remarkable differences (Amax: 5.5–14.2 μmol CO2 m–2 s–1). Leaf area, chlorophyll content and specific leaf dry weight as the reference parameters for assimilation gave a general ranking of the Amax, which is highest for the pioneering species, less for the understorey trees and lowest for emergents. Light compensation points and light saturation of net photosynthesis were attained mainly between 6 and 9 μmol photons m–2 s–1 and between 230 and 534 μmol photons m–2 s–1, respectively, but were higher for pioneering species. Photosynthetic performance may be a diagnostic feature of the successional and ecological status of species, i.e. to characterize pioneering species from understorey species or from emergents of the dipterocarp forest.

Ant Diversity and Abundance along an Elevational Gradient in the Philippines1

ABSTRACTAnt communities were surveyed along an elevational gradient in the Philippines extending from lowland dipterocarp forest (250 m elevation) to mossy forest (1750 m). Standardized pitfall trapping in arboreal and terrestrial microhabitats at seven sites yielded 51 species. Collecting by hand at five of the sites yielded 48 species. The two methods produced substantially different assemblages, with only 22 species (29%) taken in common. Only a fraction of the total ant community appeared to be sampled at most of the sites. Measures of species richness and relative abundance peaked at mid‐elevations and declined sharply with increasing elevation. Ants were extremely rare above 1500 m elevation. Arboreal ants were trapped much less frequently than terrestrial ants at all sites. Ant species that were abundant had broader elevational distributions than those that were less common, but most species were rare and occurred at only one or two sites. The elevational patterns for ants are largely the inverse of those documented for Philippine small mammals which reach their greatest diversity and abundance at high elevations where ants are rare. This suggests that the two groups may interact competitively. Some of the patterns observed or inferred from this study may apply to tropical ant communities in general, and are presented as series of testable hypotheses as a guide and stimulus for future research.

Tree distribution pattern and fate of juveniles in a lowland tropical rain forest – implications for regeneration and maintenance of species diversity

Three analyses of species diversity in a lowland dipterocarp forest were conducted to examine whether the nature of forest community dynamics are determined by density-dependent recruitment and mortality of saplings with a data set obtained in a 50 ha plot in Pasoh Forest Reserve. The first analysis examined whether sapling density varied as a function of distance from the nearest conspecific adult. The second analysis assessed the relationship between the spatial distribution patterns of saplings and adult trees. A third analysis examined sapling recruitment and mortality based on data from 2 censuses, taken in 1985 and 1990. Four hundred forty-four species (each with more than 100 individuals) out of the total of 814 species recorded in the plot, were chosen for the analyses. Of these selected species, 56 species showed significant reduction in sapling densities close to the conspecific adults. Within this group, 11 species were in the emergent layer (29.0% of the total species in this layer), 17 were in the canopy layer (10.5%), 18 were in the understory layer (11.3%), and 10 were in treelet and shrub layer (11.8%). In contrast, the sapling densities of 53 species decreased with increasing distance from conspecific adults; 2 of these species were in the emergent layer (5.2% of the total species in this layer), 14 were in the canopy layer (8.6%), 21 were in the understory layer (13.2%), and 16 were in the treelet and shrub layer (18.8%). The saplings of 35 of the 444 total selected species were clumped, while adults were regularly or randomly distributed. Of the remaining species, in 183 species (41.2%), the distributions of both adults and saplings were clumped. Thus, these 2 analyses do not support the prediction that most of the species of lowland tropical forests fail to produce new adults in their vicinity and as a result of this, adult trees are more regularly distributed than their conspecific juveniles (Janzen 1970). In the third analysis, the recruitment of saplings of species in the emergent and canopy layers increased significantly and in proportion with mortality, suggesting that the dominant species suffer higher mortality than do less common species. This trend is not so apparent in the understory, and the treelet and shrub layers. The results imply that a dynamic equilibrium process, which prevents competitive exclusion and maintains space for minor species, may be active among the species in the upper layers (particularly the emergent layer); however, such a dynamic equilibrium condition is not due exclusively to the reduced recruitment of saplings near conspecific adults, and the dynamic equilibrium condition is not prevalent among the lower story species.

Sap flow rates of mangrove trees are not unusually low

In contrast with previous reports, we observed high transpiration rates in mangrove trees. Maximum sap velocities and mean daytime sap flow rates were estimated from heat pulse velocity in entire, field grown trees of Avicennia cf. alba Blume and Rhizophora apiculata Blume. Results were within the range of values measured by identical techniques for trees in lowland dipterocarp and tropical heath forests with a similar climate in Brunei Darussalam (north Borneo). High stomatal conductance (400 mmol m – 2 s – 1) was also measured for well insolated leaves of A. cf. alba, with midday water potentials reaching about – 3 MPa in both species.

A New Sonerila (Melastomataceae) from Central Kalimantan, Borneo

Sonerila is a genus of ca. 100-175 species distributed from Sri Lanka and southern India to the Indo-Pacific region. It is the only trimerous genus (except for the monotypic Stussenia C. Hansen and Lithobium Bongard) in the Melastomataceae, with the flowers having one or rarely two whorls of stamens. Sonerila nagyana, described and illustrated here, has one staminal whorl and is unusual in its rosette habit with succulent and lanceolate leaves. It was discovered in heath forest in the Upper Barito Ulu region in Central Kalimantan, Borneo. Indonesian Borneo comprises the provinces of Kalimantan Barat (West), Kalimantan Tengah (Central), Kalimantan Timur (East), and Kalimantan Selatan (South). During a recent expedition I visited the area near the junction of the Rekut and Busang Rivers (Upper Barito Ulu, Central Kalimantan), tributaries of the Barito River. This is one of the largest rivers in Kalimantan, flowing from the hills of the province of Kalimantan Tengah to the South Java Sea, a distance of approximately 800 km (380 km direct). The landscape in the Upper Barito Ulu area consists of undulating terrain cut by numerous streams that ranges in elevation from ca. 150 to 500 m. The predominant vegetation type is mixed lowland dipterocarp forest with a few patches of heath forest (kerangas). The new Sonerila species was found growing in a patch of such forest, east of the Rekut basecamp (113'59'20E, 0003'40S; Fig. 1), at an elevation of ca. 500 m. It grew epiphytically on a low tree trunk in mossy substrate that in places was 40 cm thick; the soil pH was ca. 2.8. Statistics indicate that while the island of Borneo as a whole is among the better collected areas of the humid tropics, collecting in Indonesian Borneo (Kalimantan) is very limited, and Kalimantan is among the least collected regions of the world (Ashton, 1989). The flora of the Upper Barito Ulu region is extremely diverse and botanically understudied, especially as regards herbaceous plants. During my visit in the Rekut area, among other Melastomataceae I was able to collect five species of Sonerileae, a tribe of predominantly herbaceous plants of rainforests. Three species belonged to the genus Phyllagathis, which I am currently revising, and two to Sonerila. The latter are S. beccariana Cogniaux, a new record for the area, and S. nagyana, the species described here. Sonerila beccariana is fairly widespread and belongs to a group of Sonerila species that have obconical capsules which dehisce mainly apically. The fruit placenta in these species is stalked, and the column does not bend out of the capsule to facilitate seed dispersal (Cellinese, 1997). Sonerila nagyana is unusual in Sonerila in having a rosette of succulent and lanceolate leaves; all other species I have seen have membranaceous leaves, and rosette-species have broadly ovate to rounded leaves. Sonerila nagyana belongs to a second group of Sonerila species with triangular capsules and sessile or subsessile placentae. At maturity, the capsules dehisce along a longitudinal suture, and the placenta column bends out of the capsule and exposes the placentae with the attached seeds for rainwater

Regrowth of secondary vegetation after the ‘Borneo fire’ of 1982–1983

The severe drought in 1982-1983 in south-east Asia caused wildfires in large areas of Borneo (Malingreau et al. 1985, Riswan & Yusuf 1986). In Sabah, Beaman et al. (1985) estimated that about 1 million ha of forest burned. Woods (1989) found that tree mortality after drought and fire was on average 2.5 times greater than that caused by drought alone and that mortality generally was higher in logged forests than in unlogged ones. He reported that the combined effect of drought and fire caused between 38 and 72% mortality in a forest selectively logged two years earlier. For saplings, the mortality on burnt plots exceeded 78% on all sites (Woods 1989). This paper describes the secondary vegetation after the 'Borneo fire' in a lowland rainforest area. Immediately after the fire it was almost devoid of green plants, except for a few surviving large trees which were more or less damaged. The area of 18.7 ha is located at an elevation of 650-750 m asl, c. 35 km south-east of Sipitang (1 150 5' E, 50 0' N) in the south-western part of Sabah. The soil type is an haplic acrisol on a bedrock consisting of mudstones, sandstones and carboniferous shales. The annual rainfall for the years 1985-1990 averaged 3352 mm (Malmer 1992). The vegetation before the Borneo fire was a lowland dipterocarp forest which was lightly selectively logged in 1981. In an adjacent area which was not burnt the number of trees per ha with dbh >20 cm was 145 and the volume 146 m3 ha-' (Sim & Nykvist 1991). The six most abundant families in terms of tree volume were Dipterocarpaceae, Lauraceae, Legumninosae, Sterculiaceae, Myrtaceae and Euphorbiaceae (Sim & Nykvist 1991). The distance between

Structure and floristic composition of a tropical evergreen forest in south-west India

ABSTRACTA permanent plot of 28 ha was established in a dense wet evergreen forest in the Western Ghats of India to study the functioning of the ecosystem. Since April 1990, 1981 trees of ≥30 cm gbh have been enumerated in a systematic sampling of five strips totalling 3.12 ha. This paper describes the main structural and floristic characteristics of the plot.The density (635 trees ≥30 cm gbh per hectare) and basal area (39.7 m2 ha−1) are high. Despite the high diversity (Simpson's D = 0.92 and Shannon's H' = 4.56), four species are distinctly, dominant in terms of an importance value index (relative density + relative basal area). Each of these four species occupies a different layer in the ecosystem: Humboldtia brunonis Wall. (Fabaceae) dominates the undergrowth, Myristica dactyloïdes Gaertn. (Myristicaceae) the intermediate strata, Valeria indica L. (Dipterocarpaceae) the higher canopy level and Dipterocarpus indicus Bedd. (Dipterocarpaceae) the emergents. This pronounced species hierarchy is one of the most important characteristics of the evergreen forests of the Western Ghats. The two dipterocarps account for 20.1% of the total number of trees and contribute 40.9% to the total basal area. This formation can, therefore, be considered as the westernmost lowland dipterocarp forest of Asia.Analysis of the spatial variations in the floristic composition and in the structure of the main species populations shows that two kinds of mature phases can be identified: where the topography is raised and gently sloping, the vertical structure of the stand is discontinuous, with Dipterocarpus indicus and Vateria indica forming an emergent layer above a dense undergrowth; on slopes, the stand is lower, vertically continuous and saturated with Valeria indica and Myristica dactyloïdes. The link between the structure of the stand and dynamic processes is discussed.

Primary lowland dipterocarp forest at Danum Valley, Sabah, Malaysia. Species composition and patterns in the understorey

The spatial distributions of species of tree ≥10 cm gbh were examined in two 4 ha plots and related to the local variation in topography and soil chemistry. The plots were similar in their species composition, particularly in terms of the densities of small trees, and they showed very similar edaphic characteristics. Size class distributions varied little within and between plots. Ordination of 0.25 ha subplots highlighted parallel gradients in the vegetation of both plots when the densities of trees ≥10 cm gbh were considered. Focusing on understorey trees in the 10-<50 cm gbh class at the 0.04 ha subplot scale showed a similar vegetation gradient in both plots closely associated with change from lower slope to ridge. No relationship with soil chemistry was found. On the ridges a special group of understorey species formed clumps and these species contributed importantly to the ordinations. Borneo has a regional history of occasionally severe droughts. It is suggested here that the observed patterns in the understorey are due to differential responses to low soil water supply, the ridges probably tending to dryness more than the lower slopes. Within the large and diverse family Euphorbiaceae, which dominates the understorey at Danum, there may be ecophysiological groupings of species. The long-term effects of disturbance interacting with local edaphic factors on forest structure and composition are discussed.

Seasonality and vertical structure of light‐attracted insect communities in a dipterocarp forest in Sarawak

AbstractNocturnal flying insects were collected monthly for 13 months using ultra violet light‐traps set at various vertical levels in a weakly‐seasonal, tropical lowland dipterocarp forest in Sarawak, Malaysia. Abundance, faunal composition, size distribution and guild structure of these samples were analyzed with respect to temperal and vertical distributions. The nocturnal flying insect community in the canopy level was highly dominated by fig wasps (84%) in individual number, and by scarabaeid beetles (28%) in weight. A principal component analysis on monthly catches detected non‐random, seasonal trends of insect abundance. The first two principal trends were an alternation of wetter (September to January) and less wet seasons (February to August) and an alternation between the least wet (January to March) and the other seasons. Many insect groups were less abundant in the least wet season than the other seasons, whilst inverse patterns were found in Scarabaeidae and Tenebrionidae. Significantly positive and negative correlations between monthly catch and rainfall were detected only in ovule‐feeders and in phloem‐feeders, respectively. Delayed, significant negative correlations between monthly catch and 1–3 month preceding rainfall were more frequently detected in phytophages, phloem‐feeders, seed‐feeders, wood‐borers and scavengers. The peak in abundance along vertical levels were found at the canopy level (35 m) for phloem‐, ovule‐, seed‐, root‐, fungal‐feeders and nectar collectors, at an upper subcanopy level (25 m) for scavengers and aquatic predators, and at a middle subcanopy level (17 m) for ants. Catches at the emergent level (45 m) did not exceed those at the canopy level.

Responses to Nutrient Addition among Shade-Tolerant Tree Seedlings of Lowland Tropical Rain Forest in Singapore

1 Two bioassays of growth limitation were carried out for seedlings of four shadetolerant tree species (Antidesma cuspidatum, Calophyllum tetrapterum, Dipterocarpus kunstleri and Garcinia scortechinii) growing in P-deficient soil taken from lowland dipterocarp forest in Singapore, as a test of the hypothesis that growth would be limited by the availability of phosphorus. 2 Seedlings of only one species, Antidesma cuspidatum, showed increased growth in response to increased nutrient supply and in that case the limiting nutrient was not P. A majority of seedlings of Antidesma, Calophyllum and Garcinia in this experiment possessed VA mycorrhizas. 3 For seedlings of Antidesma, addition of magnesium led to an increase in the concentration of Mg in all fractions and a positive relation between Mg concentrations and dry mass yield. Addition of potassium and calcium resulted in reductions in concentrations of these elements in the leaves of Antidesma. 4 Seedlings of Antidesma, Calophyllum and Dipterocarpus responded to P by altering distribution of dry mass between different plant parts; the pattern of response varied between species. Phosphorus taken up in excess of requirements for vegetative growth was transferred to plant stems rather than leaves. 5 The outcome of pot bioassays may be dependent on factors such as pot size, irradiance and soil moisture conditions; therefore conclusions drawn here need to be tested by field fertilization experiments.

Estimation of the Outcrossing Rate on Dryobalanops aromatica Gaertn. f. in Primary and Secondary Forests in Brunei, Borneo, Southeast Asia

Abstract Dryobalanops aromatica is an emergent canopy tree species with hermaphroditic bee‐pollinated flowers. This species is distributed in the lowland dipterocarp forests of Malaya, Sumatra, Rhio Archipelago and Borneo. The flowering of many different dipterocarp species was observed in some parts of Brunei in 1991, and all over Brunei in 1992. The outcrossing rates of D, aromatica were estimated in 1991 and 1992 in the secondary forest, and in 1992 in the primary forest. Selective harvesting of D. aromatica has occurred in the secondary forest about 20 years ago. Four enzyme systems with a total of six isozyme loci were used to estimate the single locus and the multilocus outcrossing rates. The multilocus outcrossing estimates ranged from 0.794 to 0.856, with a mean of 0.816. These estimates are similar to those for other tropical tree species. Although the flowering density of D. aromatica in the secondary forest was lower than in the primary forest, the multilocus outcrossing estimates were not significantly different. The variation between years in the secondary forest was also not significant. These findings may be largely the result of the high flowering tree density of this species, even in the secondary forest. In this study, the outcrossing rates of D. aromatica were maintained by high flowering density regardless of the size structure or the topography of the habitat.

A remarkable bolete: validation of Boletus peltatus

Boletus peltatus Comer is validated, based on two recent records from lowland dipterocarp forests near Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Ultisols of lowlandDipterocarpforest in East Kalimantan, Indonesia

Abstract Thirty five Typic Paleudults and Typic Hapludults under a Lowland Dipterocarp Forest were characterized for clay minerals, free oxides, cation exchange capacity, and exchangeable bases. Kaolinite was predominant in the soil clays followed by quartz, vermiculite and gibbsite and an accessory amount of illite, partially-interlayered-vermiculite (PIV) and goethite in most soils. Goethite formation appeared to take place concomitantly with the weathering of illite into PIV. Lepidocrocite was found only in the soils of the middle to lower slopes. The magnitude of lepidocrocite formation under hydromorphic conditions was associated with the exchangeable Al level. Cristobalite and hematite were found only in the “red” soils, which may have been subjected to some thermal influences associated with coal combustion. The levels of Fed, Ald, and Alo of the soils were, as a whole, positively correlated with the clay content, respectively. Goethite was considered to be a possible source of crystalline Fe oxide...

Ultisols of “lowlandDipterocarpforest” in East Kalimantan, Indonesia

Abstract Status of C, N, and P including available N and P was studied in 35 Typic Paleudults and Typic Hapludults under a “Lowland Dipterocarp Forest” in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. The total C, N, and P contents decreased abruptly within the top 15–20 cm layers. The contents were directly correlated with the clay content in each horizon group. The higher C, N, and P contents in the finer soils were considered to be associated with the stabilization of organic matter by clay particles and with the higher mobility of organic matter in the finer soils. The content of available N which was directly correlated with the total N content. The N availability was the highest when the C: N ratio ranged between 10 and 15. Nitrification was not as pronounced as ammonification. The available P content was well correlated with the total C content. Although the absolute level of available P did not differ remarkably among the texture types, the availability decreased with the increase of the contents of exchangeable Al, dithionite citrate soluble Fe, and clay. The amount of C, and total and available N and P stored in soils (0–150 cm depth) varied widely depending on the texture. The finer soils stored larger amounts of these elements which were distributed more largely in the subsoils (30–150 cm) than it has been believed.

Ultisols of “lowlandDipterocarpforest” in East Kalimantan, Indonesia

Morphological and physical properties of 35 Typic Paleudults and Typic Hapludults, the major soils of the “Lowland Dipterocarp Forest” in East Kalimantan were investigated. The soil morphology was related to the texture, and occasionally to the geomorphology. The coarse soils were distinguished from the fine ones by the more frequent occurrence of gray and rusty mottles in the epipedons, thicker albic horizons, thinner cutan development in the argillic horizons, weaker mottling in the subsoils, and weaker structure development throughout the solum. Clay migration was more pronounced in the fine soils than in the coarse ones. Silt translocation was detected in the fine soils, but not in the coarse soils. Physical properties were controlled by the texture and depth. Bulk density increased with depth, and was inversely correlated with the clay and carbon contents in each horizon. Fine pore space increased with depth, and was directly correlated with the clay content. Meanwhile the coarse pore space ...

SYMPOSIUM: Biological Research and the Management of Lowland Dipterocarp Forests

American Journal of BotanyVolume 79, Issue S6 p. 180-182 Tropical Biology Section SYMPOSIUM: Biological Research and the Management of Lowland Dipterocarp Forests First published: 01 June 1992 https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1992.tb14655.xAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume79, IssueS6June 1992Pages 180-182 RelatedInformation