Lower Water Absorption Capacity Research Articles

OLEOPHILIC SORBENTS BASED ON GRANULAR FOAMED SILICATE: PROPERTIES AND FEATURES OF REGENERATION

The solution to the problems of ecological safety when cleaning water objects from organic pollutants is indissolubly related to developing new sorbents and improving the technologies of their synthesis. Various materials in dispersed and granulated forms are successfully used in the production of sorbents. This article deals with the development and improvement of the technologies for producing the sorbents of petroleum and petroleum products. As a basis for the development of new sorbents, the properties of the granular foamed silicate obtained from the siftings of waste products from mining and processing plants were studied. The trial batches of oleophilic sorbents were obtained through thermochemical modification of hydrocarbons in the gas-vapour phase. It has been established that foamed silicate does not change its porous structure and amorphous state after thermo-chemical modification, retaining the high sorption activity. The nature of the porous structure of sorbents and the influence of porosity on their key properties, such as oil capacity, water absorption, and buoyancy, are investigated. The studies of the fractions of modified foamed silicate revealed low water-absorption capacity of the coarse- and middle-sized fractions. The minimum water absorption was determined for the fine fraction of the modified material, which is related to the absence of pores in these samples. Determination of oil capacity characteristics provides evidence of high oil receptivity and sorption capacity of the modified foamed silicate with respect to petroleum products. The results of experiments on sorbent regeneration after the end of its service life are presented. The developed semi-production experimental plant for the modification and regeneration of porous loose materials in the fixed bed is presented. The technological scheme of regeneration is proposed, allowing for regeneration and repeated modification of the used sorbent during one processing stage without any decrease in its sorption properties. The advantage of the developed technology of sorbent properties recovery is in the implementation simplicity and economic rationality. The repeatedly modified sorbent retains its characteristics and, first of all, sorption properties with respect to petroleum products. The practicability of developing new sorbents of petroleum products based on granular foamed silicate is demonstrated.

Analyzing quality characteristics of texturized vegetable protein using defatted soy flour with rice flour and rice starch

This study analyzed the quality of texturized vegetable protein (TVP) made from defatted soy flour combined with flour or starch from rice sources. The base raw material formulation consisted of 50% soybean protein, 30% gluten, and 20% rice flour and rice starch. A cooling die-equipped extruder was used with a barrel temperature of 190°C and screw rotation speed of 250 rpm. The hardness and cutting strength of the extruded TVP were found to be higher for white rice than for glutinous rice and higher for flour than for starch. Gumminess and chewiness were similar across rice types, but higher for flour than for starch. White rice TVP had a lower water absorption capacity than glutinous rice TVP. Turbidity was lowest for white rice flour and highest for corn starch. Using rice flour instead of starch in TVP production can simplify processing and contribute to promoting the consumption of rice.

Analyzing quality characteristics of texturized vegetable protein using defatted soy flour with rice flour and rice starch

This study analyzed the quality of texturized vegetable protein (TVP) made from defatted soy flour combined with flour or starch from rice sources. The base raw material formulation consisted of 50% soybean protein, 30% gluten, and 20% rice flour and rice starch. A cooling die-equipped extruder was used with a barrel temperature of 190°C and screw rotation speed of 250 rpm. The hardness and cutting strength of the extruded TVP were found to be higher for white rice than for glutinous rice and higher for flour than for starch. Gumminess and chewiness were similar across rice types, but higher for flour than for starch. White rice TVP had a lower water absorption capacity than glutinous rice TVP. Turbidity was lowest for white rice flour and highest for corn starch. Using rice flour instead of starch in TVP production can simplify processing and contribute to promoting the consumption of rice.

Valorizing recycled paper through chitosan and glyoxal-chitosan treatments: Synergistic effects on mechanical and physical properties

The present study investigates the efficacy of chitosan and glyoxal-crosslinked chitosan (Chi-Gly) as reinforcing agents for enhancing the mechanical, physical, and functional properties of recycled paper. The research aims to evaluate the comparative performance of these two forms of chitosan in imparting strength characteristics and improved functionality to recycled paper substrates. Chitosan and Chi-Gly solutions prepared via glyoxal crosslinking were incorporated into recycled pulp suspensions at varying dosages. Laboratory handsheets were fabricated, and their properties were systematically evaluated through mechanical testing, morphological analysis, wettability measurements, and antibacterial assays. The results demonstrated significant improvements in the tensile index, burst index, and bending resistance for the chitosan and Chi-Gly treated papers, with the Chi-Gly exhibiting superior reinforcement. Notably, the Chi-Gly treated paper exhibited a higher wet tensile index and lower water absorption capacity than the control. SEM analysis revealed a denser, more cohesive fiber network facilitated by chitosan and Chi-Gly, aiding the reinforcement. The treated papers exhibited reduced hydrophobicity and pronounced antibacterial activity against E. coli (a gram-negative bacterium) and S. aureus (a gram-positive bacterium), with the Chi-Gly treatment outperforming chitosan. Notably, the treatments improved the functional properties without negatively impacting optical brightness. The findings highlight the synergistic effects of glyoxal crosslinking on chitosan’s reinforcing ability and the potential of these biopolymers as sustainable and multifunctional additives for the recycled paper industry.

Water Absorption Effect on Tensile Properties of Linear Low-Density Polyethylene (LLDPE) Blend with Recycle Acrylonitrile Butadiene Rubber Gloves (NBRr) in Saline Water

Nowadays, waste acrylonitrile butadiene rubber glove (NBRr) has been studied for use in building materials. The primary limitation of using rubber in construction was its low water absorption capacity. The goal of this research is to investigate the effect of Linear Low-Density Polyethylene (LLDPE) on water absorption and the temperature differential (20 and 30 oC) of NBRr blender composite in distilled water (DW) and saline water (SW). The rubber glove has been blended with heated two-rolled mills at 120 °C. The substance had been compressed using a hot press. Five samples had already been created. The sample was formed like a dumbbell. The five samples were immersed in DS and SW for 30 days at temperatures of 25°C and 35°C, respectively. The result shown the tensile strength, elongation at break Eb and Young’s modulus of LLDPE/NBRr blend decrease. The tensile properties of saline water lower compare to distilled water due to corrosion and degradation. Saline water contains dissolved salts, which can contribute to corrosion and degradation of the materials. The presence of salts can accelerate chemical reactions, leading to the degradation of the polymer matrix and the rubber phase. This degradation can weaken the material and reduce its tensile strength. Moreover, as the temperature increases, the thermal energy also increases, causing the polymer chains to gain more kinetic energy. This increased energy disrupts the intermolecular forces and reduces the overall molecular interactions within the material. Weaker intermolecular interactions lead to a decrease in tensile strength. As conclusion, hydrothermal effect tensile properties when temperature increase tensile properties decrease. distilled water has better diffusion than saltwater. LLDPE/NBRr blend was discovered that both distilled and salt-water absorption resulted in a decrease in tensile properties.

Production and characterization of ionizing radiation shielding material from algal biomass

This study employs several approaches to enhance environmental sustainability: First, algal biomass (with 52.5% protein content) was converted into value-added products. Second, residual algal biomass from protein extraction and pigment extraction and raw algal biomass were used to manufacture bioplastics. Third, radiation shielding performance of bioplastics has been investigated. As an alternative to plastics originated from petroleum-based raw materials, environmentally friendly bioplastics were derived from residual algae biomass after extraction. The gamma-ray radiation shielding properties of the produced bioplastic have been investigated using WinXCOM theoretical calculation and GEANT4 Monte Carlo (MC) simulation. Fast neutron shielding performance of the considered materials also evaluated with help of theoretical calculation and the same MC simulation. The produced bioplastics are similar to ones with commercially available PLA polymer. Sample 1 was found to be better gamma-ray attenuator while Sample 2 has the highest value of the effective neutron removal cross section. Additionally, the boron addition has resulted in lower water absorption capacity in the prepared samples. Using algae to produce more than one product as a raw material source will be an effective step toward sustainable life, and they could be an alternative gamma-ray shielding material to existing commercial polymers.

Evaluation of physicochemical properties of Rohu fish noodles

Functional noodles are considered nutritious and healthy staple food products. This study aimed to develop value-added rohu fish noodles (Labeo rohita) and evaluate their physicochemical properties. Six noodle samples were prepared following several formulations. After a 2-day drying process, the noodles were stored in air-resistant plastic bags. The formulated noodles were investigated based on their physical (water absorption capacity, cooking loss, and volume increase) and chemical (moisture, ash, protein, fat, and fiber) properties. Statistical analysis revealed that the inclusion of rohu fish mince significantly increased moisture and protein content (p<0.01), while carbohydrate, energy, water absorption capacity, cooking loss, and volume decreased significantly (p<0.01). Noodles with the highest fish mince content (30%) demonstrated a higher amount of moisture (13.07%), ash (6.7%), fat (1.87%), protein (30.08%), sodium (0.64 mg), and calcium (0.26 mg), accompanied by reduced carbohydrate (48.3%) and energy (330.31 kcal). This formulation also exhibited lower water absorption capacity, cooking loss, and volume. Notably, no significant differences (p>0.05) were found in ash, fiber, fat, and mineral content among the various fish noodle samples. This study concludes that the incorporation of rohu fish mince can enhance the nutritional properties of traditional noodles.

MECHANICAL PERFORMANCE AND WATER ABSORPTION OF COCONUT FIBER/POLYETHYLENE WASTE BIOCOMPOSITE PREPARED VIA A CHEMICAL-FREE APPROACH

Plastic wastes have caused serious environmental issues worldwide, and thus viable solutions for their replacement are now urgently needed. This work aimed to develop biocomposite materials based on polyethylene (PE) wastes as matrix reinforced with coconut fiber, without any additional chemical treatments, using extrusion and compression molding. The effects of polymer matrix type (high-density and low-density PE (HDPE and LDPE)) and fiber loading (5-15 wt%) on the mechanical properties and long-term water absorption behaviour of the materials were evaluated. Tensile strength results showed the optimum performance at 5 wt% fiber – of 16.6 MPa for the HDPE matrix and 7.3 MPa for the LDPE matrix, but flexural and impact strengths reduced with the fiber loading. An increasing trend of water absorption capacity was noted as a function of filler loading and of the water temperature during immersion, with a weight gain of up to 5%, following the trend: cold water &gt; room temperature tap water &gt; hot water. From the results, HDPE based biocomposites had better mechanical performance and lower water absorption capacity, compared with LDPE based biocomposites.

Effects of polyol and surfactant plasticisers on lyophilised rice starch wafers for buccal drug delivery

Rice starch is a promising biopolymer for buccal formulations but typical oven drying may promote starch retrogradation that affects mechanical properties. Hence, lyophilisation was proposed here to improve starch product's stability. This study aims to investigate the effects of plasticisers (sorbitol and Tween® 80, T80) on the characteristics and drug release profiles of lyophilised rice starch wafers incorporated with propranolol hydrochloride. The wafers were prepared by lyophilising starch mixture (5%w/v) with plasticiser (0.2 and 0.3 g/g) and drug (10, 20, 30%w/w). Control wafers exhibited loose layers with rough wrinkled surface. Sorbitol resulted in a dense structure with higher puncture strength (PS) but lower water absorption capacity (WAC) while T80 loosened the flakes that reduced PS and increased WAC. Drug inclusion decreased PS and increased WAC of unplasticised wafers. T80-plasticised wafers with drug had a lower PS and higher WAC than sorbitol-plasticised wafers. Particularly, T80-plasticised wafers achieved outstandingly high PS and the lowest WAC at 30%w/w drug. Drug dissolution of wafers relied mainly on the drug crystallinity and WAC at 10 and 30%w/w drug. Plasticisers reduced and increased drug dissolution at 10 and 20%w/w drug, respectively. This study highlights the potential of lyophilisation in preparing rice starch wafers for buccal delivery.

A Review of Flood Mitigation Literature: A Case Study of Sidoarjo Regency, Indonesia

Sidoarjo is a buffer city in Surabaya and is a comfortable and livable city. To become a livable city, a city needs several life-supporting infrastructures, including drainage infrastructure. A drainage system that is managed and maintained properly can carry out its functions optimally. But of course, many housing developments do not pay attention to the drainage system, which can cause problems such as flooding. Floods are the most frequent natural disasters in Indonesia. Flooding is a situation where an area is inundated with large amounts of water. The occurrence of floods can be predicted by paying attention to the amount of rainfall and water discharge. However, strong winds or leaking embankments can cause sudden floods which are usually called flash floods. The causes of flooding include heavy rain. The earth's surface is lower than sea level. This area is a delta which has low water absorption capacity. Construction of buildings along riverbanks. The river flow is uneven because it is blocked by rubbish and lack of land cover in upstream areas. Even if you live in a flood-free area, everyone should be aware of the potential for this natural disaster. Floods are the release of river water that is relatively larger than usual, resulting in overflowing river water that fills and inundates low-lying areas.

The Mineralogical, Chemical, and Physical Properties of Ceramic Building Material: Khirbet Edh-Dharih in Southern Jordan (First Century BC–Seventh Century AD)

ABSTRACT Throughout history, ceramic building material (CBM), such as bricks, tiles, and hypocaust tiles, along with decorative elements, have been of immense significance. To determine the mineralogical content, chemical composition, and physical property of such materials, as well as pottery sherds, excavated from the archaeological site of Khirbet Edh-Dharih in southern Jordan, a range of analytical techniques that include petrography, XRD, AAS, and SEM-EDX were utilized. The findings indicate that during the periods studied the potters followed the tradition of sourcing local raw materials and utilized relatively advanced manufacturing techniques. However, the late Byzantine–early Umayyad potters deviated from this norm by blending noncalcareous clay with coarsely crushed quartz in higher proportions and firing them at elevated temperatures. This resulted in a clay with a lower water absorption capacity, lower porosity, and higher bulk density, thus improving its durability.

Protein isolate from basil seeds (Ocimum basilicum L.): Physicochemical and functional characterisation

Protein was isolated by isoelectric precipitation from basil seeds (after mucilage and oil extraction) and investigated for its physicochemical and functional properties. The protein content of basil seed protein isolate (BPI) was 89.08%. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) showed presence of essential amino acids. Glutamic acid (17.40%), threonine (13.65%), and arginine (11.32%) were abundant. Sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel (SDS-PAGE) analysis showed molecular weights in the range of 11.5 to 77.6 kDa. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) of basil seed protein isolate revealed a high denaturation temperature (95.34 °C). The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) indicated presence of amide I, II, and III groups. Characteristic peaks for β- sheet conformation were also observed. Results showed that BPI had high emulsifying ability index (298.4 m2/g) at pH 10. Solubility was lowest at pH 9 (10.69%). Functional properties such as protein solubility, foaming, and emulsification properties were high at pH 10. An increasing trend was observed from pH 2 to 5. High bulk density (0.799 g/ mL) and low water absorption capacity (0.51 g/ g) was observed.

Compatibility studies of in-house prepared sustainable wood-plastic composites with commercial composites

In the present research, sustainable wood-plastic composites (WPCs) were produced utilizing recycled expanded polystyrene (EPS) and biomass like sawdust and rice husk. A compatibility analysis was conducted to compare the physico-mechanical properties of the WPCs prepared in-house with those of commercial WPCs and a commercial plywood material. The experiments were carried out following standard procedures and under identical conditions. The results indicated that the WPCs produced in-house demonstrated superior physico-mechanical properties compared to the commercial WPCs, depending on the polymer content mixed. The study also revealed the increase in tensile strength was approximately 2.3 to 3.1 times which was higher than that of the commercial composites, and the in-house WPCs also exhibited better tensile modulus. The flexural strength of the in-house composites increased by approximately four times, and the compression strength increased by about four to eight times when compared to the commercial composites. The estimated hardness and impact strength values of the in-house WPCs were relatively like those of the commercial materials. However, the in-house composites exhibited significantly lower water absorption capacity compared to the commercial composites and plywood. In conclusion, the in-house produced WPCs demonstrated excellent physico-mechanical properties compared to commercial composites, while their properties were comparable to commercial plywood in most cases. These findings suggest that the in-house prepared WPCs can be utilized in various applications.

Physico-Chemical and Sensory Evaluation of Maize-Pigeon Pea Based Complementary Foods Fortified with Milk and Fish powder

Undernutrition among young children during the complementary feeding is high. Quality cereallegume based complementary food fortified with fish or milk would contribute towards reduction of undernutrition in young children. There is need for information on the animal source food that confers the best nutritional value on cereal-legume based complementary foods. This study assessed the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of maize-pigeon pea based complementary foods fortified with either milk or fish. Two complementary foods fortified with milk (COMPIM) and fish (COMPIF), were formulated from germinated maize, fermented pigeon pea, carrot and date powder using NutriSurvey application. The formulated diets were evaluated for nutrients, anti-nutrients, functional and sensory properties using standard methods and compared with commercial complementary food (CCF) and maize gruel (HCF). Data was analysed using Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and significant means were separated via Duncan’s multiple range test at p&lt;0.05. COMPIF AND COMPIM were comparable in nutrient contents except in beta-carotene, lysine and methionine. Both formulated diets compared favourably with the commercial complementary food in crude protein, ash and moisture contents but had significantly (p&lt;0.05) lower calcium and iron values. COMPIF had the highest lysine (0.57%) and methionine (0.21%) contents as well as lower anti-nutrients content compared to COMPIM. COMPIF had lower Water Absorption Capacity (WAC) and viscosity than COMPIM (86.67 mg/100 g; 9.50 ml/s vs 93.75%; 13.30 ml/s). COMPIM was rated higher than COMPIF in terms of taste, aroma and overall acceptability. The maize-pigeon pea complementary food fortified with fish was better than the one fortified with milk in terms of beta-carotene, lysine, methionine, functional and anti-nutritional properties but was less accepted. Further work is needed to improve the organoleptic properties of complementary foods fortified with fish.

Effect of recycled of recycled glass aggregates on mechanical and physical properties of structural concrete

The exponential expansion in concrete use has put the environment under immense pressure to supply cement, aggregates, and water. Natural resource consumption impacts the environment and undermines the concrete industry. A swift shift towards sustainable concrete is required considering the emergency triggered by human activity on the climate. Glass concrete (GC) has sparked the curiosity of the construction industry owing to its environmentally friendly approach. The study uses recycled glass aggregates (RGA) to partially replace natural aggregates (NA) to produce sustainable structural concrete with superior mechanical properties. 20% glass concrete outperformed all others in fresh and hardened concrete. Only 75% glass blend demonstrated a slight decrease in compressive strength due to drop in density. Glass concrete showed a lower water absorption capacity. However, glass has triggered an alkali-silica (ASR) reaction, reducing the durability of the concrete significantly.

Studi Perbandingan Kuat Tekan Paving Block Berbahan Dasar Limbah Plastik

The waste problem in Indonesia is an unfinished problem. The growing population increases the amount of waste originating from human activities, both organic and inorganic waste. Inorganic waste such as plastic waste is difficult to decompose naturally, so research is needed on the use of plastic waste to make environmentally friendly paving blocks. The aim of this research is to know the compressive strength and the percentage of water absorption value. Using experimental data collection techniques or methods (testing/observation). By testing intact paving blocks and cubes, the results showed that PET plastic types did not meet the testing standards for DHPE and PP plastic types, which had varying compressive strength and water absorption, so that research could be continued. The highest compressive strength of the PP plastic type was 16.98 Mpa for the intact model and 23.30 Mpa for the cube model, the lowest water absorption capacity was obtained for the PP plastic type of 0.38%.&#x0D;

Technological Properties Research of Biocomposites Based on the Natural Decomposable Compounds Reinforced with Buckwheat Husk

The need to process packaging materials based on petrochemical polymers raises the question of the material for packaging production, while the raw materials for packaging should be multi-tonnage, biodegradable, cost-effective. The buckwheat husk containing up to 50 % fiber, 3–4 % crude protein, 4–5 % fat, 0.2–0.3 % sugars, 9–10% ash, tannins, which is able to inhibit metal corrosion is of a particular interest for the research. Buck wheat husk has a high bulk density – about 145 kg/m3. It is hydrophilic and is able to swell increased in volume by up to 25 %. The study aims at developing composite systems based on natural decomposable compounds reinforced with buckwheat husks. The researchers studied gelatin, sodium alginate, xanthan and guar gum, glycerin, potato starch as plasti cizer compounds. They determined that the buckwheat husk surface under the microscope was porous with many cracks, which explains its hydrophilic properties. The thesis presents characteristics of biocomposites and films from them after drying. A man revealed that the glycerin use did not require water introduction, still the biocomposite had a crumbly structure and low water absorption capacity. Biocomposites based on sodium alginate had optimal characteristics: they were plastic, formed a strong film, were well applicable to the surface, had a water absorption of 65.33 and 71.08 %, respectively. The work presented physicomechanical parameters of biocomposite films.

Combined effects of drying methods and limited enzymatic hydrolysis on the physicochemical and antioxidant properties of rice protein hydrolysates

The combined effects of drying methods and limited enzymatic hydrolysis on the techno-functional characteristics of rice protein hydrolysates (RH) were investigated. With the increasing hydrolysis degree, the average size, exposed and total SH content, iron chelating capacity, hydroxyl and DPPH radical scavenging activity increased. Drying methods and enzyme type can alter the conformation of protein. Trypsin-derived spray dried RH exhibited higher α-helix contents while neutrase-derived ones had lower α-helix contents. The freeze-dried RH owed higher hydroxyl and DPPH scavenging activity than their spray-dried counterparts, which was related to higher sulfhydryl group and hydrophobic amino acids contents. RH derived from trypsin had higher metal chelating capacity than that from neutrase, which was in an agreement with higher amount of peptide <1000 Da. The shifting to lower relaxation time in spray-dried RH reflects lower water absorption capacity and slower water mobility, which are less susceptible to spoilage bacteria. Freeze drying would be a more prevalent technique for fully utilization of RH as bioactive components in the food system.

Characterisation of gluten‐free couscous produced with different legume flours by traditional method

SummaryCouscous is a traditional cereal product usually prepared using semolina; however, couscous may be produced with different flours as well as gluten‐free flours. In this study, gluten‐free couscous was prepared by supplementing rice flour with flours of field bean, chickpea and lentil (90/10 or 70/30%, w/w). The objective of this study was to develop gluten‐free couscous and determine the quality, texture, microstructure and sensory properties, which these properties were used for characterisation. The results revealed that the gluten‐free couscous had low water absorption capacity, low swelling and cohesion and slightly high disintegration degree compared to the control couscous. Protein, lipid and ash contents were improved following the supplementation while lightness and hardness were negatively affected. Even though there was no gluten, the significant yield was obtained during production. Moreover, the quality, texture and sensory properties of gluten‐free couscous were close to those of the control couscous. Gluten‐free couscous production was successfully achieved for whom wants to consume gluten‐free products as a lifestyle.

Characterizing the engineering properties of Marine Sand-Amended foamed lightweight Soil: Macroscopic and microscopic perspectives

Mixing foamed lightweight soil (FLS) with marine sand (MS) can be a sustainable approach for maximizing waste resources, although the fundamental properties (the physical performance, durability, and microstructural behaviors) of MS-mixed FLS (MS–FLS) have not been investigated, and this significantly restricts its engineering application. Thus, in this study, macroscopic and microscopic experiments are conducted to comprehensively explore the properties of MS–FLS with different MS, chloride (Cl−), and shell contents. The results of the macroscopic tests reveal that MS–FLS exhibits a fluidity of 160–229 mm, a volumetric water-absorption rate of 13.1 %–19.5 %, and an unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of 0.95–2.64 MPa. Further, the flow of bubbles is promoted as the fluidity and water-absorption rate change, thus accumulating the bubbles with relatively large pore sizes and causing an increase in the overall relative pore size. Although the durability is reduced to varying degrees via wet cycling, freeze–thaw cycling, sulfate (SO2 − 4) erosion, and long-term outdoor exposure, most of the UCS values can still satisfy the requirement for subgrade engineering applications. Moreover, the microscopic tests indicate that the pore size increases with the increasing MS content, whereas the pore-wall thickness, cement density, mechanical properties, and durability decrease. As the shell content increases, the UCS and durability decrease considerably owing to the smooth, surface-induced weak points and low water-absorption capacity of the shells; however, the UCS can still satisfy engineering requirements. Finally, the increased Cl− content can improve the SO2 − 4 resistance due to the generated Friedel’s salt, which fills the micropores in cement-hydration products, and this facilitates strengthening. Therefore, the UCS values of most MS–FLS specimens are > 0.3 MPa before and after the durability tests, revealing their promise for subgrade engineering applications.