Lowered Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler Research Articles

The Brazil current cyclonic meandering and shelf-slope water exchanges at 27°S–31°S

The Brazil Current (BC) experiences intense mesoscale activity from its origin on the northeastern Brazilian coast till it reaches the Brazil-Malvinas Confluence. The BC meandering behavior near the Cape Santa Marta (27°S – 31°S), has not been well described in the literature. In this study, in situ observations and satellite images are used to describe the BC meanders and cyclonic eddies near the cape. The results obtained from two Lowered Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers (LADCP) sections show that these structures are surface intensified but extend through the whole water column. Conductivity Temperature and Depth (CTD) profiles show evidence of coastal water trapping inside an eddy. Altimeter data show two hot spots of cyclones, one at 28.5°S and the other at 30.5°S, with an average of ∼5 and 7 eddies per year, respectively. The eddies generated on both sites have a mean lifetime of 37 days, and no significant differences were found between their surface properties. Satellite images of chlorophyll show that coastal water horizontal advection is a recurrent phenomenon in these eddies, imprinting an eddy stirring signal into their average composites. Furthermore, using Empirical Orthogonal Functions to analyze the BC flow in a mooring line, we observed that the mesoscales meanders are responsible for explaining at least 1/3 of the flow variability in this area.

Large-eddy simulations of the ice-shelf–ocean boundary layer near the ice front of Nansen Ice Shelf, Antarctica

Abstract. Ice melting beneath Antarctic ice shelves is caused by heat transfer through the ice-shelf–ocean boundary layer (IOBL). However, our understanding of the fluid dynamics and thermohaline physics of the IOBL flow is poor. In this study, we utilize a large-eddy simulation (LES) model to investigate ocean dynamics and the role of turbulence within the IOBL flow near the ice front. To simulate the varying turbulence intensities, we imposed different theoretical profiles of the velocity. Far-field ocean conditions for the melting at the ice-shelf base and freezing at the sea surface were derived based on in situ observations of temperature and salinity near the ice front of the Nansen Ice Shelf. In terms of overturning features near the ice front, we validated the LES simulation results by comparing them with the in situ observational data. In the comparison of the velocity profiles to shipborne lowered acoustic Doppler current profiler (LADCP) data, the LES-derived strength of the overturning cells is similar to that obtained from the observational data. Moreover, the vertical distribution of the simulated temperature and salinity, which were mainly determined by the positively buoyant meltwater and sea-ice formation, was also comparable to that of the observations. We conclude that the IOBL flow near the ice front and its contribution to the ocean dynamics can be realistically resolved using our proposed method. Based on validated 3D-LES results, we revealed that the main forces of ocean dynamics near the ice front are driven by positively buoyant meltwater, concentrated salinity at the sea surface, and outflowing momentum of the sub-ice-shelf plume. Moreover, in the strong-turbulence case, distinct features such as a higher basal melt rate (0.153 m yr−1), weak upwelling of the positively buoyant ice-shelf water, and a higher sea-ice formation were observed, suggesting a relatively high speed current within the IOBL because of highly turbulent mixing. The findings of this study will contribute toward a deeper understanding of the complex IOBL-flow physics and its impact on the ocean dynamics near the ice front.

Abyssal current and water mass in the Main Gap and an adjacent Small Gap of the Emperor Seamount Chain

From 2016 to 2017, we conducted 1-year mooring current observation at the widest, deepest gap, widely known as the Main Gap, and a narrower, shallower gap just south of the Main Gap, called the Small Gap in this study, in the Emperor Seamount Chain, which divides the Northwest Pacific Basin (NWPB) from the Northeast Pacific Basin. We also conducted two hydrographic sections with a conductivity–temperature–depth sensor and a lowered acoustic Doppler current profiler around the two gaps in 2012 and 2016. At the Main Gap, the abyssal current flowed east–northeastward at a statistically significant mean velocity of 1.3–2.4 cm s−1, while the current was dominated by tidal and inertial variability with a magnitude of 3–4 cm s−1. At the Small Gap, the abyssal current had an eastward mean velocity of 9.4 cm s−1, accompanied by mesoscale variability with a magnitude of 7 cm s−1. These eastward currents carried abyssal water below a depth of 5000 m, which came from the northern part of the NWPB, with a volume transport of 1.6 × 106 m3 s−1 through the Main Gap and 0.5 × 106 m3 s−1 through the Small Gap. Cold, saline, oxygen-rich Lower Circumpolar Deep Water, which occupied the south of the zonal seamount range at 37°N, called the S–E Seamounts in this study, was found near the seafloor north of the S–E Seamounts to the west of the Small Gap; however, it did not extend to the Main Gap or to the east of the Small Gap.

Trace Metal Dynamics in Shallow Hydrothermal Plumes at the Kermadec Arc

Hydrothermal vents are a source of many trace metals to the oceans. Compared to mid-ocean ridges, hydrothermal vent systems at arcs occur in shallower water depth and are much more diverse in fluid composition, resulting in highly variable water column trace metal concentrations. However, only few studies have focused on trace metal dynamics in hydrothermal plumes at volcanic arcs. During R/V Sonne cruise SO253 in 2016/2017, hydrothermal plumes from two hydrothermally active submarine volcanoes along the Kermadec arc in the Southwest Pacific Ocean were sampled: (1) Macauley, a magmatic dominated vent site located in water depths between 300 and 680 m, and (2) Brothers, located between 1,200 and 1,600 m water depth, where hydrothermalism influenced by water rock interactions and magmatically influenced vent sites occur near each other. Surface currents estimated from satellite-altimeter derived currents and direct measurements at the sites using lowered acoustic Doppler current profilers indicate the oceanic regime is dominated by mesoscale eddies. At both volcanoes, results indicated strong plumes of dissolved trace metals, notably Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, La, and Pb, some of which are essential micronutrients. Dissolved metal concentrations commonly decreased with distance from the vents, as to be expected, however, certain element/Fe ratios increased, suggesting a higher solubility of these elements and/or their stronger stabilization (e.g., for Zn compared to Fe). Our data indicate that at the magmatically influenced Macauley and Brothers cone sites, the transport of trace metals is strongly controlled by sulfide nanoparticles, while at the Brothers NW caldera wall site iron oxyhydroxides seem to dominate the trace metal transport over sulfides. Solution stabilization of trace metals by organic complexation appears to compete with particle adsorption processes. As well as extending the generally sparse data set for hydrothermal plumes at volcanic arc systems, our study presents the first data on several dissolved trace metals in the Macauley system, and extends the existing plume dataset of Brothers volcano. Our data further indicate that chemical signatures and processes at arc volcanoes are highly diverse, even on small scales.

On the circulation, water mass distribution, and nutrient concentrations of the western Chukchi Sea

Abstract. Substantial amounts of nutrients and carbon enter the Arctic Ocean from the Pacific Ocean through the Bering Strait, distributed over three main pathways. Water with low salinities and nutrient concentrations takes an eastern route along the Alaskan coast, as Alaskan Coastal Water. A central pathway exhibits intermediate salinity and nutrient concentrations, while the most nutrient-rich water enters the Bering Strait on its western side. Towards the Arctic Ocean, the flow of these water masses is subject to strong topographic steering within the Chukchi Sea with volume transport modulated by the wind field. In this contribution, we use data from several sections crossing Herald Canyon collected in 2008 and 2014 together with numerical modelling to investigate the circulation and transport in the western part of the Chukchi Sea. We find that a substantial fraction of water from the Chukchi Sea enters the East Siberian Sea south of Wrangel Island and circulates in an anticyclonic direction around the island. This water then contributes to the high-nutrient waters of Herald Canyon. The bottom of the canyon has the highest nutrient concentrations, likely as a result of addition from the degradation of organic matter at the sediment surface in the East Siberian Sea. The flux of nutrients (nitrate, phosphate, and silicate) and dissolved inorganic carbon in Bering Summer Water and Winter Water is computed by combining hydrographic and nutrient observations with geostrophic transport referenced to lowered acoustic Doppler current profiler (LADCP) and surface drift data. Even if there are some general similarities between the years, there are differences in both the temperature–salinity and nutrient characteristics. To assess these differences, and also to get a wider temporal and spatial view, numerical modelling results are applied. According to model results, high-frequency variability dominates the flow in Herald Canyon. This leads us to conclude that this region needs to be monitored over a longer time frame to deduce the temporal variability and potential trends.

A vertical-mode extrapolation scheme applied to the Brazil Current domain: quasi-synoptic scenarios

The Brazil Current (BC) is a western boundary current, with an average vertical extension of 500 m, which occupies the southwestern margin of Atlantic Ocean. Recently, the South Brazil Bight - SBB (23º S - 28º S) has been intensively explored by the oil and gas industries, which brought a high demand in operational oceanography and ocean state monitoring. In this study we present a new technique based on the vertical dynamic modes of oscillation, to extrapolate velocity profiles in the SBB, with potential applications to data acquired by Vessel Mounted Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers (VMADCP). Using four quasi-synoptic crosssectional velocity data, acquired by Lowered Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers (LADCP), we observed that the mean circulation of this region can be characterized as a 2-dynamical mode system. This mean circulation is mainly dominated at surface by the BC and at intermediate levels by the Intermediate Western Boundary Current (IWBC), which flows northward. Furthermore, observed mesoscale vortical features in the SBB, such as eddies and meanders, are shown to be primarily barotropic-mode dominated. In our extrapolation methodology, the use of an independent set of velocity time series obtained by four moorings has shown to be a valid way for obtaining the relative contribution of each dynamical mode in the velocity field in the SBB. Normalized mean squared errors below 10% and radar diagrams show that the presented methodology was able to reproduce the main dynamic features observed by LADCP transects. Also, with this technique, we extrapolated three VMADCP sections and the results agreed with previous observations.

Percampuran vertikal di Perairan Laut Maluku dan Talaud pada bulan Februari 2021

<strong>Vertical mixing in the northern Maluku Sea and Talaud Waters in February 2021. </strong>The spatial variability of water mass mixing in the northern Maluku Sea and Talaud waters are presented based on the results of Eastern Indonesia Expedition (EIT) 2021 using RV Baruna Jaya VIII-LIPI. The turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate was obtained using the Kunze-Williams-Briscoe (KWB) Method calculated from CTD (Conductivity, Temperature, Depth) and LADCP (Lowered Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler) datasets. We found the dissipation rate in the core layer of North Pacific Subtropical Water (NPSW) and North Pacific Intermediate Water (NPIW) are in the order of 10<sup>-6</sup> W/kg and 10<sup>-8</sup> W/kg, respectively. The KWB Method used in this study is also proven comparable with the Thorpe Method.

High-Sustained Concentrations of Organisms at Very low Oxygen Concentration Indicated by Acoustic Profiles in the Oxygen Deficit Region Off Peru

The oxygen deficient mesopelagic layer (ODL) off Peru has concentrations below 5 μmol O2 kg–1 and is delimited by a shallow upper oxycline with strong vertical gradient and a more gradual lower oxycline (lOx). Some regions show a narrow band of slightly increased oxygen concentrations within the ODL, an intermediate oxygen layer (iO2). CTD, oxygen and lowered Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (LADCP, 300 kHz) profiles were taken on the shelf edge and outside down to mostly 2000 m. We evaluate here the acoustic volume backscatter strength of the LADCP signal representing organisms of about 5 mm size. Dominant features of the backscatter profiles were a minimum backscatter strength within the ODL, and just below the lOx a marked backscatter increase reaching a maximum at less than 3.0 μmol O2 kg–1. Below this maximum, the acoustic backscatter strength gradually decreased down to 1000 m below the lOx. The backscatter strength also increased at the iO2 in parallel to the oxygen concentration perturbations marking the iO2. These stable backscatter features were independent of the time of day and the organisms represented by the backscatter had to be adapted to live in this microaerobic environment. During daylight, these stable structures were overlapped by migrating backscatter peaks. Outstanding features of the stable backscatter were that at very low oxygen concentrations, the volume backscatter was linearly related to the oxygen concentration, reaching half peak maximum at less than 2.0 μmol O2 kg–1 below the lOx, and the depth-integrated backscatter of the peak below the lOx was higher than the integral above the Ox. Both features suggest that sufficient organic material produced at the surface reaches to below the ODL to sustain the major fraction of the volume backscatter-producing organisms in the water column. These organisms are adapted to the microaerobic environment so they can position themselves close to the lower oxycline to take advantage of the organic particles sinking out of the ODL.

Prostranstvennyye kharakteristiki kholodnogo promezhutochnogo sloya Chernogo morya letom 2017 goda

Purpose. The aim of the paper is to study spatial characteristics of the cold intermediate layer (CIL) after its waters were renewed due to the cold winter, using analysis of the data obtained during the Black Sea expedition in June 14 – July 3, 2017 (the 95th cruise of R/V “Professor Vodyanitsky”). Methods and Results. The data both from the CTD-measurements by the SBE911+ probe and the current velocity profile measurements by the Lowered Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (LADCP) were used. Isopycnic averaging of the profile ensembles was applied to obtain the averaged characteristics of the water vertical thermohaline structure. During the measurement period, the minimum average temperature of the CIL core was 7.2°C at the density value 14.5 kg/m3 . The layer upper boundary (according to the 8°C criterion) corresponded to the density value 14.3 kg/m3 , its lower one – to 15.0 kg/m3 . CIL water formation was most pronounced in the vicinity of the Rim Current, which was clearly seen on the isopycnic surfaces 14.6, and 15.0 kg/m3 . According to the measurements, the main mass of CIL waters was identified in the Rim Current and in its right part (on the coast side). The CIL maximum thickness was 60 m and the vertical position of its core corresponded to the 40–100 m depth. Conclusions. The synchronous profiles of current velocity, temperature, salinity, and density obtained in the Black Sea expedition in summer, 2017 made it possible to analyze the waters thermohaline structure with the regard for real dynamic situation. As a result, the CIL parameters, its spatial scales and position relative to the Rim Current were determined with due regard for the features of the density field structure in summer, 2017. This information can be useful for model verification and numerical experiments aimed at studying the mechanisms and the areas of CIL formation in the Black Sea

Spatial Characteristics of the Black Sea Cold Intermediate Layer in Summer, 2017

Purpose. The aim of the paper is to study spatial characteristics of the cold intermediate layer (CIL) after its waters were renewed due to the cold winter, using analysis of the data obtained during the Black Sea expedition in June 14 – July 3, 2017 (the 95th cruise of R/V “Professor Vodyanitsky”). Methods and Results. The data both from the CTD-measurements by the SBE911+ probe and the current velocity profile measurements by the Lowered Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (LADCP) were used. Isopycnic averaging of the profile ensembles was applied to obtain the averaged characteristics of the water vertical thermohaline structure. During the measurement period, the minimum average temperature of the CIL core was 7.2°C at the density value 14.5 kg/m3. The layer upper boundary (according to the 8°C criterion) corresponded to the density value ~14.3 kg/m3, its lower one – to ~15.0 kg/m3. CIL water formation was most pronounced in the vicinity of the Rim Current, which was clearly seen on the isopycnic surfaces 14.6, and 15.0 kg/m3. According to the measurements, the main mass of CIL waters was identified in the Rim Current and in its right part (on the coast side). The CIL maximum thickness was ~60 m and the vertical position of its core corresponded to the 40–100 m depth. Conclusions. The synchronous profiles of current velocity, temperature, salinity, and density obtained in the Black Sea expedition in summer, 2017 made it possible to analyze the waters thermohaline structure with the regard for real dynamic situation. As a result, the CIL parameters, its spatial scales and position relative to the Rim Current were determined with due regard for the features of the density field structure in summer, 2017. This information can be useful for model verification and numerical experiments aimed at studying the mechanisms and the areas of CIL formation in the Black Sea.

The Shelf Circulation of the Bellingshausen Sea

AbstractOver recent decades, the West Antarctic Ice Sheet has experienced rapid thinning of its floating ice shelves as well as grounding line retreat across its marine‐terminating glaciers. The transport of warm Modified Circumpolar Deep Water (MCDW) onto the continental shelf, extensively documented along the West Antarctic Peninsula (WAP), and in the Amundsen Sea, has been identified as the key process for inducing these changes. The Bellingshausen Sea sits between the Amundsen Sea and the northern part of the WAP, but its oceanic properties remain remarkably under‐studied compared to surrounding regions. Here, we present observations collected from a hydrographic survey of the Bellingshausen Sea continental shelf in austral summer 2019. Using a combination of ship‐based and glider‐based CTD and lowered ADCP observations, we show that submarine troughs provide topographically steered pathways for MCDW from the shelf break toward deep embayments and ultimately under floating ice shelves. Warm MCDW enters the continental shelf at the deepest part of the Belgica Trough and flows onshore along the eastern side of the trough. Modification of these shoreward‐flowing waters by glacial melt is estimated by calculating meltwater fractions using an optimal multiparameter analysis. Meltwater is found to be elevated at the western edge of both the Latady and Belgica troughs. Meltwater distributions, consistent with other diagnostics, suggest a recirculation in each trough with modified waters eventually flowing westward upon leaving the Belgica Trough. Our results show that the Bellingshausen Sea is a critical part of the larger West Antarctic circulation system, linking the WAP and the Amundsen Sea.

Современные исследования динамики вод в северо-западной части Черного моря по данным LADCP

In this work a result of preliminary analysis of current measurements collected in fourteen large-scale expeditions of the Marine Hydrophysical Institute in 2016–2019 in the north-eastern part of the Black Sea is presented. It is shown that the use of the Lowered Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (LADCP) significantly increases the information content of the expedition materials, opening up new opportunities in the experimental study of water dynamics. Based on the materials of the expeditions, it was found that the upper layer of shear baroclinic currents in the measurement area is limited by the isopycnic depth with a potential density of ~16.75 kg/m3 (~350 m). At this depth, the variability of the buoyancy frequency with the depth changes from a power-law to an exponential dependence. The same depth limits the penetration of seasonal variations of the average kinetic energy into the water column. The highest values of the average kinetic energy are observed in April-May and November–December, the lowest—in June–August. The ratio of the maximum energy values (summer) to its minimum values (spring, late autumn, winter) was ~3. The Rim Black Sea Current is most pronounced near the Crimean Peninsula in the spring and winter seasons. In summer and autumn, the horizontal distribution of the current velocity in depths of 30–80 m is less structured, which is caused by the seasonal intensification of mesoscale processes. At a number of stations, the current velocity profiles contain fragments with a well-defined harmonic variability of the current velocity components with depth, which can be interpreted as the manifestation of near-inertial internal waves. In most cases, the rotation of the current velocity vector with depth occurs clockwise, which determines the main direction of propagation of the inertial internal waves into the water column. The example of one of the stations shows the significant contribution of such waves to the value of shear. This fact suggests a significant influence of near-inertial internal waves on the processes of vertical turbulent exchange in the water column.

Hydraulic Continuation of the Abyssal Flow From the Vema Channel in the Southwestern Part of the Brazil Basin

AbstractIn 2013 and 2018, Shirshov Institute of Oceanology performed 12 stations with conductivity‐temperature‐depth and lowered acoustic Doppler current profiler (LADCP) profiling in the southwestern part of the Brazil Basin in order to find continuations of hydraulic controlled flow of the coldest Antarctic bottom water that propagates along the deepest bed of the Vema Channel. Comparison of these measurements with the historical database and our previous measurements in the Vema Extension region (27°S, 34°W) showed that such a continuation of the flow does not exist in the valley directed to the east, which seemed to be a topographic extension of the Vema Channel. Continuation of the flow was found over the section at 25°34′S across the meridionally oriented channel (depth up to 4,950 m) approximately along 33°30′W north of the Vema Extension region. Northward velocity speeds exceeding 35 cm/s were measured in the bottom flow (100–150 m thick above the bottom), which is displaced to the western slope of the meridional channel. Transport in the high‐speed core (velocity speed greater than 10 cm/s, potential temperature less than 0.62°C) in this channel was estimated at 0.150 ± 0.007 Sv on the basis of the LADCP measurements. There are several indirect indications of the formation of a local spillway (or a cascade of spillways) here in the regime of hydraulic control overflow.

The Gulf Stream's path and time-averaged velocity structure and transport at 68.5°W and 70.3°W

Full-ocean-depth observations of horizontal velocity, temperature and salinity along 68.5° W chiefly over the period October 2010–May 2014 are analyzed in conjunction with repeated shipboard acoustic Doppler current profiler (SADCP) upper-ocean velocity sections occupied upstream at 70.3° W and regional satellite-altimeter-based sea surface height (SSH) data to construct estimates of the time-averaged Gulf Stream velocity, property structures and transport. A stream-coordinate mean section is created from two moorings near 68.5° W where data are binned relative to distance from the Gulf Stream axis, rotated into along- and across-stream coordinates, and then averaged. Transport in the upper 600 m inferred from the moorings excluding times of large Stream axis curvature and Gulf Stream ring influences is 59.9 Sv (with 95% confidence bounds between 58.6 and 61.6 Sv). This is in good agreement with a mean constructed from the SADCP sections at 70.3° W. Relative to the mean field at 70.3° W, the velocity core of the time-averaged Stream at 68.5° W appears broader with weaker maximum speed, consistent with a companion analysis of the altimetric SSH data. The time-averaged full-ocean-depth transport inferred from the moorings is 102.1 Sv (with 95% confidence bounds between 99.1 and 106.3 Sv), which is stronger than the mean inferred from an ensemble of 10 full-depth lowered acoustic Doppler current profiler (LADCP) sections collected along the moored array. The 2010–2014 time-averaged Gulf Stream inferred from the moored observations is weaker by about 10% than the time-averaged full-ocean-depth transport reported for the late 1980s at the same location using similar procedures, with much of this difference arising from flows at depths greater than 1000 m. Satellite altimetry provides spatial and temporal context for these results and suggests that there are small-scale recirculation cells flanking the separated Gulf Stream west of the New England Seamount Chain. Gulf Stream transport, which includes throughput and recirculating components, appears to be more sensitive to changes in these recirculations at 68.5° W compared to 70.3° W.

Observed Transport Decline at 47°N, Western Atlantic

AbstractDespite the importance of the large‐scale Atlantic circulation for the climate system and sea level, most of the interior flow field is only known qualitatively, and neither the mean nor the variability and trends are quantified. We investigate the meridional flow field in the western Atlantic at 47°N between 44°W and 31°W, combining moored pressure inverted echo sounders and current meter moorings with lowered acoustic Doppler current profiler and Argo data. Correlations with altimetry are used to extend each of the transport time series back to 1993. At the Canadian continental margin the boundary current exports −23.1 ± 1.5 Sv to the south. Nearby, the northward flowing North Atlantic Current (NAC) imports 105.9 ± 3.4 Sv into the subpolar gyre. Constrained mainly by topography, about half of that flow recirculates in close proximity to the NAC (−58.8 ± 3.9 Sv). NAC and recirculation are significantly anticorrelated. The flow east of 37°W (−27.8 ± 2.1 Sv) has no permanent regional features and is not correlated to the NAC. The sum of the interior components (19.3 ± 3.3 Sv) shows a significant trend in the time period 1993–2018 of −0.60 Sv/year. This decline is dominated by the significant increase of the southward flow east of 37°W (−0.44 Sv/year). The trends of the other individual components are not significant, but the sum of the interior and boundary current transport is (−0.71Sv/year). The trends are most likely caused by regionally different warming.

Structure and Variability of the Antilles Current at 26.5°N

AbstractObservations from five different systems provide a robust picture of the structure and variability of the Antilles Current, an important contributor to the oceanic flux budget, at 26.5°N during 2005–2015. The analysis includes three direct measurement technologies (current meters, shipboard acoustic Doppler current profilers, and lowered acoustic Doppler current profilers) and two geostrophy‐based measurement technologies (conductivity‐temperature‐depth profilers and pressure‐equipped inverted echo sounders). The direct systems are shown to produce weaker, and less variable, Antilles Current transport estimates than the geostrophy‐based systems. The record‐length‐mean geostrophic estimate for the Antilles Current is 4.7 Sverdrups (Sv; 1 Sv = 106 m3/s), and the daily temporal standard deviation is 7.5 Sv. The variations of the Antilles Current transport exceed those of the entire basin‐wide meridional overturning circulation, illustrating the impact of this unusual current. Seasonal variability shows a maximum northward transport in August–September; however, the seasonal component of the variability is weak, and aliasing of higher frequencies is still a problem even with 10.5 years of data. The dominant time scales of variability in the spectra are at 70 and 180 days, and there is indication of westward propagation of Rossby Wave‐like features into the region at a speed of 9 cm/s. There is no significant correlation between the Antilles Current transport variations and those of the Florida Current at 27°N, in phase or at lags/leads of up to 5 years, likely reflecting the varying coastal wave/wall jet time scales for information to pass from the basin interior through the Bahamas Islands.

A Deep Eastern Boundary Current in the Chile Basin

AbstractHydrographic data and tracers from several ship‐based sections show the location and structure of a deep eastern boundary current in the Chile Basin. The current is centered above the Peru‐Chile Trench at 2,500–3,400 m and transports up to 6 Sv of low‐potential vorticity, high‐silicate water south toward Drake Passage. Deep current velocities from direct Lowered Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler measurements are up to about 15 cm/s southward. The hydrographic data, as well as potential vorticity and silicate distributions, show that the current is comprised to a large extent of flow from the west moving along the southern flank of the Sala y Gomez Ridge and Nazca Ridge, and to a lesser extent from a flow along the eastern boundary entering directly from the Panama Basin. At the southern edge of the Chile Trench, the current weakens and partly turns offshore to cross the Chile Ridge through a complex region of passages. Above the southern flank of the Chile Rise the flow joins a broader eastward flow; together, these waters return to the eastern boundary before entering Drake Passage.

Structure of the Deep Spillway in the Western Part of the Romanche Fracture Zone

AbstractStructure of the deep spillway was studied on the basis of conductivity‐temperature‐depth, lowered acoustic Doppler current profiler, and mooring measurements in 2011–2014 in the Romanche fracture zone (22°27′–22°32′W). The spillway exists quasi‐permanently in the regime of hydraulic control overflow and consists of two flows in the layer θ < 1.20 °C (deeper than 4,150 m). The first flow enters the fracture from the south through a gap in the Southern Wall. The second flow is directed to the east along the narrow valley of the fracture. The sill depths of these passages are 4,570 and 4,430 m, respectively. The depths over the surrounding ridges are shallower than 4,100 m. Both flows descend to the local depression of the fracture with 5,000‐m depth. Bottom potential temperatures over both sills were 0.51 °C, and the measured velocities were 20–40 cm/s. When the flows descend down the slope, they accelerate in supercritical regime. Maximal measured velocities were up to 65 cm/s. Analysis of the 189‐day time series of velocities on the mooring deployed in the flow descending from the gap showed a very high level of fluctuation energy: 10 times greater than the energy of the barotropic tide at this point. The only energy source of these fluctuations is the available potential energy of the deep thermocline in the West Atlantic transforming to the kinetic energy of the deep spillway. The total transport of the bottom water below θ = 1.2 °C based on the lowered acoustic Doppler current profiler measurements is estimated at 0.29–0.35 Sv, which agrees with the predicted values.

Vertical Structure of Currents in Northern Black Sea, October 2016

The paper presents the results of an analysis of hydrological data obtained on cruise 89 of the R/V Professor Vodyanitskii from September 30 through October 19, 2016, in the central area of the northern Black Sea. Currents were measured using a lowered acoustic Doppler current profiler (LADCP) to a depth of 350 m. Examples of the current velocity profiles and conditional density at individual stations are presented. The averaged characteristics of the vertical current structure in the seasonal and permanent pycnoclines are discussed. The isopycnally averaged kinetic energy (KE) demonstrates an almost linear dependence on the conditional density (σθ). In the seasonal pycnocline, EK = 0.2–0.013σθ; in the permanent pycnocline, EK = 0.12–0.007σθ. An interpretation is given for the variability of the kinetic energy with depth. It is shown that the maxima of the averaged vertical shear profile correspond to the occurrence depth of the seasonal and permanent pycnoclines. The mean Richardson number has a value of ~10 in the upper sea layer and decreases with depth, assuming a value of ~3 at the 300 m horizon. The estimate for the vertical turbulent diffusion coefficient from the simplified model shows its increase with depth.

Monitoring the deep western boundary current in the western North Pacific by echo intensity measured with lowered acoustic Doppler current profiler

Oxidation of iron and manganese ions is predominant in the oxygen-rich deep western boundary current (DWBC) within the Pacific Ocean. By the faster removal of particulate iron hydroxide and manganese oxide, densities of the particulate matters are considered to be lower in the DWBC than the interior region. To detect the density variation of suspended particles between the DWBC and interior regions, we analyzed echo intensity (EI) measured in the western North Pacific by hydrographic casts with a 300 kHz lowered acoustic Doppler current profiler (LADCP) in a whole water column. At depths greater than 3000 m (~ 3000 dbar), EI is almost uniformly low between 12°N and 30°N but peaks sharply from 30°N to 35°N to a maximum north of 35°N. EI is found to be anomalously low in the DWBC compared to the background distribution. The DWBC pathways are identifiable by the low EI and high dissolved oxygen concentration. EI data by LADCPs and other acoustic instruments may be used to observe the temporal variations of the DWBC pathways.