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Multiple ultra-narrow band-stop filters based on MIM plasmonic waveguide with nanoring cavities

In this work, multiple ultra-narrow band-stop filters based on metal–insulator–metal (MIM) plasmonic waveguide filters with high efficiency are designed and analyzed numerically. The relationship between incident radiation and transmission spectra is investigated between 0.45 μm and 1.5 μm in the electromagnetic spectrum by finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. The designed structures have a bus waveguide coupled with nanoring cavity resonators of different sizes. Minimum transmission is 1.3% at 622 nm. The full width at half maximum (FWHM) is 8.64 nm and the quality factor is obtained as 72.33 in this wavelength. The highest quality factor is 185.48 and the lowest FWHM is 4.2 nm at 779 nm. The designed waveguide-based filters can be used for integrated optical devices from visible to near-infrared regimes.

Purple-Violet Gem Spinel from Tanzania and Myanmar: Inclusion, Spectroscopy, Chemistry, and Color

Purple-violet gem spinels from Tanzania and Myanmar have been investigated for their gemological, spectroscopic, chemical, and colorimetric characteristics. Samples TS and MS both had a purple hue with a pinkish or brownish secondary tone and medium–strong saturation. We identified a number of inclusions, including dolomite, phlogopite, and forsterite in Tanzanian spinel and magnesite, apatite, baddeleyite, anhydrite, pyroxene, and graphite in Myanmar spinel. Tanzanian spinels have slightly lower FWHM (full width at half maximum) values of the 406 cm−1 line in the Raman spectrum and the Cr3+ zero phonon line in the PL spectrum compared to samples from Myanmar. Fe, Mn, Cr, V, and Zn are proved as useful discriminators to distinguish these two geographic locations. UV-Vis-NIR spectra and CIE L*a*b* parameters are compared with trace element chemistry. Both samples are colored by Fe2+, with minor Fe3+, Cr3+, and V3+. Cr, V, and Fe are combined to influence the hue angle and lightless of purple spinels from Tanzania. However, due to the relatively stable content in Myanmar samples, Fe shows a minor effect on these two parameters. It is worth noting that all inclusion scene, spectral, and chemical characteristics, as well as the comparison presented in this study are of a limited number of samples from Tanzania and Myanmar.

Bright InP Quantum Dots by Mid-Synthetic Modification with Zinc Halides

InP quantum dots (QDs) attract growing interest in recent years, owing to their environmental advantages upon applications in display and lighting. However, compared to Cd-based QDs and Pb-based perovskites, the synthesis of InP QDs with high optical quality is relatively more difficult. Here, we established a mid-synthetic modification approach to improve the optical properties of InP-based QDs. Tris(dimethylamino)phosphine ((DMA)3P) and indium iodide were used to prepare InP QDs with a green emission (∼527 nm). By introducing zinc halides (ZnX2) during the mid-synthetic process, the photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of the resulting InP/ZnSeS/ZnS core/shell/shell QDs was increased to >70%, and the full-width-at-half-maximum (FWHM) could be narrowed to ∼40 nm. Transmission electron microscopy clearly showed the improvement of the QDs particle size distribution after introducing ZnX2. It was speculated that ZnX2 was bound to the surface of QDs as a Z-type ligand, which not only passivated surface defects and suppressed the emission of defect states but also prevented Ostwald ripening. The InP cores were also activated by ZnX2, which made the growth of the ZnSeS shell more favorable. The photoluminescence properties started to be improved significantly only when the amount of ZnX2 exceeded 0.5 mmol. As the amount increased, more ZnX2 was distributed around the QDs to form a ligand layer, which prevented the shell precursor from crossing the ligand layer to the surface of the InP core, thus reducing the size of the InP/ZnSeS/ZnS QDs. This work revealed a new role of ZnX2 and found a method for InP QDs with high brightness and low FWHM by the mid-synthetic modification, which would inspire the synthesis of even better InP QDs.

Impact of Photon-Counting Detector Computed Tomography on Image Quality and Radiation Dose in Patients With Multiple Myeloma.

Computed tomography (CT) is an established method for the diagnosis, staging, and treatment of multiple myeloma. Here, we investigated the potential of photon-counting detector computed tomography (PCD-CT) in terms of image quality, diagnostic confidence, and radiation dose compared with energy-integrating detector CT (EID-CT). In this prospective study, patients with known multiple myeloma underwent clinically indicated whole-body PCD-CT. The image quality of PCD-CT was assessed qualitatively by three independent radiologists for overall image quality, edge sharpness, image noise, lesion conspicuity, and diagnostic confidence using a 5-point Likert scale (5 = excellent), and quantitatively for signal homogeneity using the coefficient of variation (CV) of Hounsfield Units (HU) values and modulation transfer function (MTF) via the full width at half maximum (FWHM) in the frequency space. The results were compared with those of the current clinical standard EID-CT protocols as controls. Additionally, the radiation dose (CTDIvol) was determined. We enrolled 35 patients with multiple myeloma (mean age 69.8 ± 9.1 years; 18 [51%] males). Qualitative image analysis revealed superior scores (median [interquartile range]) for PCD-CT regarding overall image quality (4.0 [4.0-5.0] vs. 4.0 [3.0-4.0]), edge sharpness (4.0 [4.0-5.0] vs. 4.0 [3.0-4.0]), image noise (4.0 [4.0-4.0] vs. 3.0 [3.0-4.0]), lesion conspicuity (4.0 [4.0-5.0] vs. 4.0 [3.0-4.0]), and diagnostic confidence (4.0 [4.0-5.0] vs. 4.0 [3.0-4.0]) compared with EID-CT (P ≤ 0.004). In quantitative image analyses, PCD-CT compared with EID-CT revealed a substantially lower FWHM (2.89 vs. 25.68 cy/pixel) and a significantly more homogeneous signal (mean CV ± standard deviation [SD], 0.99 ± 0.65 vs. 1.66 ± 0.5; P < 0.001) at a significantly lower radiation dose (mean CTDIvol ± SD, 3.33 ± 0.82 vs. 7.19 ± 3.57 mGy; P < 0.001). Whole-body PCD-CT provides significantly higher subjective and objective image quality at significantly reduced radiation doses than the current clinical standard EID-CT protocols, along with readily available multi-spectral data, facilitating the potential for further advanced post-processing.

Influence of growth temperature and miscut angle of m-plane sapphire substrate on the semi-polar (11–22) AlN film grown by HVPE

The high-quality semi-polar (11-22) AlN thin films were grown on m-plane sapphire substrates by hydride vapor phase epitaxy (HVPE). The surface morphology and crystalline quality of the AlN film were greatly influenced by the growth temperature and the substrate miscut angle. As the temperature increased, the grain size on the surface increased and the grain density decreased. In addition, the higher growth temperature also resulted in smaller values of the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of X-ray rocking curves (XRC) when temperature was more than 1,460 °C. At high temperature of 1,530 °C, the introduction of 1° -off miscut angle to the substrate resulted in smooth surface, low density of stacking faults and low FWHM of XRC. The misfit dislocation density was calculated from the tilt angle of epilayer measured by X-ray reciprocal space mappings along [−1−123] AlN. The misfit dislocation density of the sample grown on 1° -off substrates was 6.7 × 105 cm−2. The improvement of crystal quality is believed to be due to the enhancement of adatom mobility at higher temperatures and also the appropriate miscut variation.

Computational Design of Highly-Sensitive Graphene-Based Multilayer SPR Biosensor

In this paper, we present a set of optimal graphene-based multilayer surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensors for highly sensitive detection of biomolecules. To optimize the biosensor structure, we employed a multi-objective gray wolf optimizer (MOGWO) to maximize the sensitivity and minimize the structure full width at half maximum (FWHM). The main advantages of the optimized structures are high sensitivity, low FWHM, as well as easy implementation. We developed an algorithm that enables us to achieve nine different optimized structures. The best sensitivity, FWHM and FOM are obtained equal to 264.6°/RIU (for the structure #5), 1.905° and 56.6/RIU (for the structure #8), respectively. The results of this paper pave the way for the development of highly-sensitive SPR biosensors.

Impact of reconstruction parameters on spatial resolution and its comparison between cadmium-zinc-telluride SPECT/CT and conventional SPECT/CT.

To evaluate the impact of reconstruction parameters on the spatial resolution of the tomographic image in single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)/computed tomography (CT), and compare spatial resolution between a new polyvalent whole-body Cadmium-Zinc-Telluride camera (CZT-SPECT/CT) and a conventional dual-head Anger camera (conventional SPECT/CT). Spatial resolution was evaluated with four-line sources filled with 99mTc in tomographic images reconstructed by varying reconstruction parameters. Ordered-subset expectation maximization (OSEM) algorithm was performed with varying iterations (1-20), the number of subsets was fixed at 10. Butterworth filter, Gauss filter and no-filter were selected, respectively. Computed tomography-based attenuation correction (CTAC), scatter correction, resolution recovery and no correction (NC) were adopted for image correction. Filtered back projection (FBP) with Butterworth filter and CTAC was performed in image reconstruction. Spatial resolution was expressed by the full width at half-maximum (FWHM) value. The impact of reconstruction parameters on the spatial resolution was identical in both cameras: FWHM values decreased with the increase of iterations and converged uniformly when the number of iterations was over 4. FWHM values decreased with the increase of cutoff frequency of the Butterworth filter and increased with the increase of the Gauss filter. scatter correction and resolution recovery improved spatial resolution, whereas CTAC had a negligible effect on spatial resolution when reconstructed by OSEM. FWHM was generally lower with OSEM reconstruction than FBP reconstruction. On the whole, under the same reconstruction conditions, CZT-SPECT/CT had a lower FWHM value than conventional SPECT/CT. The spatial resolution was improved with the increase of iterations. Increasing the cutoff frequency of the Butterworth filter and decreasing the Gauss filter enhanced spatial resolution. The spatial resolution was better reconstructed by OSEM associated with attenuation correction, scatter correction and resolution recovery than FBP. CZT-SPECT/CT had better spatial resolution than conventional SPECT/CT.

The effect on precision and T1 bias comparing two flip angles when estimating muscle fat infiltration using fat-referenced chemical shift-encoded imaging.

Investigation of the effect on accuracy and precision of different parameter settings is important for quantitative MRI. The purpose of this study was to investigate T1 bias and precision for muscle fat infiltration (MFI) measurements using fat-referenced chemical shift MFI measurements at flip angles of 5° and 10°. The fat-referenced measurements were compared with fat fractions, which is a more commonly used measure of MFI. This retrospective study was performed on data from a clinical intervention study including 40 postmenopausal women. Test and retest images were acquired with a 3-T scanner using four-point 3D spoiled gradient multiecho acquisition. Postprocessing included T2* correction and fat-referenced calibration, where the fat signal was calibrated using adipose tissue as reference. The mean MFI was calculated in six different muscle regions using both the fat-referenced fat signal and the fat fraction, defined as the fat signal divided by the sum of the fat and water signals. Both methods used the same fat and water images as input. The variance of the difference between mean MFI from test and retest was used as the measure of precision. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) characteristics were analyzed by measuring the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the fat signal distribution. There was no difference in the mean MFI at different flip angles for the fat-referenced technique (p=0.66), while the measured fat fractions were 3.3 percentage points larger for 10° compared with 5° (p<0.001). No significant difference in the precision was found in any of the muscles analyzed. However, the FWHM of the fat signal distribution was significantly (p=0.01) lower at 10°. This strenghtens the hypothesis that fat-referenced MFI is insensitive to flip angle-induced T1 bias in CSE-MRI, enabling usage of a higher and more SNR-effective flip angle. The lower FWHM in fat-referenced MFI at 10° indicates that high flip angle acquisition is advantageous even although no significant differences in precision were observed comparing 5° and 10°.

Halide-modulated self-assembly of metal-free perovskite single crystals for bio-friendly X-ray detection

Halide-modulated self-assembly of metal-free perovskite single crystals for bio-friendly X-ray detection

Performance of SwiftScan planar and SPECT technology using low-energy high-resolution and sensitivity collimator compared with Siemens SPECT system.

A new low-energy high-resolution-sensitivity (LEHRS) collimator was developed by General Electric (GE) Healthcare. SwiftScan planar and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) systems using LEHRS collimator were developed to achieve the low-dose and/or short-time acquisition. We demonstrated the performance of SwiftScan planar and SPECT system with LEHRS collimator using phantoms. Line source, cylindrical and flat plastic dish phantoms were used to evaluate the performance of planar and SPECT images for four patterns of Siemens LEHR, GE LEHR, GE LEHRS and SwiftScan using two SPECT-CT scanners. Each phantom was filled with 99mTc solution, and the spatial resolution, sensitivity and image uniformity were calculated from the planar and SPECT data. The full-width at half maximum (FWHM) values as a system spatial resolution of Siemens LEHR, GE LEHR and GE LEHRS were approximately 7.4 mm. GE LEHRS showed a lower FWHM value by increasing the blend ratio in Clarity2D processing. The system sensitivity of GE LEHRS increased by approximately 30% compared with that of GE LEHR and was similar to that of Siemens LEHR. The FWHM values of SPECT with an filtered back projection (FBP) method were approximately 10.3 mm. The FWHM values of the ordered subset expectation maximization (OSEM) method were better with an increase in iteration values. The differential uniformities of Siemens LEHR, GE LEHR, GE LEHRS and GE SwiftScan using the FBP method were approximately 15.1%. The differential uniformity of OSEM method was higher with an increase in the iteration value. The SwiftScan planar and SPECT have a high sensitivity while maintaining the spatial resolution compared with the conventional system.

Random laser action under picosecond laser pumping

This study was aimed to investigate the effect of scattering mean free path of different concentrations of silver nanoparticles in Rhodamine B (RhB) solution. To get the random lasing, the samples were exposed to Picosecond laser. Our results show a gradual increase in the random lasing emission by increase in the concentrations and thus scattering mean free path until the threshold amount. The emission intensity was enhanced by enhancing the laser power due to an increase in scattering, which cannot make a close loop path in the gain medium to reach the coherence random lasing. Our results showed efficient emission intensity due to the absorption of Rhodamine B with Ag NPs in the pumping wavelength where it has been observed that the lasing threshold is reduced from 0.628 A (without scatterer) to 0.62 A at $$9.2*10^{17}\, \hbox{cm}^{ - 3}$$ Likewise, the lowest FWHM (full width at half maximum) for this concentration was 34 nm, while without concentration it was 37 nm, but the clear and important difference is that the first occurred at 72 A, while the second state at 80 A.

Detection of phenol by incorporation of gold modified-enzyme based graphene oxide thin film with surface plasmon resonance technique.

In this study, the incorporation between gold modified-tyrosinase (Tyr) enzyme based graphene oxide (GO) thin film with surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technique has been developed for the detection of phenol. SPR signal for the thin film contacted with phenol solution was monitored using SPR technique. From the SPR curve, sensitivity, full width at half maximum (FWHM), detection accuracy (DA) and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) have been analyzed. The sensor produces a linear response for phenol up to 100 µM with sensitivity of 0.00193° µM-1. Next, it can be observed that deionized water has the lowest FWHM, with a value of 1.87° and also the highest value of DA. Besides, the SNR of the SPR signal was proportional to the phenol concentrations. Furthermore, the surface morphology of the modified thin film after exposed with phenol solution observed using atomic force microscopy showed a lot of sharp peaks compared to the image before in contact with phenol proved the interaction between the thin film and phenol.

Compressed Sensing 3D-GRASE for faster High-Resolution MRI.

PurposeHigh‐resolution three‐dimensional (3D) structural MRI is useful for delineating complex or small structures of the body. However, it requires long acquisition times and high SAR, limiting its clinical use. The purpose of this work is to accelerate the acquisition of high‐resolution images by combining compressed sensing and parallel imaging (CSPI) on a 3D‐GRASE sequence and to compare it with a (CS)PI 3D‐FSE sequence. Several sampling patterns were investigated to assess their influence on image quality.MethodsThe proposed k‐space sampling patterns are based on two undersampled k‐space grids, variable density (VD) Poisson‐disc, and VD pseudo‐random Gaussian, and five different trajectories described in the literature. Bloch simulations are performed to obtain the transform point spread function and evaluate the coherence of each sampling pattern. Image resolution was assessed by the full‐width at half‐maximum (FWHM). Prospective CSPI 3D‐GRASE phantom and in vivo experiments in knee and brain are carried out to assess image quality, SNR, SAR, and acquisition time compared to PI 3D‐GRASE, PI 3D‐FSE, and CSPI 3D‐FSE acquisitions.ResultsSampling patterns with VD Poisson‐disc obtain the lowest coherence for both PD‐weighted and T2‐weighted acquisitions. VD pseudo‐random Gaussian obtains lower FWHM, but higher sidelobes than VD Poisson‐disc. CSPI 3D‐GRASE reduces acquisition time (43% for PD‐weighted and 40% for T2‐weighted) and SAR (∼45% for PD‐weighted and T2‐weighted) compared to CSPI 3D‐FSE.ConclusionsCSPI 3D‐GRASE reduces acquisition time compared to a CSPI 3DFSE acquisition, preserving image quality. The design of the sampling pattern is crucial for image quality in CSPI 3D‐GRASE image acquisitions.

Sensitivity enhancement of surface plasmon resonance biosensor based on graphene and barium titanate layers

A surface plasmon resonance-based biosensor, consisting prism, silver, barium titanate (BaTiO3) and graphene layers, is presented by using angular interrogation. The structure is specially designed to further enhance the sensitivity and to decrease the full width at half maximum (FWHM) thereby improving the sensor performance. Theoretical analysis shows that the highest sensitivity can reach at 257°/RIU where the thickness of Ag layer is 45 nm with 10 nm BaTiO3 and one graphene layer. Compared with existing biosensors, the proposed biosensor exhibits higher sensitivity, lower FWHM and two times better preformation in the quality factor of the sensor, which would make our design have more applications in the field of biosensors.

Influence of Process Parameters and Formation of Highly c-Axis Oriented AlN Thin Films on Mo by Reactive Sputtering

It is challenging to grow aluminum nitride (AlN) in c-axis orientation on a metal electrode, primarily due to lattice mismatch and the difference between the coefficients of thermal expansion. In this work, we investigate and optimize the effects of several process parameters such as plasma power, N2 flow concentration, quality of the bottom electrode, and oxygen content. The optimized deposition parameters are necessary for the growth of highly c-axis textured AlN thin film having a thickness of 300 nm on a Mo/SiO2/Si substrate. To this end, c-axis oriented AlN thin films were sputtered on a molybdenum (Mo) electrode at the low substrate temperature (300°C). The quality of the Mo electrode was optimized in terms of the surface roughness, interfacial energy, and full width at half maximum (FWHM) of x-ray diffraction (XRD) peak for facilitating the c-axis growth of the AIN film. Results indicate that the growth of AlN film in (002) orientation on the Mo electrode strongly depends on plasma power, the optimum value of which is found to be 300 W. Also, an extremely low FWHM of AlN (002) peak 0.62° is achieved at ∼ 38% N2 concentration. The oxygen content is also found to be an influential parameter, with a threshold value of 28% by atomic weight, beyond which amorphous growth of the AIN film is observed. The fabricated Mo-AlN-Mo structure has a dielectric constant of 8.89 and a capacitance value of 42 pF measured across the top electrode area of 400 × 400 μm2. The grown c-axis oriented AlN film can be used in applications such as the piezoelectric energy harvester (PEH) and the thin-film bulk acoustic resonator (FBAR).

Differentiation of molecular chain entanglement structure through laser Raman spectrum measurement of High strength PET fibers under stress

The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism for the improvement of mechanical properties of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) fibers based on the concept of controlling the state of molecular entanglement. For this purpose, five different PET fibers were prepared through either the conventional melt spinning and drawing/annealing process or the high-speed melt spinning process. In both cases, the melt spinning process was designed so as to realize different Deborah number conditions. The prepared fibers were subjected to the laser Raman spectroscopy measurement and the characteristics of the scattering peak at around 1616 cm−1, which corresponds to the C-C/C=C stretching mode of the aromatic ring in the main chain, were investigated in detail. It was revealed that the fibers drawn and annealed after the melt spinning process of lower Deborah number showed higher tensile strength as well as lower value of full width at half maximum (FWHM) in the laser Raman spectrum. Narrow FWHM was considered to represent the homogeneous state of entanglement structure, which may lead to the higher strength and toughness of fibers because individual molecular chains tend to bare similar level of tensile stress when the fiber is stretched. In case of high-speed spun fibers prepared with a high Deborah number condition, the FWHM was narrow presumably because much lower tensile stress in comparison with the drawing/annealing process was applied when the fiber structure was developed, however the value increased significantly upon applying tensile load to the fibers during the laser Raman spectrum measurement. From these results, it was concluded that the Laser Raman spectroscopy could differentiate molecular chain entanglement structure of various fiber samples, in that low FWHM, which corresponds to either homogeneous state of molecular entanglement or lower level of mean residual stress, and small increase of FWTH upon applying tensile stress are considered to be the key factors for the improvement of the mechanical properties of PET fibers.

An Adaptation of the Distance Driven Projection Method for Single Pinhole Collimators in SPECT Imaging

The modelling of the projection operator in tomographic imaging is of critical importance especially when working with algebraic methods of image reconstruction. This paper proposes a distance-driven projection method which is targeted to single-pinhole single-photon emission computed tomograghy (SPECT) imaging since it accounts for the finite size of the pinhole, and the possible tilting of the detector surface in addition to other collimator-specific factors such as geometric sensitivity. The accuracy and execution time of the proposed method is evaluated by comparing to a ray-driven approach where the pinhole is sub-sampled with various sampling schemes. A point-source phantom whose projections were generated using OpenGATE was first used to compare the resolution of reconstructed images with each method using the full width at half maximum (FWHM). Furthermore, a high-activity Mini Deluxe Phantom (Data Spectrum Corp., Durham, NC, USA) SPECT resolution phantom was scanned using a Gamma Medica X-SPECT system and the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and structural similarity of reconstructed images was compared at various projection counts. Based on the reconstructed point-source phantom, the proposed distance-driven approach results in a lower FWHM than the ray-driven approach even when using a smaller detector resolution. Furthermore, based on the Mini Deluxe Phantom, it is shown that the distance-driven approach has consistently higher SNR and structural similarity compared to the ray-driven approach as the counts in measured projections deteriorates.

Facile Hydrothermal Synthesis of Oil-Soluble PbSe Quantum Dots

Oil-soluble PbSe quantum dots (QDs) with uniform morphology and narrow size distribution were ob- tained via a facile hydrothermal approach. The cubic PbSe QDs with nearly spherical shape and average diameter of (4.0 ± 0.5) nm were obtained. The as-synthesized PbSe QDs showed a strong and a relatively narrow band edge emis- sion in the near purple region at 435 nm and a small full width at half maximum (FWHM) approximately of 80 nm. The photoluminescence (PL) spectra moved to low energy region and FWHM became broad when the reaction time extended and the synthesis temperature increased. The PL spectra exhibited less intense and well defined features at long wavelength which were ascribed to low energy transitions as varying Pb/S molar ratios. In addition, the defect luminescence of PbSe QDs became more obvious with the synthesis temperatures and Pb/S molar ratios increasing. The PL spectra of PbSe QDs shifted to long wavelength (low energy region), because small particles coalesced into form large particles during reaction, which was in agreement with the Ostwald ripening principle. The defects of PbSe QDs may result from thermodynamically instable and lower densities of capped oleic acid.

Adaptive Autoregressive Model for Reduction of Noise in SPECT.

This paper presents improved autoregressive modelling (AR) to reduce noise in SPECT images. An AR filter was applied to prefilter projection images and postfilter ordered subset expectation maximisation (OSEM) reconstruction images (AR-OSEM-AR method). The performance of this method was compared with filtered back projection (FBP) preceded by Butterworth filtering (BW-FBP method) and the OSEM reconstruction method followed by Butterworth filtering (OSEM-BW method). A mathematical cylinder phantom was used for the study. It consisted of hot and cold objects. The tests were performed using three simulated SPECT datasets. Image quality was assessed by means of the percentage contrast resolution (CR%) and the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the line spread functions of the cylinders. The BW-FBP method showed the highest CR% values and the AR-OSEM-AR method gave the lowest CR% values for cold stacks. In the analysis of hot stacks, the BW-FBP method had higher CR% values than the OSEM-BW method. The BW-FBP method exhibited the lowest FWHM values for cold stacks and the AR-OSEM-AR method for hot stacks. In conclusion, the AR-OSEM-AR method is a feasible way to remove noise from SPECT images. It has good spatial resolution for hot objects.

Correlation between Oxygen Related Bonds and Defects Formation in ZnO Thin Films by Using X-ray Diffraction and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy

To observe the formation of defects at the interface between an oxide semiconductor and <TEX>$SiO_2$</TEX>, ZnO was prepared on <TEX>$SiO_2$</TEX> with various oxygen gas flow rates by RF magnetron sputtering deposition. The crystallinity of ZnO depends on the characteristic of the surface of the substrate. The crystallinity of ZnO on a Si wafer increased due to the activation of ionic interactions after an annealing process, whereas that of ZnO on <TEX>$SiO_2$</TEX> changed due to the various types of defects which had formed as a result of the deposition conditions and the annealing process. To observe the chemical shift to understand of defect deformations at the interface between the ZnO and <TEX>$SiO_2$</TEX>, the O 1s electron spectra were convoluted into three sub-peaks by a Gaussian fitting. The O 1s electron spectra consisted of three peaks as metal oxygen (at 530.5 eV), <TEX>$O^{2-}$</TEX> ions in an oxygen-deficient region (at 531.66 eV) and OH bonding (at 532.5 eV). In view of the crystallinity from the peak (103) in the XRD pattern, the metal oxygen increased with a decrease in the crystallinity. However, the low FWHM (full width at half maximum) at the (103) plane caused by the high crystallinity depended on the increment of the oxygen vacancies at 531.66 eV due to the generation of <TEX>$O^{2-}$</TEX> ions in the oxygen-deficient region formed by thermal activation energy.