Lowercase Letters Research Articles

Optimising Text Steganography with Alpha-Based Representative Binary: Analysing Contain Letter Used and Capacity Ratio

Text steganography has become essential for secure communication in the digital age, offering a method to hide messages within seemingly ordinary text. This paper introduces the Alpha-based Representative Binary technique, an advanced feature-based method for text steganography. It utilizes both capital and small letters to represent 2-bit binary values, embedding more information without altering the visual integrity of the text. By assigning different binary values to uppercase and lowercase letters, this technique optimizes the balance between information density and detectability. Embedding 2-bit values strikes an ideal balance, as it allows for a higher capacity of hidden information while maintaining a low profile. This study evaluates the performance of the Alpha-based Representative Binary technique against existing methods like QUAD and One-Flow-2-bit, focusing on two metrics performance: the total character count in the stego text (contain letter used) and the amount of data that can be embedded relative to the cover text size (capacity ratio). The findings underscore the technique's strengths in maintaining secure and undetectable hidden messages within text. This paper highlights the evolution and effectiveness of feature-based methods, emphasizing the need for continued innovation to address detection risks and content modification challenges. By providing a detailed analysis and potential improvements, this paper aims to contribute to the development of more robust and undetectable text steganography systems. The perceptions gained from this paper is expected as valuable for researchers and practitioners in the field of secure communication.

Abbreviations in SMS Messages in the Bosnian Language

The paper presents the abbreviations used in SMS messages in the Bosnian language. Abbreviations recorded in the analyzed corpus are diverse in origin, shortening mechanisms, and morphological and syntactic features. Recognized abbreviations are first classified according to the type of shortened units – into abbreviations formed from words (nouns, adjectives, pronouns, numbers, verbs, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, particles) and abbreviations formed from groups of words, sentences, or utterances. Within the classes defined in that way, abbreviations are divided about the mechanism of shortening and described. Abbreviations in SMS messages are in some cases formed by the norms of the standard language but usually deviate from the standard forms. The same words and constructions can be abbreviated in several different ways, and abbreviations most often vary in terms of the use of upper and lower case letters as well as the writing or omission of a period at the end. Abbreviations are most often created by final elision, i.e. by omitting the end of the word and reducing the word to the beginning. They are also created by reducing the word to the first letter and some other meaningful letters inside the word or at the end of the word. In the corpus, not a single word of the Bosnian language was found in which numbers and letters are used as logograms or are incorporated into larger expressions that are read as rebuses. A particularly interesting phenomenon in shortening is the unmotivated multiplication of graphemes at the end of some abbreviations. A significant number of abbreviations created by dropping vowels and some consonants or reducing them to only some consonants are confirmed in the corpus.

Использование метаграфемных средств для выражения эмоций в интернет-комментариях

Оur research object is online comments to a text about reducing pension expenses and a sharp reduction in the number of pensioners in Russia. The text had a strong conflict potential due to the manipulative techniques used by the author; it caused a large number of aggressive comments from readers – people of retirement and pre-retirement age. The study subject is metagraphematic (singragraphemic and supragraphemic) means used by the authors of Internet comments as negative emotions expressing means along with verbal means of speech aggression. The following text analysis methods were used: formal, logical, semanticand syntactic analysis method. Features of metagraphemic means use in online comments were identified. In singraphemics this is the use of non-regulated by the Russian grammar rules punctuation marks and their homogeneous and heterogeneous combinations,etc. In supragraphemics – unmotivated and grammatically unsound use of uppercase and lowercase letters, as well as the use of specific emoticon signs indicating negative emotions experienced by the author of the comment. The reasons for this metagraphematic means usage in the comments may be the following: communicants’ state of emotional tension caused by the publication content and leading to an increase in the pace of computer typing; their age and the insufficient proficiency level of the typing techniques as well as the liberalization of language norms in Internet communications and poor grammatical rules knowledge by communicants. Our research showed that metagraphematic means are actively used in Internet comments to express the communicants’ emotions.

Development of a natural language processing algorithm for the detection of spinal metastasis based on magnetic resonance imaging reports

BackgroundMetastasis to the spinal column is a common complication of malignancy, potentially causing pain and neurologic injury. An automated system to identify and refer patients with spinal metastases can help overcome barriers to timely treatment. We describe the training, optimization and validation of a natural language processing algorithm to identify the presence of vertebral metastasis and metastatic epidural cord compression (MECC) from radiology reports of spinal MRIs. MethodsReports from patients with spine MRI studies performed between January 1, 2008 and April 14, 2019 were reviewed by a team of radiologists to assess for the presence of cancer and generate a labeled dataset for model training. Using regular expression, impression sections were extracted from the reports and converted to all lower-case letters with all nonalphabetic characters removed. The reports were then tokenized and vectorized using the doc2vec algorithm. These were then used to train a neural network to predict the likelihood of spinal tumor or MECC. For each report, the model provided a number from 0 to 1 corresponding to its impression. We then obtained 111 MRI reports from outside the test set, 92 manually labeled negative and 19 with MECC to test the model's performance. ResultsAbout 37,579 radiology reports were reviewed. About 36,676 were labeled negative, and 903 with MECC. We chose a cutoff of 0.02 as a positive result to optimize for a low false negative rate. At this threshold we found a 100% sensitivity rate with a low false positive rate of 2.2%. ConclusionsThe NLP model described predicts the presence of spinal tumor and MECC in spine MRI reports with high accuracy. We plan to implement the algorithm into our EMR to allow for faster referral of these patients to appropriate specialists, allowing for reduced morbidity and increased survival.

Stylistic Analysis of Instagram Poem by Rupi Kaur

This research focuses on analyzing the graphological, phonological, morphological, and semantic features of English poems from Kaur's books "Home Body" and "The Sun and Her Flowers," which were posted on Instagram between May and July 2023. Using Simpson’s stylistic theories (2014), the analysis selected three poems from each of Kaur's books. The findings indicate that the poet employs stylistic elements as follows: graphologically, the use of all lowercase letters throughout her poems reflects intimacy and vulnerability, with minimal punctuation, only using a period at the end of each stanza. Phonologically, the poems lack a consistent rhyme scheme, relying instead on the natural flow of language and the emotions conveyed through words. Morphologically, the poet uses simple and concise grammatical structures to effectively communicate emotions and thoughts through straightforward sentences, drawing readers into her perspective and experiences. Semantically, the poet employs various figurative language elements, including metaphors, imagery, personification, symbolism, rhetorical questions, and repetition. The implication of this research is that Kaur's stylistic choices, such as lowercase letters, minimal punctuation, natural language flow, simple grammar, and diverse figurative language, enhance the intimacy, emotional impact, and accessibility of her poetry.

Password Strengthening: Using Multi-Lingual Passwords

Current Scenario: Passwords are required and used to secure cyber systems. Currently, cyber systems of decent security use passwords comprising of minimum eight characters which comprises of upper-case letters, lower-case letters, numbers and symbols from one language. Hence, all password-based systems are currently using monolingual passwords. Experimentally monolingual passwords can be broken within a matter of few seconds under given conditions, with given tools.  Proposed Scenario: Here, we investigate (a) different factors of password strength and (b)compare the strength of monolingual password to multilingual password.  Conclusion: The novelty of multilingual password lies in the increasing of password strength over monolingual passwords by factor of 100s to 10,000s or more. Hence, we conclude that multilingual passwords are better than monolingual passwords.

Innovations in Machine Translation: The Role of Machine Learning in Enhancing Linguistic Accuracy and Efficiency

These instructions give you guidelines for preparing papers for DRP Journals. Use this document as a template if you are using Microsoft Word 6.0 or later. Otherwise, use this document as an instruction set. The electronic file of your paper will be formatted further at DRP. Paper titles should be written in uppercase and lowercase letters, not all uppercase. Avoid writing long formulas with subscripts in the title; short formulas that identify the elements are fine (e.g., "Nd–Fe–B"). Do not write “(Invited)” in the title. Full names of authors are preferred in the author field, but are not required. Put a space between authors’ initials. The abstract must be a concise yet comprehensive reflection of what is in your article. In particular, the abstract must be self-contained, without abbreviations, footnotes, or references. It should be a microcosm of the full article. The abstract must be between 150 - 400 words. Be sure that you adhere to these limits; otherwise, you will need to edit your abstract accordingly. The abstract must be written as one paragraph, and should not contain displayed mathematical equations or tabular material. The abstract should include three or four different keywords or phrases, as this will help readers to find it. It is important to avoid over-repetition of such phrases as this can result in a page being rejected by search engines. Ensure that your abstract reads well and is grammatically correct.

TextRefine: A Novel approach to improve the accuracy of LLM Models

Natural Language Processing (NLP) is an interdisciplinary field that investigates the fascinating world of human language with the goal of creating computational models and algorithms that can comprehend, produce, and analyze natural language in a way that is similar to humans. LLMs still encounter issues with loud and unpolished input material despite their outstanding performance in natural language processing tasks. TextRefine offers a thorough pretreatment pipeline that refines and cleans the text data before using it in LLMs to overcome this problem . The pipeline includes a number of actions, such as removing social tags, normalizing whitespace, changing all lowercase letters to uppercase, removing stopwords, fixing Unicode issues, contraction unpacking, removing punctuation and accents, and text cleanup. These procedures work together to strengthen the integrity and quality of the input data, which will ultimately improve the efficiency and precision of LLMs. Extensive testing and comparisons with standard techniques show TextRefine's effectiveness with 99% of the accuracy.

A Review on Currency Classification and Image to Text Conversion Methodologies

Currency classification and Image to Text OCR are essential technologies that find applications in various domains, including finance, retail, and automation. The approach outlined in this paper has the potential to detect currencies from multiple countries. However, for practical implementation purposes, the focus is solely on Indian paper currencies. This system offers the advantage of convenient currency checking at any time and location, leveraging Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) for effective implementation. Extensive testing was conducted on each denomination of Indian currency, resulting in an impressive 95% accuracy rate. To further refine accuracy, a classification model was developed, incorporating all pertinent factors discussed in the paper. Notably, the unique features of paper currency play a pivotal role in the recognition process. By emphasizing these elements and harnessing CNN technology, the proposed system demonstrates significant promise in accurately detecting and validating Indian paper currencies. It stands poised to serve various applications effectively. On the other hand, Image to Text OCR focuses on extracting text from images, enabling the conversion of non- editable documents into searchable and editable formats. Both technologies contribute to automation and efficiency in handling diverse visual information. Optical Character Recognition (OCR) is a technologydesigned to recognize and interpret both printed and handwritten characters by scanning text images. This process involves segmenting the text image into regions, isolating individual lines, and identifying each character along with its spacing. After isolating individual characters from the text image, the system conducts an analysis of their texture and topological attributes. This involves examining corner points, unique characteristics of various regions within the characters, and calculating the ratio of character area to convex area Prior to initiating recognition, the system creates templates that store the distinctive features of uppercase and lowercase letters, digits, and symbols. These templates serve as reference models for comparison during the recognition phase. During recognition, the system matches the extracted character's texture and topological Features with those stored in the templates to determine the exact character. This matching process involves comparing features of the extracted character with templates of all characters, measuring similarity, and ultimately recognizing the character accurately.

Cyclization Scaffolding for Improved Vaccine Immunogen Stability: Application to Tau Protein in Alzheimer's Disease.

Effective scaffolding of immunogens is crucial for generating conformationally selective antibodies through active immunization, particularly in the treatment of protein misfolding diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Previous computational work has revealed that a disorder-prone region of the tau protein, when in a stacked form, is predicted to structurally resemble a small, soluble protofibril, having conformational properties similar to those of experimental in vitro tau oligomers. Such an oligomeric structural mimic has the potential to serve as a vaccine immunogen design for Alzheimer's disease. In this study, we developed a cyclization scaffolding method in Rosetta, in which multiple cyclic peptides are stacked into a protofibril. Cyclization results in significant stabilization of protofibril-like structures by constraining the conformational space. Applying this method to the disorder-prone region of the tau fibril, we evaluated the metastability of the cyclized tau immunogen using molecular dynamics simulations, and we identified sequences of two cyclic constructs having high metastability in the protofibril. We then assessed their thermodynamic stability by computing the free energy required to separate a distal chain from the rest of the stacked structure. Our computational results, based on molecular dynamics simulations and free energy calculations, demonstrate that two cyclized constructs, cyclo-(VKSEKLDFKDRVQSKIFyN) and cyclo-(VKSEKLDFKDRVQSKIYvG) (lowercase letters indicate d-form amino acids), possess significantly increased thermodynamic stability in the protofibril over an uncyclized linear construct VKSEKLDFKDRVQSKI. The cyclization scaffolding approach proposed here holds promise as a means to effectively design immunogens for protein misfolding diseases, particularly those involving liposome-conjugated peptide constructs.

THE FUNCTION OF A LETTER IN ILYA ZDANEVICH’S DRAMA LIDANTIU FARAM

The article explores the role of letters in the zaum text LidantYu Faram by Ilya Zdanevich. The meaning and significance of zaum text requires special methods of interpretation. The text of this Avant-Garde author is based on visual experiments, which follow the practices of the Futurists and the visual design of street signs and advertisements of the early 20th century. The way letters are written in the drama plays an important role in creating the image and atmosphere of the work, emphasizing its meaning and emotional color. The suggestive impact of the zaum text on the reader is achieved through the special design of words and letter formations used by the author. The zaum language of the drama consists of elementswords, typed according to the specially developed rules. For these formations, we introduce the concept of ‘typoem’ - a word enriched with font play. In such a word, the letters are typed in fonts that differ in width and height, as well as in style (thin, italic, bold, wide, narrow). Zdanevich creates occasional rules for the relationship between uppercase and lowercase letters. The typography of the drama breaks the integrity of the text, making it difficult for the reader-spectator to perceive the work, and requiring active participation from the reader. Certain letters of the Russian alphabet are not used by the author throughout the work, but additional symbols are invented, which form the visual composition of the text. A careful study of the text allows us to conclude that the drama is a lipogram. The visual appearance of the author’s text becomes one of the ways to make the zaum text look conventional. In the drama, the graphic peculiarity of the text is complemented by important markers: decorative symbolism, letters from other languages (Latin, Greek), nontrivial arrangement of text units on the page - diagonal, in a column, etc. The font in the work serves a characterological function. The use of different font sets affects the perception of the meaning of the artistic work and creates the impression that it also forms the meaning of the text.

Normative and registration functions of the dictionary of toponyms

The instability and lack of uniformity in the spelling of toponyms in both official and informal communication poses a significant social concern in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). The nominative function of geographical names is directly associated to their stable orthography. However, currently, there exist inconsistencies and significant discrepancies in the spelling of toponyms in official documents and reference books, including the state register, that are responsible for registering the correct spellings of geographical objects. This increases errors in all areas where this vocabulary is used. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that standardisation of proper names, including toponyms, is understudied in modern linguistics, and there is an urgent need to develop the principles of strengthening the spelling and pronunciation of names of geographical objects, in particular oikonyms, taking into account regional characteristics. The aim of the work is to consider the problems of standardising the oikonyms of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) in various normative and reference sources and suggest ways of their registration in the toponymic dictionary in accordance with language rules. The article analyses the main types of spelling errors made in the existing toponymic sources and suggests strategies for choosing the spelling of geographical names. The complicated cases of fused/separate and hyphenated spelling, the choice of letters e/ ё, the use of lowercase or uppercase letters in compound words, as well as the discrepancies in choosing a grammatical gender of an oikonym are considered. The article describes the ways of standardising all the listed cases as well as spelling options used in the ‘Dictionary of Toponyms of the Sakha Republic (Yakutia): Settlements’ and suggests the options for their standardisation.

PROJECT ACTIVITY OF COLLEGE STUDENTS IN PRIMARY SCHOOL USING THE KEYBOARD TRAINER «KEYBOARD ALPHABET»

In this article, the author describes an experiment conducted by college students in the process of teaching computer science in elementary school. All students in elementary school know how to type. But the problem is that they type it with one hand. Students use tablets and smartphones long before they start studying computer science at school. Because of this, they confidently type text with 1-2 fingers of one hand. Teachers spend a lot of effort teaching younger students how to use the computer keyboard correctly. It was decided to conduct an experiment. This experiment lasted more than one year, in the second and third grades. The author of the article created a keyboard simulator «Keyboard Alphabet» for second-grade students. The purpose of using the simulator is to develop students' ability to type the letters of the Ukrainian alphabet with both hands, using the appropriate fingers. This simulator was created in the Adobe Animate environment using the Action Script 3.0 programming language. The ability to create this tutorial refutes the attitude of programmers to Adobe Animate as a tool for creating only animation. Adobe Animate is a powerful environment for creating electronic educational resources. The «Keyboard Alphabet» trainer consists of electronic pages. Each letter has one electronic page. Students have the opportunity to enter both uppercase and lowercase letters of the Ukrainian alphabet. The simulator is designed in such a way that younger students can independently check the correctness of entering a letter. In the process, students can use a hint. The hint can be called up or hidden by clicking on the corresponding interactive elements. In the 3rd grade, while studying the topic "Word Processor", future teachers checked the results of their work. It turned out that those students who were asked to work with the keyboard simulator almost all try to type with both hands. In addition, they enter letters from the keyboard faster. And children with disabilities have the opportunity to improve their typing skills. The students decided to continue the experiment. In the future, they plan to investigate whether using the same simulator, but with letters of the English alphabet, will help learn English.

EFFICIENCY COMPARISON OF NETWORKS IN HANDWRITTEN LATIN CHARACTERS RECOGNITION WITH DIACRITICS

The aim of the article is to analyze and compare the performance and accuracy of architectures with a different number of parameters on the example of a set of handwritten Latin characters from the Polish Handwritten Characters Database (PHCD). It is a database of handwriting scans containing letters of the Latin alphabet as well as diacritics characteristic of the Polish language. Each class in the PHCD dataset contains 6,000 scans for each character. The research was carried out on six proposed architectures and compared with the architecture from the literature. Each of the models was trained for 50 epochs, and then the accuracy of prediction was measured on a separate test set. The experiment thus constructed was repeated 20 times for each model. Accuracy, number of parameters and number of floating-point operations performed by the network were compared. The research was conducted on subsets such as uppercase letters, lowercase letters, lowercase letters with diacritics, and a subset of all available characters. The relationship between the number of parameters and the accuracy of the model was indicated. Among the examined architectures, those that significantly improved the prediction accuracy at the expense of a larger network size were selected, and a network with a similar prediction accuracy as the base one, but with twice as many model parameters was selected.

The Use of Information Retrieval in Student Academic Document Plagiarism Detection System

The practice of plagiarism can threaten the credibility of academic documents such as final assignments, theses, theses, and dissertations. Universitas Muhammadiyah Ponorogo (UMPO) is one of the best Muhammadiyah Universities in Indonesia. All academic documents at UMPO are well stored. However, plagiarism is only found in the Turnitin database and in the title of academic documents. This research aims to pre-screen academic documents in the internal scope by creating a plagiarism application that is easy to use and cheaper in terms of cost than using Turnitin. The steps of making a plagiarism detection system in academic documents using information retrieval (IR) with waterfall development. The design process starts from system requirements analysis, design, implementation, and testing. This plagiarism detection system goes through several stages, namely tokenisation, stopword removal, stemming, and termweigthing. Tokenisation involves converting uppercase letters into lowercase letters and removing punctuation marks. Stopword removal removes noise, stemming converts words into basic forms, and termweigthing uses local and global weighting to calculate similarity with the Vector Space Model. Document similarity is calculated using cosine similarity, rejected documents are considered free of plagiarism. If there is no similarity, the document is accepted as a source document, while the rejected document is not stored in the database. Further research on the document plagiarism detection system that previously only used the txt file extension, in the future it can use the .doc or HTML extension so as to increase the effectiveness of the performance of academic document examination time.

Pembelajaran Membaca dan Menulis Melalui Penggunaan Bahasa Ibu di SDN 153 Rejang Lebong

Student learning at this level is very important for reading and writing skills which are the driving force for research. Need for learning to read and write to students. are two abilities that must be taught. Lower grade students who learn in their native language usually show better learning outcomes. Purpose of this study was to identify barriers and challenges associated with reading and writing learning as well as the process of learning to read and write through mother tongue. Qualitative method descriptive instruments used interviews, observation, documentation. The results of the study, the first step in learning to read the mother tongue is to introduce letters of the alphabet, string words, read aloud, read sentences, read self-identity, and distinguish letters of the alphabet. Write alphabets, words, sentences, write self-identity, write the difference between capital and lowercase letters. Through asking and answering and interacting with friends, students understand what the teacher teaches, difficulty understanding letters, intellectual and environmental factors.

Improving Text Summarization Quality by Combining T5-Based Models and Convolutional Seq2Seq Models

In the natural language processing field, there are several sub-fields that are very closely related to information retrieval, such as the automatic text summarization sub-field. obtained from the convolutional T5 and Seq2Seq models in summarizing text on hugging faces found features that can affect text summary such as upper- and lower-case letters which have an impact on changing the understanding of the text of the document. This study uses a combination of parameters such as layer dimensions, learning rate, batch size, and the use of Dropout to avoid model overfitting. The results can be seen by evaluating metrics using ROUGE. This study produces a value of ROUGE-1 on 4 documents that are tested which produces an average of 0.8 which is the optimal value, for ROUGE-2 on 4 documents that are tested which results in an average of 0.83 which is an optimal value while ROUGE-L on 4 documents conducted tests that produce an average of 0.8 which is the optimal value for the summary model.

Visual imagery deficits in posterior cortical atrophy

ABSTRACT Visual imagery has a close overlapping relationship with visual perception. Posterior cortical atrophy (PCA) is a neurodegenerative syndrome marked by early impairments in visuospatial processing and visual object recognition. We asked whether PCA would therefore also be marked by deficits in visual imagery, tested using objective forced-choice questionnaires, and whether imagery deficits would be selective for certain properties. We recruited four patients with PCA and a patient with integrative visual agnosia due to bilateral occipitotemporal strokes for comparison. We administered a test battery probing imagery for object shape, size, colour lightness, hue, upper-case letters, lower-case letters, word shape, letter construction, and faces. All subjects showed significant impairments in visual imagery, with imagery for lower-case letters most likely to be spared. We conclude that PCA subjects can show severe deficits in visual imagery. Further work is needed to establish how frequently this occurs and how early it can be found.

Most and Least Learned Competencies of Kindergarten Pupils in Sreya: Bases for Resource Materials Enhancement

The main focus of the study is 1) To know the profile of the kindergarten teachers 2)To know the percentage of kindergarteners who acquired school readiness 3)To know the least and most learned competencies of kindergartners 4)To determine the differences of students school readiness between teacher’s employment status, teacher’s educational background, and type of school. The country’s K-12 curriculum has become one of the most talked about issues not only within the Department of Education but across the nation, so to speak. Different programs, resource materials, teaching devices, activities, and training for teachers have been devised and are still being conducted in preparation for the full implementation of the said new curriculum. Under the K-12 curriculum, the Kindergarten program was added to the existing basic education program that the Deped utilizes. The main concern of the kindergarten program is the school readiness of the young learners. Learners must be physically, intellectually, and emotionally prepared before they enroll to formal education, since one the most common reasons for the early drop-outs of school-age children is lack of interest in learning. Cognizant of the fact that the main goal of the kindergarten program is the smooth transition from a play-based approach into formal education. The kindergarten curriculum was designed to cope with the needs of the young learners. Likewise aimed at ensuring the development of young children and that they enjoy their experiences in the kindergarten program, the thematic and play-based approaches to learning are utilized. Initially, the program was met with cynicism specifically from the community and some parents. They were hesitant to enroll their children in the kindergarten program, for they viewed this as just an additional grade level in the education of their children. The researcher identified the least and most learned competencies in the result of the School Readiness Year End Assessment (SReYA) and proposed a resource materials enhancement to address the least learned competencies of kindergarteners. The most learned competencies are recognition of shapes, problem-solving and counting numbers from 1-10 while the least learned competencies are listening comprehension, Identifying upper- and lower-case letters, letter-sound corresponded, and recognition of numbers. The researcher identified the differences of student’s school readiness in the result of the study. There is a significant difference to the school readiness of kindergarteners when grouped according to the employment status of teachers, length of service, educational background, and type of school. The researcher suggested additional activities to reinforce the development of the least learned competencies of kindergarteners Keywords: Assessment, Learning Competencies, Kindergarten, School Readiness

Keterampilan Menulis Karangan Narasi Siswa Kelas 5 Sekolah Dasar

This research aims to determine the narrative essay writing skills of class 5D students at SD Negeri 17 Pekanbaru. This research is a qualitative descriptive study. The subjects of this research were class V teachers, as well as all class 5D students at SD Negeri 17 Pekanbaru. The data collection techniques used were observation, interviews and documentation. The main instrument is the researcher using observation guide tools, interview guidelines, document review sheets. Data were analyzed through data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The data validity checking technique uses triangulation of techniques and sources. The research results show that the narrative essay writing skills of class VD students at SD Negeri 17 Pekanbaru can still be said to be not optimal. This is because, there are still some students who are not correct in writing narrative essays as seen from the 5 criteria in this research, namely 1) Content, VD class students are not yet appropriate in developing content according to the theme and characters, plot and setting in students' narrative essays. clear. 2) Organizational Content, students are still wrong in determining the theme given by the teacher and the ideas written by students are not clear. 3) Grammar, students' use of grammar is still not correct. Students do not use subjects and predicates in writing narrative essays. 4) Word choice, students when writing narrative essays do not pay attention to writing capital letters and lower case letters. 5) Spelling and punctuation. The student's use of conjunctions is correct. However, students do not pay attention to the use of punctuation marks such as periods (.) and commas (,). This makes readers confused when reading students' narrative essays.