Lower Volga Region Research Articles

Mapping Soil Surface Moisture of an Agrophytocenosis via a Neural Network Based on Synchronized Radar and Multispectral Optoelectronic Data of SENTINEL-1,2—Case Study on Test Sites in the Lower Volga Region

In this article, the authors developed a novel method for the moisture mapping of the soil surface of agrophytocenosis using a neural network based on synchronized radar and multispectral optoelectronic data from Sentinel-1,2. The significance of this research lies in its potential to enhance precision farming practices, which are increasingly vital in addressing global agricultural challenges such as water scarcity and the need for sustainable resource management. To verify the developed method, data from two experimental plots were utilized. These plots were located on irrigated soybean crops, with the first plot situated on the right bank (plot No. 1) and the second on the left bank (plot No. 2) of the lower Volga River. Two experimental soil moisture geodatasets were created through measurements and geo-referencing points using the gravimetric method (for plot No. 1) and the proximal sensing method (for plot No. 2) employing the Soil Moisture Sensor ML3-KIT (THETAKIT, Delta). The soil moisture retrieval algorithm was based on the use of a neural network to predict the reflection coefficient of an electro-magnetic wave from the soil surface, followed by inversion into soil moisture using a dielectric model that takes into account the soil texture. The input parameter of the neural network was the ratio of the microwave radar vegetation index (calculated based on Sentinel-1 data) to the index (calculated based on the data of multispectral optoelectronic channels 8 and 11 of Sentinel-2). The retrieved soil moisture values were compared with in situ measurements, showing a determination coefficient of 0.44–0.65 and a standard deviation of 2.4–4.2% for plot No. 1 and similar metrics for plot No. 2. The conducted research laid the groundwork for developing a new technology for remote sensing of soil moisture content in agrophytocenosis, serving as a crucial component of precision farming systems and agroecology. The integration of this technology promotes sustainable agricultural practices by minimizing water consumption while maximizing crop productivity. This aligns with broader environmental goals of conserving natural resources and reducing agricultural runoff. On a larger scale, data derived from such studies can inform policy decisions related to water resource management, guiding regulations that promote efficient water use in agriculture.

Development and evaluation of a new winter bread wheat variety Rubin Dona according to the main economically valuable traits

Relevance. The development of new varieties and their rapid introduction into production remains the most effective resource for improving productivity, energy saving, profitability and competitiveness. The purpose of the current study was to develop the winter bread wheat variety Rubin Dona and evaluate its productivity and basic adaptive, technological, and baking properties.Methods. The current study was carried out in the fields of research crop rotation of the department of winter wheat breeding and seed production in 2018–2023. The variety was developed by the method of intravarietal hybridization using the productive and adaptive variety Nakhodka as a maternal form and the high-quality strong wheat variety Donskaya Yubileynaya as a paternal form and a subsequent individual selection.Results. There has been established that the variety Rubin Dona has a high and stable level of productivity. For 6 years of competitive variety testing the mean productivity of the variety sown in green manure fallow was 9.45 t/ha with the minimum of 6.77 t/ha and the maximum of 11.80 t/ha, compared to the standard variety Ermak with 8.80, 6.06 and 11.21 t/ha, respectively. The variety Rubin Dona sown after various forecrops also demonstrates a reliable and stable productivity increase to the standard, 0.67 t/ha after maize for grain, 0.79 t/ha after peas, 0.62 t/ha after sunflower, 0.77 t/ha after winter wheat. There has been revealed that the advantage of the new variety, which provides high and stable yields, is its high environmental resistance to regional soil and climatic conditions such as drought, low temperatures, spring frosts, diseases, and lodging. The variety has lower indicators of the coefficient of variation, factor of stability (FS), yield range (d) with a high level of realization of productivity potential in comparison with both the standard variety Ermak and the highly productive variety Razdolie, which has a contrasting periods of heading and ripening. The technological and baking properties of the new variety are of high quality and meet the requirements of GOST-9353-2016 referring to the first class. Since 2023, by decision of the State Commission of the Russian Federation for testing and protection of breeding achievements, the variety has been included in the State List of the varieties approved for use in the Central Blackearth (5) and Lower Volga (8) regions.

Contact zone of European (Meles meles Linnaeus, 1758) and Asian (M. leucurus Hodgson, 1847) badgers (Mustelidae, Mammalia) in the rightand left-bank districts of the Saratov region

DNA studies of badgers (Meles sp.) from the right-bank and left-bank areas of the Volga river in the Saratov region are described. Asian badgers (Meles leucurus Hodgson, 1847) inhabit the Left Volga Bank of the Saratov region, while European badgers (M. meles Linnaeus, 1758) inhabit the Right Volga Bank districts of the region, but Asian badgers were found in Khvalynsky district of the Saratov region, besides the European badger. Despite a sufficient number of publications devoted to the Asiatic badger distribution in the Vyatka–Kama region and the Volga region, and studies devoted to the development of systematics of the genus Meles in Russia, the question of the boundaries of the ranges of European and Asiatic badgers and the zones of their sympatry (parapatry) in the Volga–Kama region has not been fully investigated to date. Our work is devoted to the study of this question. As a result of analyzing the biological material collected by us, it was found that all five studied individuals of badgers from the Saratov Volga region phenotypically looked like Asian badgers, but our DNA analysis showed that only two of them were M. leucurus, whilst three ones were heterozygous individuals carrying genes from both species and were identified as hybrids. The remaining 29 individuals were captured in the right-bank areas of the region. Badgers were sampled from individuals from the northern to southern borders of the region in areas located along the Volga river on the Volga upland and in the Oka–Don plain. Of these, one individual from Khvalynsky district turned out to be an Asian badger, one individual from Krasnoarmeysky district was a hybrid of the two named species, and three individuals, one from Tatishchevsky, the second from Volsky and the third from Khvalynsky districts showed introgression of Asian badger genes into the genotype of the European badger. Thus, we have managed to find out that at this stage of development of the phase of the climatic cycle in the Lower Volga region, characterized by warming winters, the Volga river, with its two reservoirs within the Saratov region, is not an absolute zoogeographical boundary, and badgers, whose species are characterized by winter sleep, can in certain conditions overcome, most likely on ice, both the river itself and the lake parts of the Volgograd and Saratov reservoirs. According to the revealed introgression in some individuals from different areas on the Volga upland of the right bank of the Saratov region, it can be assumed that such traveling across the Volga river took place earlier, possibly before its flow was regulated by dams.

A New Genus of Kitefin Sharks (Squaliformes, Dalatiidae) from the Berezovaya Strata (Lower Paleocene) of the Lower Volga Region

A New Genus of Kitefin Sharks (Squaliformes, Dalatiidae) from the Berezovaya Strata (Lower Paleocene) of the Lower Volga Region

New data of historical and archaeological topography of Kirov and Slobodskoy ob- tained through 2015–2022 state historical and cultural expertise

The article analyses C-shaped all-cast earrings from complexes dated 4th-7th century. There is a collection of artefacts from 79 monuments (France, Bulgaria, Russia, Ukraine, Slovakia, the Czech Republic, Austria). Precise topological & geodesic data are used to draw the map of embellishments. In the first place C-shaped earrings are found in the Northern Black Sea region. In terms of chronology they were popular for an extended period of time from antiquity (6th-5th century BC till early Middle Ages 4th-5th century AD). C-shaped earrings in complexes of 4th-7th centuries are evident of the Alans’ interference. However, it is assumed that the Huns adopted the Alans’ aesthetics and symbols. Caucasus, Northern Black Sea region and Lower Volga region in the first half of the 1st millennium were occupied by Sarmatian tribes (the Aorsi, the Alans) and the Huns. This territory is found with more than a half of our complex selection with C-shaped earrings. The Danube region (Austria, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Bulgaria) is another region discovered with archaeological materials that include this jewellery. Besides, C-shaped earrings are found in Brittany in the 5th century burial ground La Mézière (near Orléans), in Burgundy and Normandy. In the South-West France (Occitania, Pyrénées-Orientales) they found a few C-shaped earrings. Two regions in Gaul (France) were mentioned in certain written sources in relation to the Alans’; these regions were also discovered with C-shaped earrings. Volga - Kama - Aral region is registered with 25 closed complexes with C-shaped earrings. Elements of the burial ritual accompanied by tools are described in the table. Both ritualistic elements and tools found in complexes demonstrate homogeneous materials in regions thousands of kilometres apart. Simple C-shaped earrings in Volga - Kama - Aral region can be dated 4th-6th century. Earrings with bunches or pyramids can be dated the second half of the 6th-8th century. These earrings belong to the Sarmatian Alans.

Pre-Mongolian Medieval Nomadic Monuments from the Saratov Region

The purpose of the article is to compile an up-to-date summary of the medieval nomad monuments dating back to the pre-Mongol period on the territory of the Saratov region. The following tasks are solved: cultural and chronological attribution of the complexes; their mapping; generalization and analysis of the data obtained in the context of the history of the Eastern European nomads. Various methods were used in the work: diachronic (periodization of the nomads existence in the studied territory), historical-systemic (study of nomadic society as a system) and historical-comparative (identification of general developmental patterns of nomadic societies), typological (typology and classification of the archaeological materials and complexes), and chronological (study of gradual development of the nomadic culture in the Lower Volga region). The main source of the study is the materials and publications on the nomadic archaeological sites from the Saratov region, as well as previous generalizing works on this topic. Data on 74 monuments are analyzed and mapped. The complexes are grouped into three natural and geographical zones (the basin of the Khopyor and Medveditsa rivers; the Volga Upland; and the Steppe Trans-Volga region). The complexes are also classified according to the three conditional chronological horizons: Saltovo-Mayaki (8th – 9th centuries); Oghuz-Pechenegs (9th – 11th centuries); and Polovtsian (late 11th – early 13th centuries). An attempt is made to correlate the well-known complexes of the Saltovo-Mayaki culture with its separate ethno-cultural groups (the Bulgars, the Khazars, and the Alans) and among the materials of the 9th –11th centuries to single out the Pecheneg and Oghuz components. The Polovtsian sculptures and the burials were correlated with written data on the groups of nomads from the Volga-Don steppes dating back to the middle of the 9th – early 13th centuries.

Tsaritsyn of Peter’s Time in Modern Historiography

Introduction. The jubilee of Peter I intensified the study of the era of reforms, when important events and changes took place not only in the center of the country but also on the outskirts, in particular in Tsaritsyn and the Lower Volga region. Volgograd historians have recently reexamined these events in the city’s history, utilizing fresh documents from both central and local archives. Methods and materials. The collection of the latest scientific publications (articles, monographs, publications of sources) devoted to the history of Tsaritsyn and its district in Peter’s time served as the material for this review. The methods of historiographical analysis allow us to compare the achievements of modern researchers with the achievements of historians of previous generations, to see the updating of the source base and the involvement of modern research approaches. Analysis. The article analyzes new editions of sources drawn from local and central archives. Despite some archaeological shortcomings, the publication of documents opens up wide opportunities for military-historical, regional, urbanistic, prosopographic, and genealogical research. The author considers the two-volume edition “Tsaritsyn Line: Monument of Fortification of the Peter the Great Era: Construction, Operation, Current State, and Prospects of Museification,” which was prepared by the creative team under the leadership of I.O. Tyumentsev, a kind of scientific result. The analysis of the collective monograph shows that in connection with the construction of the Tsaritsyn line, a whole layer of the history of the south and southeast of Russia from the Azov campaigns to the second half of the 18th century is considered. Along with military plots, many problems of the economy and economic development of the Lower Volga region, issues of social history, and national relations have been studied. Results. It is concluded that the authors of the latest publications, despite their particular shortcomings, managed to show at the modern research level that the Peter the Great era inscribed a bright, eventful page in the history of Tsaritsyn-Volgograd and its surroundings.

Burial of a Golden Horde Nomad from the Kovalevka Kurgan Cemetery

Introduction. The article introduces into scientific circulation the archaeological and anthropological materials from the Golden Horde burial of the Kovalevka Kurgan Cemetery. Kurgan No. 35 dating back to the early Iron Age was studied in the course of the fieldwork carried out by the Volgograd State University expedition in the Oktyabrsky district of the Volgograd region in 2021. The Kurgan is located in the southern part of the cemetery on the upper terrace of the right bank of the river Aksai Esaulovsky in an arable field. Methods and materials. Two burials were examined because of the archaeological excavations. The main burial No. 2 dates back to the late Sarmatian period, while the intake burial No. 1 dates back to the middle age period. Analysis and results. New anthropological materials were obtained in the course of the excavations, which complement our understanding of the nomadic population from the Lower Volga region. The bone remains belonged to a male individual of mesomorphic build of about 164.5 cm tall with a long and narrow skull. A set of pathological conditions were recorded on his bones, appearing because of an active lifestyle and professional activity. The outcomes of the archaeological study of the Kurgan No. 35 from the Kovalevka Kurgan cemetery as of 2021 can be used in the museum and local history work, as well as in studies of the Lower Volga regional ancient history. Authors’ contributions. In this study, V.I. Moiseev and V.Yu. Moiseeva prepared a descriptive part of the archaeological material, carried out the funeral rites and grave goods analyses, and prepared conclusions based on the results of the research. E.V. Pererva conducted a study of anthropological material and defined the craniological, osteological, and pathological features of the individual from burial 1 of the Kurgan No. 35.

Zoning of the Lower Volga Region and Formation of Territory, Okrug, District and Rural Bodies of Soviet Authority in 1928: First Stage

Introduction. The article examines the process of formation of the Lower Volga region and Soviet authorities at the level of regional, district, and rural administration at the first stage of zoning (before the liquidation of okrugs). Methods and materials. The research was carried out based on traditional methods of historical research (historical-genetic, retrospective, historical-systemic, and historical-comparative). The use of an array of unpublished archival documents stored in the State Archives of the Volgograd Region and the Documentation Center for Contemporary History of the Volgograd Region, and materials from periodicals and legislative sources of government bodies of the USSR and the RSFSR, greatly facilitated the research process. Analysis. The study is aimed at identifying the regional specifics of the zoning process and the accompanying process of formation of Soviet authorities (at the level of councils and executive committees of councils of the Lower Volga region). Results. The zoning of the Lower Volga region already at the first stage revealed a range of problems, the systematic solution of which in the future will make it possible to transform the agricultural region into the industrial center of the Volga region. In the process of reform, along with positive aspects – the reduction in cost of the management apparatus, the bringing closer to the population of Soviet authorities endowed with significant powers (district executive committees and councils) – there were also clearly negative consequences. The distance of rural councils from middle management and the consolidation of individual rural councils, on the one hand, led to the planned reduction of hardware costs but, on the other hand, excluded remote villages from active public life. Districts became the main operational unit of economic and Soviet work in the region. There were several issues to address, including the imbalance between districts with different population sizes, from small ones with just over 2,000 people to large ones with populations approaching 100,000. Additionally, there was a lack of communication between administrative units and personnel problems, which emerged as a significant hurdle in the development of district and rural Soviet administration at the second stage of zoning (in the conditions of the liquidation of okrugs).

Листовые подкормки при возделывании козлятника восточного на орошении

To strengthen the fodder base of animal husbandry in the Lower Volga region, first of all, it is necessary to expand the range of fodder crops and varieties, to optimize their nutritional regime, to create optimal conditions for their cultivation, in other words, to ensure the production of a large amount of valuable fodder in a relatively limited area, in this regard, the improvement of cultivation technology of eastern goatgrass is relevant. The purpose of the research was to increase the efficiency of cultivation of oriental goatgrass in the Lower Volga region through the use of mineral fertilizers and growth stimulants. Experiments to study the dependence of productivity of oriental goatgrass in the form of green mass on leaf fertilization with water-soluble mineral fertilizers were conducted from 2016 to 2023 on an irrigated plot with irrigation regime of 70...85...70 % NV by sprinkler machine “Valey”. In the experiment in 2017, varieties of oriental goatgrass Krivich, Yubilyar, Kazbek were sown. The general background before sowing was applied mineral fertilizers in the form of azofosk at a dose of N24P24K24. In each cutting in the phase of active growth of plants were fertilized with potassium monophosphate with and without a sticking agent at the rate of 0.5 kg/ha for one fertilizer. On average for seven years, the largest leaf area - 43.7 thousand m2/ha and photosynthetic potential - 7.87 million m2 x dn./ha of oriental goatgrass in the experiment were in the variety Jubilar in the variant of potassium monophosphate with a sticking agent. On average for seven years, the largest leaf area - 43.7 thousand m2/ha and photosynthetic potential - 7.87 million m2 x dn/ha of oriental goatgrass in the experiment were in the variety Jubilar in the variant of potassium monophosphate with a sticking agent. Also on this variant the maximum yield of green mass - 92.7 t/ha, dry matter content - 23.2 t/ha, fodder units - 20.4 t/ha and exchangeable energy - 1.62 GJ/ha were observed.

Адаптационный фактор выживаемости растений при применении сапропелевых отложений

This work presents the results of experimental tests of the presented samples and associated variable combinations of soil mixtures. The purpose of the study was to determine the possibility of using sapropel deposits of the Volga-Akhtuba floodplain as an element that increases growth characteristics and affects plant immunity. We selected the soil environment of the dry-steppe zone of light chestnut soils, the fertile potential of which is at low levels, but have the ability to respond easily and qualitatively to the introduction of reclamation components when creating favorable conditions. The research is aimed at stabilizing soil components through the use of sapropel deposits of the Volga-Akhtuba floodplain. According to the formation features, these deposits are distinguished from the entire zonality of the Lower Volga region, since The natural-territorial complex of the Volga-Akhtuba floodplain is an independent object and has a distinctive agrocenosis from the belonging zonality. The experimental studies carried out revealed certain plant parameters that were affected by certain components of the prepared soil samples. The use of sapropel deposits of the Volga-Akhtuba floodplain in combination with light chestnut type soil showed the best research results (factor 1 and factor 2). In conditions of habitat oppression due to artificial infection of Fusarium avenaceum Fa- 1, meadow Bluegrass plants, namely the option with the introduction of the proposed sapropel deposits (AED), shows the best result. The survival rate of plants in this variant was 99%, whereas in the control it was 37%. The conducted research is updated, as it contributes to the search for methods of combating pathogenic organisms at the expense of the natural resource potential of the planet.

Зависимость кормовой ценности эспарцета песчаного от листовых подкормок

In the feed production system of the Lower Volga region, more than 60% of forage crops are located on irrigated lands. Only these lands can be considered a guaranteed source of sustainable food supply. More than 80% of the feed from their gross production is harvested from irrigated lands, therefore, studies on the dependence of the feed value of sandy esparcet on leaf fertilizing are certainly relevant. The aim of the research was to increase the efficiency of esparcet cultivation in the conditions of the Lower Volga region by improving the use of mineral fertilizers. Experiments to study the dependence of the feed value of esparcet in the form of green mass on leaf fertilizing with water-soluble mineral fertilizers were conducted from 2017 to 2023 on irrigation in the zone of light chestnut soils in the Prigorodnoye SEC of the Svetloyarsky district of the Volgograd region. Mineral fertilizers were applied in the form of leaf fertilizing during the period of active growth of the esparcet according to the following schemes: 1. Control (without leaf dressing); 2. Monophosphate at the rate of 0.5 kg/ha per top dressing; 3. Monophosphate with adhesive at the rate of 0.5 kg/ha per top dressing. As a result of the experiments conducted, it was found that in the variant using potassium monophosphate, the yield of the green mass of the Rusich variety was 8.2 t/ha, or 18.8% more, and in the variant using potassium monophosphate with an adhesive by 11.7 t/ha, or 26.8% more compared to the control variant. The largest accumulation of feed units of 12.8 t/ha was found in the Rusich variety on the variant of leaf fertilizing with potassium monophosphate with an adhesive, which turned out to be 0.6 t/ha more than in the experiment from 2017 to 2019. The highest content of digestible protein of 2.21 t/ha was found in the Rusich variety on a variant of leaf fertilizing with potassium monophosphate with an adhesive. The largest amount of metabolic energy of 101.7 GJ was contained in the Rusich variety on a variant of leaf fertilizing with potassium monophosphate with an adhesive. The lowest amount of metabolic energy was contained in the Sandy 22 variety in the control variant without leaf fertilizing and averaged 70.3 GJ for 2021-2023.

Фотосинтетическая деятельность козлятника восточного при применении стимуляторов роста

In the feed production system of the Lower Volga region, more than 60% of forage crops are located on irrigated lands. Only these lands can be considered a guaranteed source of sustainable food supply. More than 80% of feed from their gross production is harvested from irrigated lands, therefore, studies on the dependence of the feed value of the eastern goat from leafy top dressing are certainly relevant. The aim of the research was to increase the efficiency of cultivation of the Eastern goat in the conditions of the Lower Volga region by improving the use of mineral fertilizers. Experiments to study the dependence of the productivity of goat husk in the form of green mass on treatments with growth stimulants were conducted from 2016 to 2023 on the irrigated site of the Prigorodnoye SEC of the Svetloyarsky district of the Volgograd region on light chestnut soils with irrigation regime 70...85...70 % NV sprinkler machine "Valey". The article presents research materials on the cultivation of Oriental goat on light chestnut soils of the Lower Volga region. The largest area of the leaf surface of the eastern goat in the experiment, on average, over seven years of use, was established in the Jubilee variety on the variant of using the growth stimulator Mival-Agro and was equal to 49.3 thousand m2/ha. The maximum photosynthetic potential of the oriental goat was established in the Jubilee variety on the variant of using the growth stimulator Mival-Agro and was equal to 9.71 million m2 x day/ha. In the Kazbek variety, the net photosynthesis productivity (NPF) ranged from 1.79 g/m2 day in the Megamix-Pro growth stimulator variant to 1.88 g/m2 day in the control variant without the use of growth stimulants. The net photosynthesis productivity of the Krivich variety was 0.10-0.30 g/m2 day more than that of the Kazbek variety, the same, or 0.28 g/m2 day more than that of the Jubilee variety and ranged from 1.89 g/m2 day on the variant of the Megamix-Pro growth stimulator to 1.90 g/m2 a day on the option of using the growth stimulant Mival-Agro and on the option without the use of growth stimulants.

Влияние предпосевной обработки семян и агрохимикатов на урожайность озимой пшеницы

High yields cannot be achieved without the use of fertilizers, but how much they can pay off in modern economic realities and in drought conditions is unknown. In this regard, it is important to have new knowledge about effective systems of application of mineral fertilizers and agrochemicals in winter wheat cultivation in the zone of chestnut soils of the Lower Volga region. Therefore, the purpose of our research was to study the effect of growth stimulants in pre-sowing seed treatment and leaf fertilization with liquid fertilizers on the productivity of winter wheat in the Volgograd region. On average for 2021-2023 years, the minimum photosynthetic potential of winter wheat - 1288 thousand m2 day/ha was formed on plots without UAN 32 and growth regulators, and the highest - 2063 thousand m2 day/ha on plots with two fertilizers UAN 32 and growth regulator Emistim. Autumn fertilization with UAN 32 increased dry aboveground biomass of winter soft wheat in the variety Kamyshanka 6 at earing phase by 13%, two and three fertilizations by 26 and 27%, respectively. Growth regulator Polidon increased dry aboveground biomass of winter wheat at earing phase by 4%, Alfastim by 7%, Emistim by 12%. In the phase of milk ripeness dry biomass from growth regulator Polidon increased by 6%, Alfastim by 11%, Emistim by 14%. The lowest plant height of the variety Kamyshanka 6 was formed on the control - 0.89 m, the highest was on plots with two fertilizers and all variants on factor B and averaged 0.94 m, which is 0.05 m higher than the control. Spikelet length in the experiment was maximum in plots with two fertilizers and growth regulator Emistim. The minimum biological yield of winter wheat Kamyshanka 6 - 4.04 t/ha was obtained in the control variant, the maximum yield - 5.66 t/ha was observed in plots with two fertilizers UAN 32 and application of Emistim.

СТРЕССОУСТОЙЧИВЫЙ, С ХОРОШИМ КОМПЛЕКСОМ ОСНОВНЫХ ХОЗЯЙСТВЕННЫХ ПРИЗНАКОВ СОРТ ПШЕНИЦЫ ОЗИМОЙ ТЕРСИНКА

A new variety of soft winter wheat, Tersinka, has been developed in the North Caucasus Federal Scientific Agrarian Center of the Stavropol Region. The objective of research is to create adaptive, stress-resistant genotypes of universal wheat with a set of economic traits for cultivation using intensive and medium-intensive technologies in the conditions of the North Caucasus, Lower Volga and Central Black Earth regions of Russia. New varieties are bred using modern methods of classical, haploid and marker selection. It is based on intraspecific, complex, stepwise hybridization and, starting from the third generation of hybrids (F3), continuous, targeted, individual selection of new genotypes is carried out based on the traits of the model of universal wheat varieties of varying intensity that we have developed. The experiment was carried out on fallow, the method of variety placement was systematic. In the last crossing, the Don 95 variety was used as the maternal form, the Verta variety served as the paternal form. The Tersinka variety belongs to the Erythrospermum variety. During the years of study (2021–2023), the new variety always reliably exceeded the Grom standard in grain yield. On average, this excess over the standard was 1.67 t/ha. According to the growing season, Tersinka belongs to mid-season varieties. The new variety has a higher productive tillering. It is distinguished by high drought and heat resistance and reliably exceeds the standard in terms of resistance to these stresses. According to flour-baking indicators, it belongs to strong wheat improvers. It is distinguished by high field resistance to biotic stressors and a complex of major diseases.

Study of Drought Resistance of New Varieties of Spring Barley Based on Photosynthetic Potential and Leaf Diagnostics “Ecotest 2020” in Arid Conditions of the Lower Volga Region

Study of Drought Resistance of New Varieties of Spring Barley Based on Photosynthetic Potential and Leaf Diagnostics “Ecotest 2020” in Arid Conditions of the Lower Volga Region

The influence of agrochemicals on photosynthetic activity and the yield of grain corn hybrids in the Lower Volga region

The influence of agrochemicals on photosynthetic activity and the yield of grain corn hybrids in the Lower Volga region

SPRING WHEAT IN THE DRY CLIMATE OF THE LOWER VOLGA REGION OF RUSSIA

Background. The growing of spring wheat in arid conditions is a difficult task because the biological characteristics of the crop and its demands on moisture reserves. The need for sowing spring wheat in the spring is dictated by the possible death of winter grains in winter. Purpose. To determine the most adaptive varieties of spring wheat with high yield and good quality for cultivation in the dry climate of the Lower Volga region of Russia. Methods. To achieve this goal, an environmental test of spring wheat varieties was carried out by us; the harvest results were processed by analysis of variance. To characterize weather conditions, the hydrothermal coefficient was calculated according to T.G. Selyaninov. An analysis of the ability of varieties to adapt to local climatic conditions was carried out using the coefficient of adaptability, stress resistance and compensatory ability of varieties. The graph was constructed and statistical data processing was carried out in Microsoft Excel 2008. Result. As a result of the research work, it was established that on average over three years of research, the highest yield of spring wheat was in the following varieties: Saratovskaya 73 -1.65 t/ha, Kamyshinskaya 3 - 1.32 t/ha, Bezenchukskaya 205 - 1, 4 t/ha. Processing of spring wheat harvest data are used by dispersion analysis made it possible to determine that the gross harvest of the crop is largely influenced by meteorological conditions, up to 42.0%, the choice of variety is about 19.7%, and agrotechnological and other environmental factors are 38.2%. It can be noted that spring soft wheat in the conditions of the Lower Volga region is capable of producing grain yields of good quality with large grains from 31.2 to 36.4 g of 1000 grains. Analysis of indicators of the level of resistance to drought conditions shows that the most stress-resistant varieties are: Zinaida - 0.06 t/ha, Kamyshinskaya 3 - 0.24 t/ha, Albidum 188 - 0.24. The varieties that have the highest genetic flexibility in the conditions of the Lower Volga region are: Saratovskaya 73 - 1.72 t/ha, Bezenchukskaya 205 - 1.5 t/ha and Kamyshinskaya 3 - 1.32 t/ha. The spring wheat varieties Bezenchukskaya 205 have the highest responsiveness to changes in crop growth conditions - 0.12, Dobrynya is in second place - 0.14, Albidum is in third place, Kamyshinskaya 3 - 0.15. The adaptability coefficient is higher than 1 in the varieties Albidum 188, Kamyshinskaya 3, Saratovskaya 73, Prokhorovka, Zinaida. Conclusion. The varieties Saratovskaya 73 and Kamyshinskaya 3 are distinguished by yield, stress tolerance, genetic adaptability to dry climate.

GRAIN YIELD AND SIDERAL MASS OF FIELD CROPS IN CROP ROTATIONS OF THE LOWER VOLGA REGION

Background. For the first time in the abiotic conditions of the Lower Volga region on light chestnut soils, new methods of biologization of soil fertility preservation and specialized field crop rotations based on the replacement of pure steam with sideral steam with little–studied crops for green fertilizer – biennial yellow clover, oats and phacelia were developed and studied; the structure of sown areas includes cultures of various biological groups, including cereals, legumes, oilseeds, rowed and perennial legumes; in addition to siderates, organic fertilizers are used in the form of straw and crop –root residues of cultivated crops. The purpose of the work is the influence of pure and sideral steam on the yield of field crops Materials and methods. The study of the influence of sideral masses on the yield of grain crops in field crop rotations in the conditions of the Lower Volga region. Results. According to the conducted research, it has been established that biologized crop rotations are the first major stage in the transition to organic farming in the Volgograd region. The best option for the soils of the dry-steppe zone of chestnut subzones of light chestnut soils of the Lower Volga region is a four-field biologized field crop rotation and a five-field crop rotation with sideral steam (donnik). Conclusion. Data analysis showed that the best indicators of winter wheat yield were obtained for pure and sideral (sweet clover) pairs - 1.8 t/ha, chickpeas for the predecessor winter wheat in the five–field crop rotation - 0.87 t/ha and spring barley for the predecessor chickpeas – 1.48 t/ha.

Architectural decoration of the mausoleum no. 1 of the khan necropolis nearby the village of Lapas in the Astrakhan region

This article continues a series of scientific works aimed at the study of the central mausoleum of the Khan necropolis nearby the village of Lapas in the Astrakhan region. It deals with one of the elements of architectural decoration – a tile-lintel, most often found and having a wide variety of types. The article examines the genesis of this type of tile and the ways of its appearance in the Lower Volga region. A wide range of analogies at the sites of medieval architecture of Central Asia is engaged. The authors made a technological analysis of this group of items, examined in detail all the types of revealed ornaments, and determined a scheme for recording the sizes of the findings. For the first time, a detailed typology has been developed for the tiles-lintels, including all the samples known on the site to date. In addition to architectural and artistic features, tiles-lintels have a chrono-marker function, allowing, together with other information sources, to date the construction time of the mausoleum.