Low Time Pressure Research Articles

So cute, I could wait: the effect of cuteness on consumer patience.

While waiting has been a prevalent and mentally taxing experience for consumers in marketing scenarios, little research has explored situational factors that enhance consumer patience. Drawing on the priming theory, attachment theory, and conservation of resources theory, the current research examines how cuteness as a situational factor affects consumer patience. Across five experiments (N = 1030), we demonstrate that exposure to cuteness enhances consumer patience (Study 1). Moreover, we uncover that the effect is driven by perceived social support employing both mediation (Study 2) and moderation approaches (Study 3). Furthermore, we identify time pressure as the moderator, such that the effect of cuteness on consumer patience only exists among individuals under low time pressure and disappears for those under high time pressure (Study 4). Finally, we examine the downstream consequence of consumer patience for word-of-mouth positivity (Study 5). These findings contribute to the literature on cuteness, patience, and perceived social support, while also offering practical implications for companies seeking to enhance consumer patience.

When being unattractive is an advantage: effects of face perception on intuitive culpability judgments

This experiment explored the influence of facial attractiveness and trustworthiness on guilty judgments. We recruited 128 participants, randomly assigned to high and low time pressure conditions to act as judges in a simulated blind-date swindle case. Participants judged nine male faces from the Chicago Face Database with three attractiveness levels (unattractive, neutral and attractive), featuring a 2 × 3 mixed factorial design, with consistent standardized average levels of face trustworthiness. We also assessed participants’ self-reported processing styles (rational vs. experiential) using the Rational Experiential Inventory. Notably, participants predominantly judged unattractive faces as innocent, indicating an ugly leniency effect. Our results suggest the primacy of perceived face trustworthiness over attractiveness in guilt judgments for cases where the accused’s physical appearance might facilitate the crime’s success. This highlights the importance of examining the contribution of perceived trustworthiness to guilt judgment biases, and adds to growing evidence exploring extrajudicial factors in criminal verdicts.

The effect of font boldness, noise disturbance and time pressure on human error in the context of cloud change operation

This study investigated the number of operator errors, task completion time, and workload of subjects at different levels by imposing conditions such as focused text boldness, noise disturbance, and time pressure to simulate a realistic cloud change business process in the laboratory. Results of the study showed that the text bolding of important content reduced the number of errors, whereas noise interference increased the number of errors. Text boldness only reduced the number of corrected errors, and noise interference only increased the number of uncorrected errors. Moreover, bolding was found to have different effects on the number of errors under different noise levels and time pressure levels, with text boldness significantly reducing the number of total errors only in quiet or low time pressure states. Time pressure had no effect on cloud change task error counts, but high time pressure resulted in higher subjective workload.

The double-edged sword effect of chatbot anthropomorphism on customer acceptance intention: the mediating roles of perceived competence and privacy concerns

ABSTRACT This study examines the double-edged sword effect of chatbot agent anthropomorphism on customer acceptance in retail e-commerce using social response theory. Scenario-based experiments with a between-subject design were conducted to test hypotheses. Study 1 investigated the differences in positive and negative psychological perceptions (i.e. perceived competence, privacy concerns) and acceptance intention among 138 participants for different anthropomorphism levels of chatbots. Study 2 randomly assigned 282 subjects to 2 (anthropomorphism: high vs. low) × 2 (time pressure: high vs. low) experiments. Data collected from users of chatbot services in the retail e-commerce platforms were analysed using methods of reliability and validity analyses, one-sample t-test, independent-sample t-test, one-way ANOVA, and PROCESS bootstrap analyses. The results showed that chatbot anthropomorphism increased customers’ perceptions of chatbot competence and thus increased their intention to accept chatbot services, but also increased customers’ privacy concerns and thus decreased acceptance intention. Under high (vs. low) time pressure, customers perceived highly anthropomorphic chatbots as more competent, but time pressure did not moderate the effect of anthropomorphism on privacy concerns. This study extends research on social response theory and time pressure in the e-commerce management field, and provides guidance for retail e-commerce enterprises to develop chatbot anthropomorphism level differentiation strategies.

Prosocial decision-making under time pressure: Behavioral and neural mechanisms.

The present study employed a novel paradigm and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to uncover the specific regulatory mechanism of time pressure and empathy trait in prosocial decision-making, compared to self-decision making. Participants were instructed to decide whether to spend their own monetary interest to alleviate themselves (or another person) from unpleasant noise threats under high and low time pressures. On the behavioral level, results showed that high time pressure had a significant effect on reducing participants' willingness to spend money on relieving themselves from the noise, while there is a similar but not significant trend in prosocial decision-making. On the neural level, for self-concerned decision-making, low time pressure activated the bilateral insula more strongly than high time pressure. For prosocial decision-making, high time pressure suppressed activations in multiple brain regions related to empathy (temporal pole, middle temporal gyrus, and inferior frontal gyrus), valuation (medial orbitofrontal cortex), and emotion (putamen). The functional connectivity strength among these regions, especially the connectivity between the medial orbitofrontal cortex and putamen, significantly predicted the effect of time pressure on prosocial decision-making at the behavioral level. Additionally, we discovered the activation of the medial orbitofrontal cortex partially mediated the effect of empathy trait scores on prosocial decision-making. These findings suggest that (1) there are different neural underpinnings for the modulation of time pressure for self and prosocial decision-making, and (2) the empathy trait plays a crucial role in the latter.

Can increased automation transparency mitigate the effects of time pressure on automation use?

A factor that can potentially negatively impact the accuracy of automated decision aid use, and increase perceived workload, is time pressure. Increased automation transparency can increase the accuracy of automation use. We examined the extent to which increased transparency can mitigate the negative effects of time pressure on the accuracy of automation use and perceived workload. Participants completed an uninhabited vehicle (UV) management task where they assigned the best UV to complete missions by either accepting or rejecting automated advice. Participants made a decision after either 25s (low time pressure) or 12s (high time pressure). The accuracy of automation use decreased, and perceived workload increased, when under higher time pressure. Higher transparency benefited the accuracy of automation use and increased perceived trust and usability. However, high transparency did not mitigate the negative impacts of high time pressure, indicating that increased time pressure can influence the processing of highly transparent information.

Perceived Patient Workload and Its Impact on Outcomes During New Cancer Patient Visits: Analysis of a Convenience Sample.

Studies exploring the workload in health care focus on the doctors' perspectives. The ecology of the health care environment is critical and different for doctors and patients. In this study, we explore the patient workload among newly diagnosed patients with cancer during their first visit and its impact on the patient's perceptions of the quality of care (their trust in their doctors, their satisfaction with the care visits, their perception of technology use). We collected data from the Hackensack Meridian Health, John Theurer Cancer Center between February 2021 and May 2022. The technology use considered during the visit is related to doctors' use of electronic health records. A total of 135 participants were included in the study. Most participants were 50-64 years old (n=91, 67.41%). A majority (n=81, 60%) of them were White, and only (n=16, 11.85%) went to graduate schools. The findings captured the significant effect of overall workload on trust in doctors and perception of health IT use within the visits. On the other hand, the overall workload did not impact patients' satisfaction during the visit. A total of 80% (n=108) of patients experienced an overall high level of workload. Despite almost 55% (n=75) of them experiencing a high mental load, 71.1% (n=96) reported low levels of effort, 89% (n=120) experienced low time pressure, 85.2% (n=115) experienced low frustration levels, and 69.6% (n=94) experienced low physical activity. The more overall workload patients felt, the less they trusted their doctors (odds ratio [OR] 0.059, 95% CI 0.001-2.34; P=.007). Low trust was also associated with the demanding mental tasks in the visits (OR 0.055, 95% CI 0.002-2.64; P<.001), the physical load (OR 0.194, 95% CI 0.004-4.23; P<.001), the time load (OR 0.183, 95% CI 0.02-2.35; P=.046) the effort needed to cope with the environment (OR 0.163, 95% CI 0.05-1.69; P<.001), and the frustration levels (OR 0.323, 95% CI 0.04-2.55; P=.03). The patients' perceptions of electronic health record use during the visit were negatively impacted by the overall workload experienced by the patients (OR 0.315, 95% CI 0.08-6.35; P=.01) and the high frustration level experienced (OR 0.111, 95% CI 0.015-3.75; P<.001). The study's findings established pathways for future research and have implications for cancer patients' workload. Better technology design and use can minimize perceived workload, which might contribute to the trust relationship between doctors and patients in this critical environment. Future human factors work needs to explore the workload and driving factors in longitudinal studies and assess whether these workloads might contribute to unintended patient outcomes and medical errors.

Anticipatory cardiac deceleration estimates cognitive performance in virtual reality beyond tonic heart period and heart period variability

Anticipatory cardiac deceleration is the lengthening of heart period before an expected event. It appears to reflect preparation that supports rapid action. The current study sought to bolster anticipatory deceleration as a practical and unique estimator of performance efficiency. To this end, we examined relationships between deceleration and virtual reality performance under low and high time pressure. Importantly, we investigated whether deceleration separately estimates performance beyond basal heart period and basal high-frequency heart rate variability (other vagally influenced metrics related to cognition). Thirty participants completed an immersive virtual reality (VR) cognitive performance task across six longitudinal sessions. Anticipatory deceleration and basal heart period/heart period variability were quantified from electrocardiography collected during pre-task anticipatory countdowns and baseline periods, respectively. At the between-person level, we found that greater anticipatory declaration was related to superior accuracy and faster response times (RT). The relation between deceleration and accuracy was stronger under high relative to low time pressure, when good performance requires greater efficiency. Findings for heart period and heart period variability largely converge with the prior literature, but importantly, were statistically separate from deceleration effects on performance. Lastly, deceleration effects were detected using anticipatory periods that are more practical (shorter and more intermittent) than those typically employed. Taken together, findings suggest that anticipatory deceleration is a unique and practical correlate of cognitive-motor efficiency apart from heart period and heart period variability in virtual reality.

The interaction effect of online composite reviews and time pressure on information persuasiveness: A heuristic-systematic perspective

Previous studies have found that contradictory composite reviews lead to a higher perception of utility, whereas others have found that consistent composite reviews are more persuasive. These contradictory findings emphasize the need to identify the role of contextual factors and individual differences in the effects of composite reviews. Based on the heuristic-systems model, this study aims to explore the interactive effect of composite reviews and time pressure on consumers’ perception of information persuasiveness, and examine the moderating role of consumer knowledge. The results show that composite reviews and time pressure have interactive effects on information persuasiveness; consistent composite reviews are more persuasive to consumers under high time pressure situations; contradictory composite reviews are more persuasive under low time pressure situations; perceived fluency and perceived accuracy mediate the interaction effect of composite reviews and time pressure on information persuasiveness; and consumer knowledge further moderates the interaction effect of composite reviews and time pressure on information persuasiveness.

Time for you and for me: compassionate goals predict greater psychological well-being via the perception of time as nonzero-sum resources

ABSTRACT An experience sampling survey showed that when people seek to support others’ well-being in a given interaction, they experience greater life satisfaction, fulfillment of psychological needs, and lower time pressure through the perception that time spent on others is also time spent on themselves (i.e., nonzero-sum perception of time). In contrast, interpersonal goals to appear competent showed weaker positive indirect effects on psychological well-being, while goals to appear likable showed no significant indirect effects, and goals to avoid an undesirable self-image showed negative indirect effects. Spending time on others feels fulfilling rather than depleting when people have compassionate goals.

Time Pressure Affects the Risk Preference and Outcome Evaluation.

It is ubiquitous that food delivery riders do not have unlimited periods of time for deliberation to make decisions. Time pressure plays a significant role in decision-making processes. This study investigated how time pressure affected risk preference and outcome evaluation through behavioral and electrophysiological responses during decision-making. Participants finished a simple gambling task under three different time constraint conditions (high/medium/low). Behavioral and event-related potentials (ERPs) data were recorded during the experiment. The results showed that the decision time of people was shorter under high time pressure than under medium and low time pressures. People tend to make more risky choices when under high time pressure. The feedback-related negativity (FRN) amplitude was smaller in the high time pressure than in medium and low time pressure conditions. These findings provided evidence that time pressure has an impact on the risk decision-making process.

The negative footprint illusion in environmental impact estimates: Methodological considerations.

Past research has consistently shown that carbon footprint estimates of a set of conventional and more environmentally friendly items in combination tend to be lower than estimates of the conventional items alone. This ‘negative footprint illusion’ is a benchmark for the study of how cognitive heuristics and biases underpin environmentally significant behavior. However, for this to be a useful paradigm, the findings must also be reliable and valid, and an understanding of how methodological details such as response time pressure influence the illusion is necessary. Past research has cast some doubt as to whether the illusion is obtained when responses are made on a ratio/quantitative scale and when a within-participants design is used. Moreover, in past research on the negative footprint illusion, participants have had essentially as much time as they liked to make the estimates. It is yet unknown how time pressure influences the effect. This paper reports an experiment that found the effect when participants were asked to estimate the items’ emissions in kilograms CO2 (a ratio scale) under high and under low time pressure, using a within-participants design. Thus, the negative footprint illusion seems to be a reliable and valid phenomenon that generalizes across methodological considerations and is not an artifact of specific details in the experimental setup.

Associations of Work-Family Conflict with Family-Specific, Work-Specific, and Well-Being-Related Variables in a Sample of Polish and Ukrainian Adults during the Second Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study.

The conflict between work and family demands increased during the COVID-19 pandemic due to changes in lifestyle related to the lockdown. This study examines the associations between work-family conflict (WFC) and family-work conflict (FWC) with work-specific, family-specific, and well-being-related variables during the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. The results may be used in practice to improve the well-being of employees by adjusting home-based work and family areas of life to dynamic changes during the pandemic. The sample of 736 adults from Poland (53.26%) and Ukraine (46.74%), aged between 19 and 72 (M = 39.40; SD = 10.80), participated in the study. The cross-sectional study was performed using an online survey, including sociodemographic variables, measures of WFC, time pressure, remote work assessment (RWAS), physical health (GSRH), life satisfaction (SWLS), perceived stress (PSS-10), anxiety (GAD-7), and depression (PHQ-9). This study showed numerous inter-group differences in all variables across the country, gender, relationship status, parenthood, caring for children under 12, and remote working status. A high WFC is more likely among Polish workers (than Ukrainian workers), people with a low level of self-perceived time pressure, and high symptoms of stress. Caring for children under 12, low self-perceived time pressure, and high stress can predict FWC. Various paths lead from perceived stress via WFC and FWC, physical health, anxiety, and depression to life satisfaction, as suggested by the structural equation modeling analysis. Parents of children under 12 and women are the most vulnerable groups for increased WFC, FWC, and worse mental health and well-being. Prevention programs should focus on reducing stress, anxiety, and work demands in these adult populations. A unique contribution to the existing knowledge revealed patterns of associations between WFC and FWC in relation to well-being dimensions in a cross-cultural context during the pandemic.

The role of cue utilization in the detection of phishing emails

This study was designed to examine the roles of cue utilization, phishing features and time pressure in the detection of phishing emails. During two experiments, participants completed an email sorting task containing both phishing and genuine emails. Participants were allocated to either a high or low time pressure condition. Performance was assessed via detection sensitivity and response bias. Participants were classified with either higher or lower cue utilization and completed a measure of phishing knowledge. When participants were blind to the nature of the study (N = 191), participants with higher cue utilization were better able to discriminate phishing from genuine emails. However, they also recorded a stronger bias towards classifying emails as phishing, compared to participants with lower cue utilization. When notified of phishing base rates prior to the email sorting task (N = 191), participants with higher cue utilization were better able to discriminate phishing from genuine emails without recording an increase in rate of false alarms, compared to participants with lower cue utilization. Sensitivity increased with a reduction in time pressure, while response bias was influenced by the number of phishing-related features in each email. The outcomes support the proposition that cue-based processing of critical features is associated with an increase in the capacity of individuals to discriminate phishing from genuine emails, above and beyond phishing-related knowledge. From an applied perspective, these outcomes suggest that cue-based training may be beneficial for improving detection of phishing emails.

The impact of time pressure on impulsive buying: The moderating role of consumption type

The research examines the effect of time pressure on impulsive buying via the moderation of consumption type by identifying positive emotion as the underlying mechanism. Firstly, we verify that time pressure is positively correlated with affective aspects of impulsive buying but negatively associated with cognitive aspects of impulsive buying. Notably, affective (vs. cognitive) impulsive buying is dominated by affective (vs. cognitive) information processing. Research also has shown that hedonic (vs. utilitarian) consumption is dominated by affective (vs. cognitive) information processing. We thus further illustrate that high time pressure increases impulsive buying for hedonic products/services whereas low time pressure enhances impulsive buying for utilitarian products/services. These effects are mediated by positive emotion. This research reconciles the conflicting findings of time pressure effect on impulsive buying, advances the knowledge of how time pressure impacts impulsive buying, and provides practical implications for tourism practitioners and marketers about promoting strategies of impulsive buying.

Understanding the Impact of Time Pressure and Automation Support in a Visual Search Task.

To understand the impact of time pressure and automated decision support systems (DSS) in a simulated medical visual search task. Time pressure usually impairs manual performance in visual search tasks, but DSS support might neutralize this negative effect. Moreover, understanding the impact of time pressure and DSS support seems relevant for many real-world applications of visual search. We used a visual search paradigm where participants had to search for target letters in a simulated medical image. Participants performed the task either manually or with support of a highly reliable DSS. Time pressure was varied within-subjects by either a trialwise time-pressure manipulation (Experiment 1) or a blockwise manipulation (Experiment 2). Performance was assessed based on signal detection measures. To further analyze visual search behavior, a mouse-over approach was used. In both experiments, results showed impaired sensitivity under high compared to low time pressure in the manual condition, but no negative effect of time pressure when working with a highly reliable DSS. Moreover, participants searched less under time pressure and when receiving DSS support, indicating participants followed the automation without thoroughly checking recommendations. However, the human-DSS team's sensitivity was always worse than that of the DSS alone, independent of the strength of time pressure. Negative effects of time pressure can be ameliorated when receiving support by a DSS, but joint overall performance remains below DSS-alone performance. Highly reliable DSS seem capable of ameliorating the negative impact of time pressure in complex detection tasks.

The ups and downs of the week: A person-centered approach to the relationship between time pressure trajectories and well-being.

This study extends previous research on time pressure and well-being by investigating the relevance of distinct time pressure trajectories for indicators of well-being at the end of the working week and start of the next week. Drawing on the Effort-Recovery Model and Conservation of Resources theory, we applied latent class growth analyses and a manual stepwise Bolck-Croon-Hagenaar approach to examine (a) which latent classes of time pressure trajectories occur for employees and (b) how these classes differ from each other regarding indicators of well-being at the end of the working week and the following Monday. Using data on 254 employees in a daily diary study across five consecutive workdays, the findings revealed a four-class solution characterized by qualitatively different time pressure trajectories: a low stable time pressure trajectory and three trajectories with changing time pressure levels (high unstable, medium unstable, and increasing unstable time pressure). Further, the trajectories exhibited class-specific differences in Friday evening and Monday morning positive valence, calmness, and energetic arousal, in addition to Friday night sleep quality. The results indicated that not only did the level of time pressure matter regarding well-being but also the temporal pattern of change across one working week. The present article provides a first step towards understanding different temporal dynamics of time pressure and their relationship to well-being. Additionally, the findings are discussed from the perspective of resource loss and gain, providing practical recommendations for job design, leadership behavior, as well as individual coping with job demands. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA): a four years experience

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: None. Introduction Refractory cardiac arrest, defined as the absence of sustained return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) despite advanced life support (ALS), remains common and is burden by poor outcome. The Extracorporeal Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (E-CPR) may benefit organ perfusion, potentially improving OHCA outcomes. Purpose The aim of this study was to evaluate outcome of patients with refractory OHCA managed with E-CPR. Methods Single centre prospective observational registry of all patients with OHCA treated with E-CPR from 1 September 2017 to 28 February 2021. The enrolment to E-CPR was defined according to hospital protocol. Results We enrolled 166 patients with OHCA. Out of 59, 39 cases (66,1%) were included in E-CPR program. Prevalence of shockable rhythms was 59%. Survival at discharge from ICU was 10,2% (4 patients; 3 of them discharged with CPC 1-2 and all with ventricular fibrillation at presentation). E-CPR versus patients without refractory arrest have been compared: patients in the E-CPR group were younger (p=0,0002), had lower mean arterial pressure at ROSC and higher SOFA score (p&amp;lt;0,0001). NSE values between survivor (53,8 ± 17,9 mcg/L) and non-survivor (104,8 ± 44,2 mcg/L) at 24 hours were statistically significant (p=0,0669) as well as lactate clearance in the first 48 hours (p=0,001). In the univariate regression model serum lactate at admission (p&amp;lt;0,001; 95% CI 0,87 to 6,83), longer low flow time (p&amp;lt;0,002; 95% CI 0,99 to 1,29) and lower mean arterial pressure (p&amp;lt;0,01; 95% CI 0,99 to 1,29) were associated to mortality. Whereas only lactates (p&amp;lt;0,001; 95% CI 0,092 to 4,56) and low flow time (p&amp;lt;0,001; 95% CI 0,092 to 0,17) retained the association in the multivariate model (figure 1 for ROC curves). Conclusion Mortality rate in OHCA remains unacceptably high. Patients undertaking E-CPR have worsen hemodynamic and clinical parameters at admission, likely to consequence of refractory cardiac arrest. Low-flow time and lactates level are related to higher mortality as expression of worsen metabolic condition related to hypoperfusion state in patients with delayed ROSC.

Impact of time pressure on acceleration behavior and crossing decision at the onset of yellow signal

This study investigates acceleration behavior and crossing decision of the drivers under increasing time pressure driving conditions. A typical urban route was designed in a fixed-base driving simulator consisting of four signalized intersections with varying time to stop line (4 s and 6 s) and maneuver type (right-turn and go-through). 97 participants’ data were obtained under No Time Pressure (NTP), Low Time Pressure (LTP), and High Time Pressure (HTP) driving conditions. The acceleration behavior was examined at the onset of yellow signal in four ways: continuous deceleration, acceleration-deceleration, deceleration-acceleration, and continuous acceleration. A random forest model was used to build an acceleration behavior prediction model for identifying the significant explanatory variables based on variable importance ranking. Further, a Mixed Effects Multinomial Logit (MEML) model was developed using the explanatory variables obtained from a random forest model. Additionally, a generalized linear mixed model was incorporated for estimating the likelihood of crossing an intersection by considering all the explanatory variables. A MEML model result revealed that the odds of adopting acceleration-deceleration, deceleration-acceleration, and continuous acceleration instead of continuous deceleration increased by 63 %, 123 %, and 77 %, respectively under HTP driving conditions. Moreover, the likelihood of crossing a signalized intersection increased by 2.73 times and 4.26 times when the drivers were under LTP and HTP driving conditions, respectively as compared to NTP driving condition. Apart from this, time to stop line (reference: 6 s) and age showed negative association with crossing probability. Overall, the findings from this study revealed that drivers altered their acceleration behavior for executing risky driving decisions under increasing time pressure driving conditions.

Dispositional and situational factors on bargaining concession rates and outcomes: predictive power of NIMBuS–an integrated model of Buyer-Seller negotiations

We propose a process model that examines the antecedents and consequences of bargaining concession rates with managerially relevant constructs grounded in social psychology to predict negotiation outcomes in a sales setting involving multiple issues. The situational factors of relative power, constituent’s monitoring, time pressure; and dispositional factors of bargainer’s personality toughness and risk-taking propensity are integrated to test the associated set of hypotheses. Our novel approach employs a fractional factorial design experiment to test the predictions of our NIMBuS solution. The results of our sophisticated bargaining experiment support our model and hypotheses and add to the literature for empirical generalizability. We find in our integrated test that concession rates tend to be lower when bargainers are in a higher relative power position, are under lower time pressure, have higher personality-toughness, or have a higher risk-taking propensity. The underpinning of economic models asserting the importance of discount rates for concession-making does not hold. Our results indicate that the cost-prohibitive mechanism of organizational monitoring of salespeople may not be needed. Importantly, under asymmetric bargaining power situations, our model predicts actual outcomes better than the Nash solution. The critical importance of integrating social-psychological factors to understand the bargaining process and improve predicted outcomes is underscored.