Lowest Energy Absorption Band Research Articles

Synthesis and Optical Characterization of Hydrazone-Substituted Push-Pull-Type NLOphores.

Two distinct families of NLOphores featuring hydrazone donors were synthesized using click-type [2 + 2] cycloaddition retroelectrocyclizations (CA-RE). Despite the limitations in the substrate scope, it was shown for the first time that hydrazone-activated alkynes could undergo reactions with TCNE/TCNQ. The electrochemical, photophysical, and second-order nonlinear optical (NLO) characteristics of the chromophores were analyzed utilizing experimental and computational approaches. Chromophores 17-21 and 23-27 exhibited two reduction waves, along with one oxidation wave that can be attributed to the hydrazone moiety. All chromophores exhibit charge-transfer bands extending from the visible to the near-infrared region. The λmax of hydrazone-based chromophores falls within the range of 473 to 725 nm. Additionally, all chromophores exhibited positive solvatochromism. Computational studies have been performed to elucidate the origin of the low-energy absorption bands. Parameters such as dipole moment, band gaps, electronegativity, global chemical hardness/softness, average polarizability, and first hyperpolarizability were calculated to obtain information about NLO properties of the target structures. The thermal stabilities of the NLOphores were assessed through TGA. Experimental NLO measurements were conducted using the electric field-induced second harmonic generation (EFISHG) technique. The studied structures demonstrated NLO responses, with μβ values between 520 × 10-48 esu and 5300 × 10-48 esu.

Enter MnIV-NHC: A Dark Photooxidant with a Long-Lived Charge-Transfer Excited State.

Detailed photophysical investigation of a Mn(IV)-carbene complex has revealed that excitation into its lowest-energy absorption band (∼500 nm) results in the formation of an energetic ligand-to-metal charge-transfer (LMCT) state with a lifetime of 15 ns. To the best of our knowledge, this is the longest lifetime reported for charge-transfer states of first-row-based transition metal complexes in solution, barring those based on Cu, with a d10 configuration. A so-called superoxidant, Mn(IV)-carbene exhibits an excited state potential typically only harnessed via excited states of reactive organic radical species. Furthermore, the long-lived excited state in this case is found to be a dark doublet, with its transition to the quartet ground state being spin-forbidden, a contrast to most first-row literature examples, and a possible cause of the long lifetime. Showcasing excited state properties which in some cases exceed those of complexes based on precious metals, these findings not only advance the library of earth-abundant photosensitizers but also shed general insight into the photophysics of d3 and related Mn complexes.

Dual Fluorescence and Phosphorescence Emissions from Dye-Modified (NCN)-Bismuth Pincer Thiolate Complexes.

We report the synthesis, characterization, and photophysical properties of four new dye-modified (NCN)Bi pincer complexes with two mercaptocoumarin or mercaptopyrene ligands. Their photophysical properties were probed by UV/vis spectroscopy, photoluminescence (PL) studies, and time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations. Absorption spectra of the complexes are dominated by mixed pyrene or coumarin π → π*/n(pS) → pyrene or coumarin π* transitions. While unstable toward reductive elimination of the corresponding disulfide under irradiation at room temperature, the complexes provide stable emissions at 77 K. Under these conditions, coumarin complexes 2 and 4 exhibit exclusively green phosphorescence at 508 nm. In contrast, the emissive properties of pyrene complexes 1 and 3 depend on the excitation wavelength and on sample concentration. Irradiation into the lowest-energy absorption band exclusively triggers red phosphorescence from the pyrenyl residues at 640 nm. At concentrations c < 1 μM, excitation into higher excited electronic states results in blue pyrene fluorescence. With increasing c (1-100 μM), the emission profile changes to dual fluorescence and phosphorescence emission, with a steady increase of the phosphorescence intensity, until at c ≥ 1 mM only red phosphorescence ensues. Progressive red-shifts and broadening of steady-state excitation spectra with increasing sample concentration suggest the presence of static excimers, as we observe it for concentrated solutions of pyrene. Crystalline and powdered samples of 1 indeed show intermolecular association through π-stacking. TD-DFT calculations on model dimers and a tetramer of 1 support the idea of aggregation-induced intersystem crossing (AI-ISC) as the underlying reason for this behavior.

9-Borafluoren-9-yl and diphenylboron tetracoordinate complexes of 8-quinolinolato ligands with heavy-atoms substituents: Synthesis, fluorescence and application in OLED devices

This work describes the synthesis and characterisation of new tetrahedral boron complexes, incorporating bromine- or iodine-substituted 8-quinolinolato chelate chromophores connected to 9-borafluoren-9-yl or diphenylboron orthogonal fragments. The molecular features and photophysical properties of these complexes are analysed in both solution and solid state. Steady-state photophysical studies reveal photoluminescence quantum yields (Φf) ranging from 0.02 to 0.15 and prompt fluorescence (PF) lifetimes (τf) between 2 and 16 ns. Time-resolved photophysical experiments show the presence of delayed fluorescence (DF) and phosphorescence at both 77 K and room temperature. The DF intensity increases with a rise in temperature. This variation is ascribed to an enhancement in the intersystem crossing (ISC) process promoted by the bromine or iodine heavy-atom effect. Investigations into the dependence of DF intensity relative to the excitation dose indicate emissions stemming either from Triplet-Triplet Annihilation (TTA), Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence (TADF), or a combination of these competing mechanisms. The effect is related to the size and number of heavy-atom substituents in each boron complex. A study of the DF emission intensity as a function of the excitation dose reveals that diiodo-substituted 8-quinolinolato boron complexes, whether rigid or flexible, display TADF emission. Rigid 5,7-dibromo- and 5-chloro-7-iodo-substituted 8-quinolinolato complexes exhibit a combined TADF-TTA mechanism, whereas the other complexes predominantly demonstrate pure TTA emission. DFT and TDDFT calculations showed that the ground state structures reproduced the experimental geometries and only small increases in bond lengths were observed in the excited state geometries. The low energy absorption bands displayed mainly intra-ligand π→π* (8-quinolinato) character. The fluorescence emission energies were well reproduced, while the singlet-triplet energy gaps were relatively high and spin-orbit coupling was relevant for complexes with heavy-atoms. Ultimately, organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) are fabricated using the most luminescent boron complexes. The best OLED is obtained when using complex 3a, which displays green electroluminescence (EL) (λEL = 502 nm) with maximum external quantum efficiency (EQEmax) of 2.5% and maximum luminance (Lmax) of 2200 cd m−2.

1,3‐Diynes as Precursors for the Synthesis of Triazene‐ and Diethylaniline‐Bearing Push‐Pull NLOphores

AbstractWithin the scope of this study, a total of eight new NLOphores of the D‐π‐A‐π‐D type have been synthesized. This was achieved by applying click‐type [2+2] cycloaddition‐retroelectrocyclization reactions of unsymmetrical 1,3‐diynes with well‐known electron‐deficient alkenes, TCNE, and TCNQ. Furthermore, essential insights into the optical properties of the synthesized NLOphores were obtained from comparisons with four model compounds synthesized separately within this study. The thermal stability of the NLOphores was assessed through thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). NLOphores synthesized using two distinct electron‐deficient alkenes exhibit low energy absorption bands covering most of the visible region with λmax values ranging from 466 nm to 723 nm. Theoretical studies, including time–dependent density functional theory (TD‐DFT) investigations, frontier orbital visualizations, and electrostatic potential maps, have been utilized to further investigate the intramolecular charge transfer properties of chromophores. The NLO responses of the chromophores were determined through DFT calculations. It is worth noting that the average polarizability and first hyperpolarizability values (α(tot)=106.392–159.709×10−24 esu; β(tot)=387.552–417.359×10−30 esu) obtained from these calculations show significant promise compared to literature data.

Phosphorescent fac-Bis(triarylisocyanide) W(0) and Mo(0) Complexes.

Homoleptic W(0) and Mo(0) complexes containing bis(triarylisocyanide) ligands with bulky substituents were synthesized and spectroscopically characterized. Crystallographically determined structures revealed that these complexes are hourglass-like in shape with the tridentate ligands adopting a facial coordination mode to the metal center. These complexes luminesce in fluid solutions and in the solid state. Typically in toluene at 298 K, the two W(0) complexes display the emission maximum (lifetime and quantum yield) at 591 nm (0.83 μs and 0.35) and 628 nm (1.04 μs and 0.39), and similarly, the two Mo(0) complexes display it at 575 nm (0.54 μs and 0.15) and 617 nm (0.56 μs and 0.23). DFT and TDDFT calculations indicated that the low-energy absorption bands of the W(0) and Mo(0) complexes could be metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) transitions in nature. These complexes exhibited a reversible M+/0 redox couple at -0.70 and -0.63 V vs Fc+/0 for the W(0) complexes and -0.86 and -0.67 V for the Mo(0) complexes. The excited-state reduction potentials were hence estimated to be -2.91 and -2.74 V vs Fc+/0 for the W(0) complexes and -3.10 and -2.81 V vs Fc+/0 for the Mo(0) complexes, indicating that they are potentially strong photoreductants.

Unveiling Carrier Relaxation Mechanism in Protonated/Deprotonated Carbon Dots and Their Solvent Effects via Ultrafast Spectroscopy.

The intricate nature of the surface structure of carbon dots (CDs) hinders a comprehensive understanding of their emission behavior. In this study, we employ two types of CDs created through acid-alkali treatments, one with surface protonation and the other with surface deprotonation, with the objective of investigating the impact of these surface modifications on carrier behavior using ultrafast spectroscopy techniques. TEM, XRD, FTIR and Raman spectra demonstrate the CDs' structure, featuring graphitic core and abundant surface functional groups. XPS confirms the successful surface modifications of CDs via protonation and deprotonation. Ultrafast transient absorption (TA) spectroscopy reveals that deprotonation modification may decelerate the relaxation process, thereby increasing the visible PL quantum yields (PLQY). Conversely, protonation may accelerate the relaxation process due to the induced low-energy absorption band, resulting in self-absorption and reduced PLQY. Furthermore, TA analysis of CDs in mixed solvents with different proportions of ethanol shows the beneficial effect of ethanol in decelerating the relaxation process, leading to an increased PLQY of 33.7 % for deprotonated CDs and 22.1 % for protonated CDs. This study illuminates the intricate relationship between surface deprotonation/protonation modifications and carrier behavior in CDs, offering a potential avenue for the design of high-brightness CDs for diverse applications.

1,3-Dipolar cyclisation reactions of nitriles with sterically encumbered cyclic triphosphanes: synthesis and electronic structure of phosphorus-rich heterocycles with tunable colour.

We describe the synthesis, solid state and electronic structures of a series of tunable five-membered cationic and charge-neutral inorganic heterocycles featuring a P3CN core. 1-Aza-2,3,4-triphospholenium cations [(PR)3N(H)CR']+, [1R]+ (R' = Me, Ph, 4-MeOC6H4, 4-CF3C6H4) were formed as triflate salts by the formal [3 + 2]-cyclisation reactions of strained cyclic triphosphanes (PR)3 (R = t Bu, 2,4,6-Me3C6H2 (Mes), 2,6- i Pr2C6H3 (Dipp), 2,4,6- i Pr3C6H2 (Tipp)) with nitriles R'CN in the presence of triflic acid. The corresponding neutral free bases (PR)3NCR' (2R) were readily obtained by subsequent deprotonation with NEt3. The P3CN cores in 2R show an envelope conformation typical for cyclopentenes and present as yellow to orange compounds in the solid state as well as in solution depending on both substituents R and R' in (PR)3NCR'. The P3CN cores in [1R]+ show a significant deviation from planarity with increasing steric bulk of the R groups at phosphorus, which results in a decrease in the HOMO-LUMO gap and distinct low-energy UV-Visible absorption bands. This allows access to colours spanning red, blue, indigo, and magenta. TD-DFT calculations provide valuable insight into this phenomenon and indicate an intramolecular charge-transfer from the HOMO located on the P3 framework to the N[double bond, length as m-dash]C-R'-based LUMO in the cationic species. The cations [1R]+ represent rare examples of phosphorus-rich heterocycles with tunable colour, which can be incorporated into polymers by post-polymerization modification to afford coloured polymers, which demonstrate utility as both proton and ammonia sensors.

Near-IR Electrochromic Film with High Optical Contrast and Stability Prepared by Oxidative Electropolymerization of Triphenylamine Modified Terpyridine Platinum(II) Chloride.

Terpyridine (TPY) platinum(II) chloride with a triphenylamine (TPA) group was successfully synthesized. The strong intramolecular Donor(TPA)-Acceptor(TPY) interaction induced the low-energy absorption band, mixing the spin-allowed singlet dπ(Pt)→π*(TPY) metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) with the chloride ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) and chloride ligand-to-ligand (TPY) charge transfer (LLCT) transitions, to bathochromically shift to λmax = 449 nm with significant enhancement and broadening effects. Using the cyclic voltammetry method, its oxidative electropolymerization (EP) films on working Pt disk and ITO electrodes were produced with tunable thickness and diffusion controlled redox behavior, which were characterized by the SEM, EDS, FT-IR, and AC impedance methods. Upon applying +1.4 V voltage, the sandwich-type electrochromic device (ECD) with ca. 290 nm thickness of the EP film exhibits a distinct color transformation from red (CIE coordinates: L = 50.75, a = 18.58, b = 5.69) to dark blue (CIE coordinates: L = 45.65, a = -1.35, b = -12.49). Good electrochromic (EC) parameters, such as a large optical contrast (ΔT%) of 78%, quick coloration and bleaching response times of 2.9 s and 1.1 s, high coloration and bleaching efficiencies of 278.0 and 390.5 C-1·cm2, and good cycling stability (maintains 70% of the initial ΔT% value after 3200 voltage switching cycles), were obtained.

Naphthalimide-Modified Tridentate Platinum(II) Complexes: Synthesis, Characterization, and Application in Singlet Oxygen Generation

Singlet oxygen (1O2), representing an important reactive oxygen species, has promising applications in biomedical, material, and environmental sciences. Photosensitized production of 1O2 using organic dyes is highly desirable and the exploration of highly efficient photosensitizers has received considerable attention. Herein, two tridentate Pt(II) complexes, i.e., cationic 1(PF6) and neutral 2, modified with the ethynylnaphthalimide chromophore, were designed and prepared for the application in 1O2 generation. Spectroscopic studies and computational results suggest that 1(PF6) and 2 display the lowest-energy absorption bands centered at 435–465 nm with the molar extinction coefficients of 0.6–3.2 × 104 M−1 cm−1, originating from the singlet ligand-to-ligand charge transfer (1LLCT) and a mixture of 1LLCT and singlet ligand-centered (LC) transitions, respectively. Moreover, they show similar phosphorescence at 620–640 nm assigned to the Pt-perturbed triplet LC emission of the ethynylnaphthalimide moiety. Thanks to the relatively long phosphorescence lifetimes, these complexes exhibit O2-dependent phosphorescence intensities with good reversibility and stability. They are able to behave as efficient triplet photosensitizers to promote the 1O2 generation with high quantum yields (84–89%). This work indicates that the combination of an organic chromophore with Pt(II) complexes provides an effective method to obtain photosensitizers for 1O2 generation.

Non-Palindromic C∧C∧P Platinum and Palladium Pincer Complexes Showing Intense Phosphorescence via Direct Spin-Forbidden S0 → T1 Excitation.

The synthesis of C∧C∧P pre-ligands based on a dicyclohexylphosphine-substituted biphenyl framework is reported. The pre-ligands form the respective non-palindromic pincer complexes of PtII and PdII via double oxidative addition and subsequent comproportionation or C-H activation. The complexes of PtII as well as PdII emit similar green phosphorescence efficiently in the solid state, the former also in solution albeit with less intensity. The most fascinating photophysical feature, however, is a direct singlet-triplet (S0 → T1) excitation of this phosphorescence in the spectral window between the emission and the major singlet-singlet UV absorption. The S0 → T1 excitation spectra show a rich vibronic pattern, which is especially pronounced for the solid samples at cryogenic temperatures. The molar extinction of the lowest-energy singlet-triplet absorption band of the homologous Pt and Pd complexes as well as that of the Pt complex with a different (NHC) ancillary ligand were determined in tetrahydrofuran solutions. Quantum efficiencies of triplet formation (by intersystem crossing) via the "standard" excitation pathway S0 → Sn → T1 were determined for the Pt complexes and found to be different in dependence of the ancillary ligand.

Chiroptical Properties of Planar Benzobisthiazole-Bridged Squaraine Dimers.

Five chiral squaraine dimers were synthesized by fusing chiral indolenine semisquaraines with three different benzobisthiazole bridges. The thereby created squaraine dimers show a strong splitting of the lowest energy absorption bands caused by exciton coupling. The intensities of the two exciton transitions and the energetic splitting depend on the angle of the two squaraine moieties within the chromophore dimer. The electric circular dichroism spectra of the dimers show intense Cotton effects whose sign depends on the used squaraine chromophores. Sizable anisotropies gabs of up to 2.6 × 10-3 could be obtained. TD-DFT calculations were used to partition the rotational strength into the three Rosenfeld terms where the electric-magnetic coupling turned out to be the dominant contribution while the exciton chirality term is much smaller. This is because the chromophore dimers are essentially planar but the angle between the electric transition dipole moment of one squaraine and the magnetic transition dipole moment of the other squaraine strongly deviates from 90°, which makes the dot product between the two moment vectors and, thus, the rotational strength substantial.

Cis/trans-[Pt(C∧N)(C≡CR)(CNBut)] Isomers: Synthesis, Photophysical, DFT Studies, and Chemosensory Behavior.

cis/trans Isomerism can be a crucial factor for photophysical properties. Here, we report the synthesis and optical properties of a series of trans- and cis-alkynyl/isocyanide cycloplatinated compounds [Pt(C∧N)(C≡CR)(CNBut)] [R = C6H4-4-OMe 1, 3-C4H3S 2; C∧N = 2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)pyridine (dfppy) (a), 4-(2-pyridyl)benzaldehyde (ppy-CHO) (b)]. The trans-forms do not isomerize thermally in MeCN solution to the cis forms, but upon photochemical irradiation in this medium at 298 K, a variable isomerization to the cis forms was observed. This behavior is in good agreement with the theoretically calculated energy values. The trans/cis configuration, the identity of the cyclometalated, and the alkynyl ligand influence on the absorption and emission properties of the complexes in solution, polystyrene (PS) films, and solid state are reported. All complexes are efficient triplet emitters in all media (except for trans-1a and trans-2a in CH2Cl2 solution at 298 K), with emission wavelengths depending mainly on the cyclometalated ligand in the region 473-490 nm (dfppy), 510-550 (ppy-CHO), and quantum yields (ϕ) ranging from 18.5 to 40.7% in PS films. The combined photophysical data and time-dependent density functional theory calculations (TD-DFT) at the excited-state T1 geometry reveal triplet excited states of 3L'LCT (C≡CR → C∧N)/3IL (C∧N) character with minor 3MLCT contribution. The dfppy (a) complexes show a greater tendency to aggregate in rigid media than the ppy-CHO (b) and the cis with respect to the trans, showing red-shifted structureless bands of 3MMLCT and/or excimer-like nature. Interestingly, trans-1a,2a and cis-1a,2a undergo significant changes in the ultraviolet (UV) and emission spectra with Hg2+ ions enabling their use for sensing of Hg2+ ions in solution. This is clearly shown by the hypsochromic shift and substantial decrease of the low-energy absorption band and an increase of the intensity of the emission in the MeCN solution upon the addition of a solution of Hg(ClO4)2 (1:5 molar ratio). Job's plot analysis estimated a 1:1 stoichiometry in the complexation mode of Hg2+ by trans-2a. The binding constant (log K) calculated for this system from absorption titration data resulted to be 2.56, and the limit of the detection (LOD) was 6.54 × 10-7 M.

Induction of chirality in the charge transfer complex photochemistry

Electron donor and acceptor undergo association in solution to form a weak molecular complex, namely a charge transfer complex. The formation of the complex is apparent by its new low-energy absorption band. Upon photoexcitation of this charge transfer band, an intracomplex electron transfer is facilitated to form a contact ion radical pair. The theoretical basis for the complex formation and the subsequent photoinduced electron transfer process has been well established already half a century ago. Nevertheless, the charge transfer complex photochemistry is now in a renaissance, due to its synthetic utility of its radical ion pair. By intentionally sidestepped unproductive back electron transfer process, a desired product is effectively obtained with or without external reagent and/or catalyst. In addition, the photoexcitation of the complex does not require any additional photocatalyst and often conceivable with the visible light. Accordingly, various donor/acceptor pairs and synthetic applications have been emerged as novel photoreaction systems in the last two decades. Some have also addressed the stereoselective transformations. This mini review highlights the recent progress of the asymmetric photoreaction, in particular in synthetic applications, based on the photoexcitation of the charge transfer complex, in comparison with photoredox catalysis.

Torsional Disorder, Symmetry Breaking, and the Crystal Violet Shoulder Controversy.

The nature of the lowest-energy electronic absorption band of crystal violet (CV) and particularly the origin of its high-energy shoulder have been debated since the middle of the past century. The most recent studies invoke a splitting of the S1 state upon symmetry breaking induced by interactions with the solvent and/or the counterion. Using a combination of stationary and time-resolved polarized spectroscopy together with quantum-chemical calculations, we show that torsional disorder in the ground-state results in an inhomogeneous broadening of the absorption band of CV. The center of the band is mostly due to symmetric molecules with a degenerate S1 state, whereas the edges originate from transitions to the S1 and S2 states of distorted symmetry-broken molecules. Transient-absorption measurements with different excitation wavelengths reveal that these two groups of molecules interconvert rapidly in liquid but not in a rigid environment.

A neutral rhenium–biimidazole complex for the selective recognition of fluoride ions

The neutral rhenium(I)-biimidazole complex [Re(CO)3(biimH)(1,4-NVP)] (1) was designed and synthesized by a one-pot reaction of Re2(CO)10, 2,2′-biimidazole (biimH2) and 4-(1-naphthylvinyl)pyridine (1,4-NVP). The structure of 1 was characterized by various spectroscopic techniques including IR, 1H NMR, FAB-MS, and elemental analysis and further confirmed by a single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The mononuclear complex 1, a relatively simple structure with an octahedral geometry, is comprised of facial-arranged carbonyl groups, one chelated biimH monoanion, and one 1,4-NVP. Complex 1 shows the lowest energy absorption band at around 357 nm and an emission band at 408 nm in THF. The luminescent characteristics of 1 combined with the hydrogen bonding ability of the partially coordinated monoionic biimidazole ligand permits the complex to selectively recognize fluoride ions (F–) in the presence of other halides through a dramatic luminescence enhancement. The recognition mechanism of 1 can be convincingly explained in terms of H-bond formation and proton abstraction upon the addition of F– ions by 1H and 19F NMR titration experiments. The electronic properties of 1 were further supported by time dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) computational studies.

Deprotonation-Induced Color Modulation in N,N'-Dihydroxynaphthalenediimide-Based Organic Crystals.

N,N'-dihydroxy-1,4,5,8-naphthalenetetracarboxdiimide (NDI-(OH)2 ) has attracted much attention in recent years, because its doubly deprotonated state, (O-NDI-O)2- , has metal-coordination ability and characteristic electronic transition useful for designing electronic and optical functions. In contrast, a molecular crystal with the mono-deprotonated (HO-NDI-O)- ion remains unknown. We herein report an organic crystal containing non-disproportionated (HO-NDI-O)- ions, which are connected by very strong O-H-O hydrogen bonds. Its lowest energy absorption band (450 to 650 nm) is observed in between that of NDI-(OH)2 (380 nm) and isolated (O-NDI-O)2- (500 to 850 nm) species, consistent with the molecular orbital calculations. This absorption originates from the electronic transition from deprotonated imide-based orbitals to NDI-core orbitals, which can be influenced by the hydrogen bonds around imide group. Consequently, the optical properties of NDI-(OH)2 can be modulated by the stepwise deprotonation and hydrogen-bonding interactions.

High Intrinsic Phosphorescence Efficiency and Density Functional Theory Modeling of Ru(II)-Bipyridine Complexes with π-Aromatic-Rich Cyclometalated Ligands: Attributions of Spin-Orbit Coupling Perturbation and Efficient Configurational Mixing of Singlet Excited States.

A series of π-aromatic-rich cyclometalated ruthenium(II)-(2,2'-bipyridine) complexes ([Ru(bpy)2(πAr-CM)]+) in which πAr-CM is diphenylpyrazine or 1-phenylisoquinoline were prepared. The [Ru(bpy)2(πAr-CM)]+ complexes had remarkably high phosphorescence rate constants, k RAD(p), and the intrinsic phosphorescence efficiencies (ιem(p) = k RAD(p)/(νem(p))3) of these complexes were found to be twice the magnitudes of simply constructed cyclometalated ruthenium(II) complexes ([Ru(bpy)2(sc-CM)]+), where νem(p) is the phosphorescence frequency and sc-CM is 2-phenylpyridine, benzo[h]quinoline, or 2-phenylpyrimidine. Density functional theory (DFT) modeling of the [Ru(bpy)2(CM)]+ complexes indicated numerous singlet metal-to-ligand charge transfers for 1MLCT-(Ru-bpy) and 1MLCT-(Ru-CM), excited states in the low-energy absorption band and 1ππ*-(aromatic ligand) (1ππ*-LAr) excited states in the high-energy band. DFT modeling of these complexes also indicated phosphorescence-emitting state (Te) configurations with primary MLCT-(Ru-bpy) characteristics. The variation in ιem(p) for the spin-forbidden Te (3MLCT-(Ru-bpy)) excited state of the complex system that was examined in this study can be understood through the spin-orbit coupling (SOC)-mediated sum of intensity stealing (∑SOCM-IS) contribution from the primary intensity of the low-energy 1MLCT states and second-order intensity perturbation from the significant configuration between the low-energy 1MLCT and high-energy intense 1ππ*-LAr states. In addition, the observation of unusually high ιem(p) magnitudes for these [Ru(bpy)2(πAr-CM)]+ complexes can be attributed to the values for both intensity factors in the ∑SOCM-IS formalism being individually greater than those for [Ru(bpy)2(sc-CM)]+ ions.

Synthesis of Trifluoromethyl-Substituted [14]Triphyrin(2.1.1), Its Selective Reduction to Triphachlorin, and Stable Isomeric Triphabacteriochlorins via Direct Detrifluoromethylation.

Two novel classes of reduced triphyrin(2.1.1), namely, triphachlorin and triphabacteriochlorin, are realized via selective reduction of the newly synthesized 7,12-bis(trifluoromethyl)triphyrin(2.1.1) 1 using p-tosylhydrazide. Triphachlorin 2 displayed red-shifted absorption (580 nm). Harsher conditions, however, led to a unique direct detrifluoromethylation of one CF3 moiety to form two isomeric triphabacteriochlorins 3 and 4, which exhibit blue-shifted intense lowest-energy absorption bands and intense emission (ϕf = 0.52 and 0.36, respectively) while generating singlet oxygen very efficiently (ϕΔ = 0.88 and 0.86, respectively). These reduced porphyrinoids show very high oxidative stability as they remain unchanged upon refluxing with 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyanobenzoquinone in toluene.

Heterodimetallic iridium-rhenium system: Synthesis, computational and photocatalytic aspects

Herein, we present an example of heterodimetallic iridium-rhenium system [(ppy)2IrIII(µ-phpy)ReI(CO)3Cl]+ ([3]+) using a semi-flexible phenanthroline-pyrazine-based ligand exhibiting excellent photocatalytic activity towards photodecomposition of congo red dye. The formation of heterodimetallic [3]+ was confirmed by HRMS, 1H–1H COSY, and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The complexes are luminescent in CH3CN solvent. The lowest energy absorption band for complex [3]+ is 1MRe/IrLLCT in nature (where both Ir and Re contribute), whereas, for mononuclear [1]+ and [2], it is 1MLLCT corresponding to the individual metal centers. The spin density analysis suggests that the emission bands originate from 3MLLCT states. The heterodimetallic [3]+ display excellent photocatalytic activity even under diffused sunlight, whereas, the monometallic analogue [(ppy)2Ir(phpy)]+ ([1]+) and [(phpy)Re(CO)3Cl] ([2]) are showing poorer activity under visible light photoirradiation. The mechanistic investigation suggests that the reactive oxygen species (•OH/O2• −), generated during the photoexcitation of [3]+, is responsible for photodecomposition of dye molecules.