Lower Acrylamide Content Research Articles

Developmental neurotoxicity evaluation of acrylamide based on in vitro to in vivo extrapolation by pregnancy PBTK modelling

Acrylamide (ACR) is a known neurotoxicant that can pass the placenta and has been detected in breast milk. Some in vivo and in vitro studies indicate that ACR exposure might lead to developmental neurotoxicity (DNT). Here, we have developed a physiologically-based toxicokinetic model for a pregnant human population using PK-Sim. We performed an in vitro to in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) of data collected from human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells exposed during differentiation to ACR. The developed PBTK model was successfully evaluated and predicted fetal plasma concentrations in the low nM range after exposing the model to an estimated average daily intake for pregnant women. The IVIVE showed that low concentrations of ACR (fM-nM) that induced attenuated differentiation of the SH-SY5Y neuronal cell model, were relevant for human exposure to ACR from oral intake. However, doses estimated in the IVIVE from concentrations in the µM range, were found to be unrealistic by exposure through food intake for an average daily intake. However, in case of exposure due to environmental pollution or occupational exposure, these concentrations may be reached in fetal plasma. The findings in this study raise the concern regarding ACR exposure during pregnancy as well as the relevance of testing concentrations in vitro that are several orders of magnitude higher than the predicted fetal plasma concentrations.

Transgenerational and parental impacts of acrylamide exposure on Caenorhabditis elegans: Physiological, behavioral, and genetic mechanisms

Acrylamide is pervasive, and its exposure poses numerous health risks. This study examines both the direct and transgenerational effects of acrylamide toxicity in Caenorhabditis elegans, focusing on physiological and behavioral parameters. Parental exposure to acrylamide compromised several aspects of nematode health, including lifespan, reproductive capacity, body dimensions, and motor and sensory functions. Notably, while exposure to low concentrations of acrylamide did not alter the physiological traits of the offspring—except for their learning and memory—these findings suggest a possible adaptive response to low-level exposure that could be inherited by subsequent generations. Furthermore, continued acrylamide exposure in the offspring intensified both physiological and perceptual toxicity. Detailed analysis revealed dose-dependent alterations in acrylamide's detoxification and metabolic pathways. In particular, it inhibits the gene gst-4, which encodes a crucial enzyme in detoxification, mitigates DNA damage induced by acrylamide, and highlights a potential therapeutic target to reduce its deleterious effects.

The influence of high oleic oils during intermittent frying on the formation of acrylamide in french fries

High oleic oils are often used for industrial frying considering a better nutritional value and stability to thermal oxidation than high polyunsaturated fatty acid oils. This research aimed to investigate the correlation between total polar compound (TPC) and acrylamide content during intermittent frying using high oleic oils such as super palm olein (SPO), high-oleic canola oil (HOCO) and high-oleic sunflower oil (HOSO). All oils were accessed in terms of fatty acid composition and tocopherol quantity prior to intermittent frying. The TPC of frying oil was recorded at every 8th interval of the frying cycle and french fries fried with respective oils were collected, and oil was extracted for acrylamide quantification using HPLC-MS. Pearson correlation showed a positive correlation between the total polar compound of frying oil and the acrylamide content of french fries (p<0.01). SPO contained the highest total tocopherol content, followed by HOCO and HOSO, accordingly. French fries fried with SPO had the lowest acrylamide content, followed by HOCO and HOSO, respectively. By contrast, SPO had the highest TPC content throughout the frying cycles, followed by HOCO and HOSO. The presence of oleic acids might not produce higher TPC, however, it produced higher acrylamide formation in the french fries. Overall, SPO is suitable for intermittent frying uses as it yielded the lowest concentration of acrylamide in french fries.

Effect of freezing pretreatment on the mitigation of acrylamide in potato chips and French fries

Potato chips and French fries are popular snacks worldwide. However, when prepared at home, they entail a high risk of acrylamide exposure. A readily accessible method to mitigate this risk holds significant public benefit. This study froze raw potatoes at various temperatures (5 °C, −5 °C, −10 °C, −15 °C, and −20 °C), and thawed them to prepare potato chips and French fries. The objective was to investigate the effects of freezing pretreatment on the acrylamide reduction in homemade potato snacks. The results revealed that freezing raw potatoes induced disruption in cell structure, effectively diminishing the precursors of acrylamide, including glucose, fructose, and asparagine. Specifically, freezing at −10 °C resulted in a significance acrylamide reduction of 63.16 % and 48.36 % in potato chips and French fries, respectively. However, it was acknowledged that freezing pretreatment would increase the oil content and hardness, negatively affected the quality of potato chips and French fries. In conclusion, our study underscores that freezing pretreatment at −10 °C represents a simple and effective method for reducing acrylamide in potato chips and French fries, with lower acrylamide content, minimal yellow bias, and the smallest color difference.

Acrylamide in food products and the role of electrochemical biosensors in its detection: a comprehensive review.

In this review, the mechanisms of acrylamide formation in food, along with aspects related to its toxicity and associated consumption risks, are investigated, highlighting the potential impact on human health. European regulations regarding acrylamide content in food products are also addressed, emphasizing the importance of monitoring and detecting this substance in nutrition, by public health protection measures. The primary objective of the research is to explore and analyze innovative methods for detecting acrylamide in food, with a particular focus on electrochemical biosensors. This research direction is motivated by the need to develop rapid, sensitive, and efficient monitoring techniques for this toxic compound in food products, considering the associated consumption risks. The research has revealed several significant results. Studies have shown that electrochemical biosensors based on hemoglobin exhibited increased sensitivity and low detection limits, capable of detecting very low concentrations of acrylamide in processed foods. Additionally, it has been found that the use of functionalized nanomaterials, such as carbon nanotubes and gold nanoparticles, has led to the improvement of electrochemical biosensor performance in acrylamide detection. The integration of these technological innovations and functionalization strategies has enhanced the sensitivity, specificity, and stability of biosensors in measuring acrylamides. Thus, the results of this research offer promising perspectives for the development of precise and efficient methods for monitoring acrylamides in food, contributing to the improvement of food quality control and the protection of consumer health.

Acrylamide Formation during Baking of Whole Wheat Flour Incorporated with Spent Coffee Grounds and Juices of Lemon Fruits and Rosemary Leaves

Whole wheat bread is increasingly consumed worldwide. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the addition of spent coffee grounds (SCG), juice of lemon fruits (L) and juice of rosemary leaves (R), and fermentation duration on the acrylamide reduction in whole wheat breads. The dough, comprising whole wheat flour (W), SCG, L, R, and salt, was fermented for 60 min and for 120 min, separately, and baked at 180°C for 20 min. Data were subjected to one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) using SAS System for Windows. Tukey’s test was used to differentiate between treatment means. The least significant difference was accepted at p ≤ 0.05 . Control (with no SCG, L, or R added) whole bread from the Gihundo variety had the highest content of acrylamide (47.23 μg kg-1). Dough incorporated with ingredients (Gihundo W: SCG+LR) gave bread (Gihundo W:SCG+LR) with the lowest acrylamide content (10.5 μg kg-1). The acrylamide content was significantly higher in all breads from dough fermented for 60 min than that of the breads from dough fermented for 120 min. The results of the current study support the use of SCG+LR and an extended fermentation duration as techniques to reduce the amount of acrylamide in whole wheat breads.

Psyllium husk gel used as an alternative and more sustainable scalding technology for wheat bread quality improvement and acrylamide reduction.

This study aimed at evaluating the influence of different amounts (5, 10, 15, 20, and 25%) of psyllium husk gel (PHG) on wheat bread (WB) characteristics - chiefly, overall acceptability (OA), porosity, specific volume (v), mass loss after baking (ML), shape retention coefficient, crust and crumb color coordinates, bread crumb hardness during storage, saccharides content, and acrylamide (AA) concentration. PHG was prepared by mixing 100 g of psyllium husk powder with 800 mL of warm water. It was established that the amount of psyllium husk gel is a significant factor in dough redness (a*) (p < 0.001). A moderate positive correlation (r) was found between acrylamide content in wheat bread and maltose concentration in dough (r = 0.567). The psyllium husk gel increased the overall acceptability and specific volume of wheat bread. Wheat bread porosity showed a moderate positive correlation with mass loss after baking (r = 0.567) and a strong positive correlation with texture hardness (r = 0.664). Lower acrylamide content was obtained in wheat bread prepared with 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25% of psyllium husk gel (1.53, 2.34, 3.80, 2.69, and 3.62 times lower than the control wheat bread, respectively). Acrylamide content showed a strong positive correlation with the porosity of wheat bread (r = 0.672), with crust brightness (L*), and yellowness/blueness (b*) coordinates, as well as with crumb brightness, redness, and yellowness coordinates. Overall, psyllium husk gel hydrocolloids reduced acrylamide formation in wheat bread and can be recommended for the quality improvement of wheat bread.

Effective processing strategies for minimizing acrylamide level in potato chips using L‐asparaginase from Streptomyces koyangensisSK4

AbstractAcrylamide is a potent carcinogen present in fried and baked foods. The L‐asparaginase enzyme is well known for its application in the food industry to mitigate acrylamide levels in foods. L‐asparaginase from Arctic actinomycete, Streptomyces koyangensis SK4 with acrylamide‐reducing potential, was exploited for this study. In the present study, a statistical optimization was carried out to determine the effect of different parameters such as L‐asparaginase concentration, acetic acid pre‐treatment, NaCl pre‐treatment, frying method and frying temperature on acrylamide reduction in potato chips. A full factorial experimental design was implemented to statistically analyze the effect and significance of each parameter. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) of the result of the experimental design indicated a high correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.96. The linear regression model obtained was well‐suited to the experimental result. The study had shown the frying method and temperature, sodium chloride pre‐treatment and the concentration of L‐asparaginase significantly affected acrylamide mitigation in potato chips (p &lt; 0.05). We found that pre‐treatment with acetic acid did not significantly affect enzymatic acrylamide reduction in potato chips (p &gt; 0.05). Under optimal conditions such as pre‐treatment of potato slices by blanching in sodium chloride solution, immersion in L‐asparaginase (40 IU/mL) and frying the slices by air frying at 160°C caused an 81% reduction in the acrylamide level of potato chips. The study suggests that statistical optimization of the concentration of L‐asparaginase from Streptomyces koyangensis SK4 and different processing parameters is a promising method for the maximum reduction of acrylamide content in potato chips.Practical ApplicationAcrylamide is a potent carcinogen reported widely in potato chips. It is formed during the baking or frying of potatoes, at high temperatures of more than 120°C. At high temperatures, the reducing sugars and L‐asparagine present in the potato react together to form acrylamide. The higher consumption of acrylamide in humans is reported to cause gastrointestinal and ovarian cancers. The microbial L‐asparaginase is utilized in the food industries to remove the amino acid, L‐asparagine in potatoes which leads to the formation of acrylamide during the frying process. In this study, we are analyzing the effect of different pre‐treatment and frying parameters utilized in potato chip making on acrylamide reduction using L‐asparaginase obtained from Arctic actinomycetes. The study highlights the influence of different process parameters on acrylamide content in the final product. The observations can be utilized at the industrial level to produce safer and healthier chips with low acrylamide content.

Acrylamide content and quality characteristics of French fries influenced by different frying methods

Background: This study aimed to compare the effects of three different frying methods, namely air frying (AF), microwave frying (MF), and deep frying (DF) in corn oil, on the moisture and texture, as well as the content and absorption of oil, carbohydrates and acrylamide in French fries. Materials and Methods: For the DF, the fresh potatoes were fully dipped in corn oil and the oil temperature was set at 160 °C for three intervals of 3, 5, and 7 minutes. In the MF, the oil was preheated to 180 °C for three time intervals of 160, 180, and 200 seconds. The AF was set at a temperature of 170 °C for three time intervals of 8, 10, and 12 minutes, without adding oil.Results: The results showed that AF resulted in a lower acrylamide content (21.8 ppm) after 8 minutes at 170°C compared to the other frying methods. However, DF in corn oil was preferred in terms of color, flavor, and overall acceptance in the sensory evaluation of the French fries. MF resulted in the hardest French fry texture due to excessive evaporation of moisture.Conclusion: The findings suggest that AF may be a healthier option with a lower acrylamide content, while DF in corn oil may be preferred for its superior sensory characteristics.Keywords: Acrylamide, Air frying, Deep frying, Microwave, Oil absorption, Sensory evaluation.

Effect of post-harvest anti-sprouting treatment with spearmint essential oil on acrylamide formation in potato crisps

The control of sprouts is essential to ensure quality of stored potatoes destined for the processing market. This paper investigates the effects of post-harvest treatment of tubers with spearmint essential oil (MEO) as sprouts suppressant, on both precursors of and acrylamide formation in potato crisps. Two trials were designed using two varieties of potato cultivars, to investigate the effect of a single MEO application over time and of one and two MEO applications compared to controls. A lower amount of reducing sugars was found in treated potatoes from both varieties after one day from treatment (Lady Claire: −26.8%; Taurus: −59.5%), which for Taurus tubers corresponded to lower acrylamide content in the crisps (−72.8%). Lower acrylamide levels were quantified in Lady Claire treated twice with MEO (−70.2%) and in controls (−59.6%) compared with potatoes treated once. Both trials demonstrate that treatment with MEO has no overall negative impact on acrylamide formation. Furthermore, no substantial change can be observed in the amino acidic and sugar profile of the tubers, which cannot be attributed to variability among tubers. These findings support the effective and safe use of MEO to control sprouting of potatoes destined to the processing market.

Changes in the Physicochemical Properties of Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) Seeds during Solid-State and Submerged Fermentation and Their Influence on Wheat Bread Quality and Sensory Profile.

This study aimed at investigating the impacts of 24 h of either solid-state fermentation (SSF) or submerged fermentation (SMF) with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum strain No. 122 on the physico-chemical attributes of chia seeds (CS). Furthermore, this study examined how adding fermented chia seeds (10, 20, and 30% concentrations) affected the properties and sensory profile of wheat bread. Acidity, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) viable counts, biogenic amine (BA), and fatty acid (FA) profiles of fermented chia seeds were analysed. The main quality parameters, acrylamide concentration, FA and volatile compound (VC) profiles, sensory characteristics, and overall acceptability of the obtained breads, were analysed. A decline in the concentration of certain BA and saturated FA and an increase in polyunsaturated FA and omega-3 (ω-3) were found in fermented CS (FCS). The same tendency in the FA profile was observed in both breads, i.e., breads with non-fermented CS (NFCS) or FCS. The quality parameters, VC profile, and sensory attributes of wheat bread were significantly affected by the addition of NFCS or FCS to the main bread formula. All supplemented breads had reduced specific volume and porosity, but SSF chia seeds increased moisture and decreased mass loss after baking. The lowest acrylamide content was found in bread with a 30% concentration of SSF chia seeds (11.5 µg/kg). The overall acceptance of supplemented breads was lower than the control bread, but breads with 10 and 20% SMF chia seed concentrations were still well accepted (on average, 7.4 score). Obtained results highlight that fermentation with Lp. plantarum positively contributes to chia seed nutritional value, while incorporation of NFCS and FCS at certain levels results in an improved FA profile, certain sensory attributes, and reduced acrylamide content in wheat bread.

Characterisation of Lacto-Fermented Cricket (Acheta domesticus) Flour and Its Influence on the Quality Parameters and Acrylamide Formation in Wheat Biscuits

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of different amounts (40, 80 and 100 g) of non-fermented and fermented (with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum No. 122 and Lacticaseibacillus casei No. 210) cricket flour (Cr) on the quality characteristics and acrylamide formation in wheat biscuits (WB). The main formula for WB preparation consisted of 280 g of wheat flour, 100 g of margarine, 50 g of saccharose, 3 g of vanilla sugar, 50 g of eggs, 1.5 g of salt and 2.0 g of baking powder. It was established that the highest lactic acid bacteria (LAB) number was achieved in 48 h with No. 122 fermented Cr (11.8 log10 CFU/g) and the lowest pH (4.34) was obtained after 48 h of Cr fermentation with both the tested LAB strains. The total colour differences were in the range of 17.54 to 22.08 and, in every case, fermented samples were clearly distinguished from untreated ones. Fermentation increased tyramine content in Cr (from 13.0 to 29.2 times). The main FAs in Cr were palmitic acid, stearic acid, octadec-9-enoic acid and linoleic acid. The lowest acrylamide content (84.1 µg/kg) was found in WB with 40 g of Cr fermented with No. 210. Significant differences in WB overall acceptability were not found. However, the highest intensity of emotion “happy” was elicited by WB with 80 g of Cr fermented with No. 122. Due to the demonstrated decrease of acrylamide content, fermented Cr can be considered a beneficial ingredient for the manufacture of WB.

The Contribution of New Breed Purple Wheat (8526-2 and 8529-1) Varieties Wholemeal Flour and Sourdough to Quality Parameters and Acrylamide Formation in Wheat Bread

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of purple wheat (varieties 8526-2 and 8529-1) wholemeal flour (PWWF) left untreated or fermented with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum No. 135 on the quality parameters of and acrylamide formation in wheat bread. Different quantities (5, 10, 15, and 20%) of PWWF were tested for bread preparation. Acidity, colour characteristics, hardness, enzyme activities, and antioxidant activity of PWWF, as well as bread quality and acrylamide concentration, were analysed. Differences in LAB count and amylolytic and proteolytic enzyme activities between two varieties of non-treated and fermented PWWF were not found. Fermentation increased DPPH-scavenging activity and reduced hardness of both PWWF varieties. A very strong positive correlation was found between total phenolic compound content and antioxidant activity in PWWF (r = 0.816, p = 0.001). In most cases, PWWF addition lowered bread specific volume and mass loss after baking. After 72 h of storage, bread with 5% PWWF showed the lowest hardness. Addition of 15% PWWF to bread increased overall acceptability. Fermentation and wheat variety significantly affected bread crumb a* colour coordinates. Addition of fermented PWWF significantly decreased acrylamide formation in bread (p ≤ 0.0001), and bread with 5% PWWF variety 8526-1 had the lowest acrylamide content. In conclusion, the addition of new-breed PWWF to wheat bread improved certain quality parameters, while PWWF fermented with L. plantarum possessed DPPH-scavenging activity and can be recommended for acrylamide reduction in wheat bread.

Effects of combined radio frequency heating with oven baking on product quality of sweet potato

As important primary food crops, sweet potatoes have rich nutritional values. Baking with a single oven is a common method for processing sweet potatoes. Since the single oven has some adverse effects on the product quality, radio frequency (RF) energy as a new heating technology was explored in combined baking with the traditional oven. Effects of single oven baking and combined RF and oven baking (RF-O) on baking time and product quality for cylindrical sweet potatoes were compared. Effects of electrode gap and sample diameter on RF heating rate and uniformity were also studied before comparing the baking characteristics between single oven and RF-O methods. Results showed that the best RF heating uniformity and acceptable heating time were obtained at an electrode gap of 90 mm and a sample diameter of 55 mm. The total baking time of 35.9 min for the single oven method was substantially reduced to 25.1 min for the RF-O method. Meanwhile, the sweet potato baked by RF-O had better color, or texture values, lower weight loss and lower acrylamide content than the single oven baking. Therefore, RF-O could be recommended as an effective, uniform, and high-quality baking method for sweet potatoes.

Mitigation of acrylamide formation during malt processing

In this study, addition of asparaginase and glycine were tested for mitigation of acrylamide in roasted malt. Free asparagine and reducing sugars increased during germination of barley. Increasing the roasting temperature increased rate of acrylamide formation and browning in malt. Application of asparaginase (3000 and 4000 ASNU/kg) and glycine (3000, 4000 and 5000 ppm) on green malt before kilning had a limiting effect on acrylamide formation at high roasting temperatures. Acrylamide levels decreased around 32% by application of asparaginase at the level of 4000 ASNU/kg. Acrylamide levels decreased around 22% by the application of glycine at the level of 5000 ppm. With the application of enzyme and glycine in combination, the decrease in acrylamide was around 50%. The colour of dark roasted malt samples was not affected from asparaginase treatment; however, application of glycine caused darker colour, probably due to the increased rate of the Maillard reaction. Overall, the results indicated that dark roasted malts with significantly lower acrylamide content can be produced by using asparaginase and glycine treatments.

Influence of coating material and processing parameters on acrylamide formation in potato patties

Abstract Influence of moisture content (MC, 65–35%), frying temperature/time (150–200 °C, 4–12 min), and coating materials (patties coated with bread crumbs – PBC and patties coated with wheat semolina – PSC) on acrylamide formation in potato patties was investigated. Acrylamide content increased with decrease in MC and increase in temperature/time, except for PBC at higher temperatures (180 °C, 8 &amp; 12 min and 200 °C). Morphology analysis suggested PBC to possess more porous coating that resulted in higher oil penetration leading to higher heat transfer rate, moisture evaporation and drying at higher frying temperatures. This led to an initial acceleration of acrylamide formation in PBCs at higher temperatures, followed by its degradation resulting in low acrylamide content in final product. Based on sensory analysis and lowest acrylamide formation, the optimal conditions for frying of potato patties were: (i) MC: 66.53 ± 2.2% (ii) frying temperature: 165 °C (iii) frying time: 4 min.

Acrylamide formation in red-, purple- and yellow-fleshed potatoes by frying and baking

Potatoes are a significant source of essential macronutrients and many other health-promoting phytochemicals. However, under thermal processing, undesirable harmful acrylamide might be formed. In the present study, the content of acrylamide (LC–ESI-MS/MS) after baking and frying in thirteen colored potato varieties was investigated. Asparagine (LC–ESI-MS/MS), glucose, fructose, sucrose (HPLC–RI) and chlorogenic acid isomers (HPLC–DAD) were determined in raw tubers. Yellow-fleshed potato varieties produced lower acrylamide content (190 μg/kg FW after frying and 25.2 μg/kg FW after baking) than red- (1120 μg/kg FW and 112 μg/kg FW) and purple-fleshed (2005 μg/kg FW and 59.1 μg/kg FW). Acrylamide content positively correlated with fructose (R = 0.265 frying and R = 0.225 baking at p < 0.05), glucose (R = 0.262 frying), and sucrose contents (R = 0.316 frying) that were more limiting in acrylamide formation than higher asparagine levels. Chlorogenic acid isomers also showed a positive effect on the formation of acrylamide content, which was higher in baking (R = 0.356 at p < 0.05). However, under the same temperature, frying caused significantly higher acrylamide production compared to baking (16.5× on average). Climatic conditions at two growing localities had a significant effect on the amount of acrylamide formed in the heat-treated tubers, as higher temperature and lower precipitation caused lower acrylamide content.

Vacuum modification of partial-baked wheat bread: Evaluation of the physicochemical, microstructural properties and acrylamide content

In this study, vacuum modification was applied after partial-baking yeast-leavened wheat bread, and its texture parameters, total mass loss during baking, water activity, acrylamide content, bread crumb morphology, starch gelatinisation and starch crystallinity were investigated. In the first part of the study, vacuum modification level was defined by analysing soluble starch, water activity and total mass loss of micro-bread samples (bread without fermentation). Vacuum modification was conducted at negative pressure levels of 30 kPa, 50 kPa, 70 kPa and 90 kPa, and the bread samples were held at these pressure levels for periods of 30 s (VM-GV30) and 60 s (VM-GV60). Effective vacuum modification level was determined by principal component analysis using clustering control and vacuum-modified samples. As a result of PCA, vacuum modification was conducted to the VM-GV60 parameter on yeast-leavened bread samples after partial-baking at 220 °C. Similar hardness values were observed between control and vacuum-modified bread and vacuum modified samples had 59.8% lower acrylamide content. DSC and XRD analyses revealed a stronger amylose-lipid complex for that sample. Vacuum modification was highly effective in reducing acrylamide content in bread crust with the desired texture and color of bread.

Characterization of Polyphenol and Volatile Fractions of Californian-Style Black Olives and Innovative Application of E-nose for Acrylamide Determination.

Californian-style black olives require a sterilization treatment that produces a carcinogenic contaminant, acrylamide. Thus, this compound was evaluated in two different olive cultivars using an electronic nose (E-nose). The sterilization intensity had a significant influence on the final phenol concentrations, acrylamide content, and volatile compounds. Increasing the sterilization intensity from 10 to 26 min (F0) reduced the phenol content, but it promoted acrylamide synthesis, leading to a wide range of this toxic substance. The Ester and phenol groups of volatile compounds decreased their content when the sterilization treatment increased; however, aldehyde and other volatile compound groups significantly increased their contents according to the thermal treatments. The compounds 4-ethenyl-pyridine, benzaldehyde, and 2,4-dimethyl-hexane are volatile compounds with unpleasant odours and demonstrated a high amount of influence on the differences found after the application of the thermal treatments. The “Manzanilla Cacereña” variety presented the highest amount of phenolic compounds and the lowest acrylamide content. Finally, it was found that acrylamide content is correlated with volatile compounds, which was determined using multiple linear regression analysis (R2 = 0.9994). Furthermore, the aroma of table olives was analysed using an E-nose, and these results combined with Partial Least Square (PLS) were shown to be an accurate method (range to error ratio (RER) >10 and ratio of performance to deviation (RPD) >2.5) for the indirect quantification of this toxic substance.

Highly Sensitive Voltammetric Determination of Acrylamide Based on Ibuprofen Capped Mercury Nanoparticles.

Highly stable, small-sized and evenly distributed solid mercury nanoparticles capped with ibuprofen (Ibu-HgNPs) were prepared via reduction with hydrazine and capped with ibuprofen as a stabilizing agent. Characterization of Ibu-HgNPs was carried out by UV-Vis spectrophotometry and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The prepared Ibu-HgNPs were immobilized onto a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) and used for the first time as the sensing element for voltammetric determination of low concentrations of acrylamide (AA) in aqueous solutions. Various parameters such as the type of supporting electrolyte, voltammetric mode, frequency, deposition time, stirring rate and initial potential were optimized to obtain the highest peak current of AA. The sensor delivered the best results in combination with the square wave voltammetry (SWV) mode, with good repeatability (relative standard deviation (RSD) of 25 repetitions was 1.4% for 1000 ppb AA). The study further revealed that Ibu-HgNPs are strongly adhered to GCE and hence do not contaminate the environment even after several runs. The newly developed AA sensor provides linear calibration dependence in the range of 100–1300 ppb with an R2 value of 0.996 and limit of detection (LOD) of 8.5 ppb. Negligible interference was confirmed from several organic compounds, cations and anions. The developed sensor was successfully applied for AA determination in various types of environmental real water samples to prove its practical usefulness and applicability.