Women Of Low Status Research Articles

Investigating (in)coherence in Tyneside English(es): sociophonetic variation spectrums of face, goat, price and mouth in the DECTE corpus

The present study investigates the co-occurrence of face, goat, price and mouth vocalic variants in the Tyneside Linguistic Survey (TLS, Strang, 1968). The analysis is based on the original fine-grained transcriptions of the TLS sociolinguistic interviews across a sample of 44 predominantly working-class speakers (men/women, older, middle-aged and teenagers). Multiple Factorial Analysis and cluster analysis were combined to identify sub-groupings in the variety based on the entirety of the transcriptions (consonants, stressed and reduced vowels), and to investigate coherence across these vocalic variants. The results point towards major gender and class effects with four clusters of speakers characterised by varying degrees of accentedness. Overall, lower-status women and slightly higher-status women distinguish themselves through distinct variant choices. Differences amongst men of either status can best be measured through the extent to which they use the traditional variants.

Is Pakistan’s fertility transition stalling?

ABSTRACT This study examines the question as to whether Pakistan’s fertility transition is stalling. The paper reviews the trajectories of fertility and its various determinants and compares Pakistan’s trends with those of India and Bangladesh. Countries in the South Asia region share features such as cultural similarities (e.g. the low status of women and son preference) and high poverty levels. However, while Bangladesh and India are near replacement fertility today with modern contraceptive prevalence rates well above 50 per cent, Pakistan still has one of the highest fertility and lowest contraceptive prevalence levels in Asia. Our main conclusion is that Pakistan’s fertility transition is close to stalling in mid-transition. The key causes of this stall are a high and unchanging desired family size, stalling demand for contraception and relatively low satisfaction of this demand. These are important obstacles to future decline in fertility.

A Semiotic Analysis in Who Killed Sara Film (2021)

This article aims to (1) to find out the connotative and denotative of meaning in the film Who Killed Sara (2) to determine the forms of gender discrimination which appear in Who Killed Sara. Researcher uses Roland Barthes’s Semiotics theory to identify the Gender discrimination form that appear through the film Who Killed Sara. After the deep research, the researcher founds that (1) the meaning of gender discrimination is highlighted by the discriminatory treatment of women in public life. When a group of people imposes restrictions on the social life of a woman, their view of the weakness and low status of women also leads women to experience discrimination (2) the form of discrimination that appear through the film has many varieties, such as; violence (verbal and non-verbal), stereotype, subordination, and workload. From this film, it can be seen that acts of discrimination are heinous acts and have a bad impact on a person. So this film provides a moral message for us viewers to create gender equality in social life.

Career development: A balance of opportunities and choices.

Career development: A balance of opportunities and choices.

Determinants of Women Empowerment in Bishoftu Town; Oromia Regional State of Ethiopia

The purpose of this study was to determine the status of women's empowerment and its determinants using women's asset endowment and decision-making potential as indicators. To determine representative sample size, this study used a two-stage sampling technique, and 122 sample respondents were selected at random. To analyze the data in this study, descriptive statistics and a probit model were used. The average women's empowerment index was 0.41, indicating a relatively lower status of women's empowerment in the study area. According to the study's findings, only 40.9% of women were empowered, while the remaining 59.1% were not. The probit model results show that women's access to the media, women's income, and their husbands' education status have a significant and positive impact on the status of women's empowerment, while the family size of households has a negative impact. As a result, it is important to enhance women's access to the media and income, promote family planning and contraception, and improve men's educational status in order to improve the status of women's empowerment.

In Women we Trust? Gender-Status Mismatch and Trust in Professional Networks

Although scholars have long acknowledged the importance of having effective networks in business, little is known about the role of women’s professional status in the effectiveness of their networks. Drawing on gender-status beliefs theory, we examine how a woman’s status affects levels of trust in the information that she shares with members of her professional network. We hypothesize that network members are likely to mistrust information from women because of a gender-status mismatch—a perceived mismatch between a woman’s work-related high status and her low social status, due to widely held beliefs about women’s lack of competence. By measuring three types of status and analyzing trust levels in 3,842 dyads from communication networks in a UK railway construction project from 2014 through 2015, we find that network members trust information from women who are in supervisory positions and are connected with central contacts less than information from low-status women. Our study extends the literature on gender-status beliefs and effective networks, and discusses practical implications.

Determinants of antenatal care use in nine sub-Saharan African countries: a statistical analysis of cross-sectional data from Demographic and Health Surveys

ObjectiveTo explore the factors associated with antenatal care (ANC) visits.DesignA secondary data analysis from cross-sectional studies was conducted.SettingSub-Saharan Africa.Participants56 002 women aged 15–49 years in Ghana (3224), Kenya (10 981),...

Is population Explosion a threat to Pakistan’s Economic Development?

Purpose: Population growth and its impact on economic development have been a subject of major concern among demographers, economists, and social scientists. Some believe that rapid population growth is a significant problem, while others consider it just a hoax. Previous studies have discovered the negative as well as the positive and profound impact of rapid population growth on economic development. The present study analyses population growth and its impact on economic development in the context of Pakistan.
 Design/Methodology/Approach: A Descriptive Methodology is found suitable to analyze the population growth and its impact on economic development in the context of Pakistan. In this regard, 50 articles from google scholar and statistical reports from World Bank are studied. The data is taken from World Bank Indicators and presented in the form of charts.
 Findings: It is found that poor family planning, high fertility, low status of women in society, and illiteracy are the main contributors to rapid population growth in Pakistan. The study concludes that rapid population growth in Pakistan contributes to higher unemployment, lower per-capita income, and depletion of natural resources.
 Implications/Originality/Value: It further recommends that rapid population growth can be addressed by educating the women, contraceptive-use campaigns or community-based programs, and investing in family planning programs.

Gender, formal organizational status and humor use: perceptions of social acceptance

PurposeHumor can be a useful tool in the workplace, but it remains unclear whether humor used by men versus women is perceived similarly due to social role expectations. This paper explored whether female humorists have less social latitude in their use of aggressive and affiliative humor in the workplace. This paper also examined how formal organizational status and the target's gender can impact audience perceptions.Design/methodology/approachTwo scenario-based studies were conducted where participants rated the foolishness of the humorist. For Study 1, participants responded to a scenario with an aggressive, humorous comment. For Study 2, participants responded to a scenario with an affiliative, humorous comment.FindingsResults suggested that high-status female humorists who used aggressive humor with low-status women were viewed as less foolish than low-status female humorists who used aggressive humor with low-status women. Conversely, status did not impact perceptions of male humorists who used aggressive humor with low-status women. Results also indicated that high-status women who used affiliative humor were viewed as less foolish when their humor was directed toward low-status men versus low-status women. Conversely, no differences existed for high-status men who used affiliative humor with low-status men and women.Practical implicationsNarrower social role expectations for women suggest that interpersonal humor can be a riskier strategy for women.Originality/valueThis study suggests that women have less social latitude in their use of humor at work, and that organizational status and target gender influence perceptions of female humorists.

Epic Woman Stepping into Reality: Depiction of Draupadi with a Feminist Lens with Reference to Three Indian Novels

Lower status of women is a stain on any society. The problem is becoming glaring in India in the wake of atrocities caused against women ‘from womb to tomb’. Even in this twenty first century, the impact of manuvadi ideology is getting evidently felt. ‘A thinking woman spoils everything’ is still the mindset. Maladies like honour killing, bride burning are still gloating over the security of women in the wake of the internalized mindset of patriarchal dictum, viz. ‘A woman does not deserve any freedom’ (Na stri swatantryam arhati). Since time immemorial, she was always taken for granted though she had never remained silent. The depiction of Draupadi in various writings underscores woman’s protest against male dichotomy and her refusal to live by disabling definitions that mark women as inferior.

Synthetic MRI in Neurofibromatosis Type 1.

Synthetic MRI enables the generation of various contrast-weighted images and quantitative data in a reasonable scanning time. We aimed to use synthetic MRI to assess the detection and underlying tissue characteristics of focal areas of signal intensity and normal-appearing brain parenchyma and morphometric alterations in the brains of patients with neurofibromatosis type 1. Conventional MR imaging and synthetic MRI were prospectively obtained from 19 patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 and 18 healthy controls. Two neuroradiologists independently evaluated focal areas of signal intensity on both conventional MR imaging and synthetic MRI. Additionally, automatically segmented volume calculations of the brain in both groups and quantitative analysis of myelin, including the focal areas of signal intensity and normal-appearing brain parenchyma, of patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 were performed using synthetic MRI. The comparison of conventional MR imaging and synthetic MRI showed good correlation in the supratentorial region of the brain (κ = 0.82-1). Automatically segmented brain parenchymal volume, intracranial volume, and GM volumes were significantly increased in the patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 (P < .05). The myelin-correlated compound, myelin fraction volume, WM fraction volume, transverse relaxation rate, and longitudinal relaxation rate values were significantly decreased in focal areas of signal intensity on myelin and WM maps (P < .001); however, GM, GM fraction volume, and proton density values were significantly increased on the GM map (P < .001). Synthetic MRI is a potential tool for the assessment of morphometric and tissue alterations as well as the detection of focal areas of signal intensity in patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 in a reasonable scan time.

Challenges&amp; Prospectus Of Women Enterpreneurs In India

Women Entrepreneurship play an important role in an economic growth. In India, though women are playing key role in the society but still their entrepreneurial ability has not been properly tapped due to the lower status of women in the society. In man oriented society, women want to prove him and created equality and democratic approachand also discusses various programs taken by government for women entrepreneurship development. This paper has been made to study about the status of women entrepreneurs and the challenges faced by them when they set up and managed their own businesses of business environment. This study is based on secondary data and primary data which is collected through questionnaire among 100 respondents in Madurai and data were analysed the reasons behind women entrepreneurs’ success and failures withHentry Garret Rankingwere used to identify themInfluencing factors on women Entrepreneurs and how to overcome that.

The influence of social and cultural practices on maternal mortality: a qualitative study from South Punjab, Pakistan

BackgroundA disproportionately high rate of maternal deaths is reported in developing and underdeveloped regions of the world. Much of this is associated with social and cultural factors, which form barriers to women utilizing appropriate maternal healthcare. A huge body of research is available on maternal mortality in developing countries. Nevertheless, there is a lack of literature on the socio-cultural factors leading to maternal mortality within the context of the Three Delays Model. The current study aims to explore socio-cultural factors leading to a delay in seeking care in maternal healthcare in South Punjab, Pakistan.MethodsWe used a qualitative method and performed three types of data collection with different target groups: (1) 60 key informant interviews with gynaecologists, (2) four focus group discussions with Lady Health Workers (LHWs), and (3) ten case studies among family members of deceased mothers. The study was conducted in Dera Ghazi Khan, situated in South Punjab, Pakistan. The data was analysed with the help of thematic analysis.ResultsThe study identified that delay in seeking care—and the potentially resulting maternal mortality—is more likely to occur in Pakistan due to certain social and cultural factors. Poor socioeconomic status, limited knowledge about maternal care, and financial constraints among rural people were the main barriers to seeking care. The low status of women and male domination keeps women less empowered. The preference for traditional birth attendants results in maternal deaths. In addition, early marriages and lack of family planning, which are deeply entrenched in cultural values, religion and traditions—e.g., the influence of traditional or spiritual healers—prevented young girls from obtaining maternal healthcare.ConclusionThe prevalence of high maternal mortality is deeply alarming in Pakistan. The uphill struggle to reduce deaths among pregnant women is firmly rooted in addressing certain socio-cultural practices, which create constraints for women seeking maternal care. The focus on poverty reduction and enhancing decision-making power is essential for supporting women’s right to medical care.

Thematic Analysis of Oromo Proverbs Said About Women

The purpose of this study is to look at the representation of women in the Oromo proverbs and to evaluate the awareness of the society about the effects of these proverbs on women. To achieve this goal, an attempt was made to collect proverbs that refer to women. The data was collected from pre documented books because of the inconvenience of data collection in the field due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The collected data was translated from the original language ‘Afaan Oromoo` to the target language `English` and finally analyzed and interpreted qualitatively. From the result, women are portrayed both positively and negatively in Oromo proverbs, and the image of a mother and wives are positive. They are represented as excellent house makers and obedient servants of their family. This study, also found out that women are perceived negatively and disrespected in Oromo proverbs. Male dominance and the inferior position and the low status of women are clearly observed. In these proverbs, women are perceived as ignorant, dependent, weak, irresponsible, unpredictable, and as inferior members of their community. In general, the actual characteristics of women are considered as nothing and ideal behaviors are disseminated in proverbs and in cultural trends. The transmission of these proverbs has a contribution to the perpetuation of the negative images of women and this causes women’s negative self-image and their low participation in different social affairs in their community. Therefore, educating women, giving awareness creation training about women’s equality to the society, increasing women’s participation, and discouraging the use of the proverbs that socialize the inferior status of women may be a solution to create a better positive image of women in the society.

Exposure of second hand smoke in women and children: A narrative review.

Second-hand smoke is a neglected public health issue. Every year 1.2 million people die due to this exposure. Second-hand smoke is also related to various other diseases like cardiovascular diseases, lung diseases, low birth weight, maternal depression, etc. The purpose of this review is to look over various studies and to gain an understanding of existing research about second-hand smoke and its adverse effects. In addition, we tried to identify the barriers behind creating a smoke-free environment at home and successful strategies employed and suggestion given in various studies. A comprehensive search of the recent literature related to Second-hand smoke was undertaken using electronic databases like MEDLINE, PUBMED, Google Scholar, and Research gate. Keyword searches were conducted for publications published since 2004 or later on Second-hand smoke exposure in pregnant women. Prevalence of SHS among pregnant women ranged from 24% 92%. Lack of knowledge, absence of comprehensive smoking ban, low status of women was among the main contributing factors. Community awareness and counseling by primary health-care physician was found to be successful strategies. There are various cultural and social barriers behind a smoke-free home for pregnant women. Interventional approaches like focused counseling by primary care physicians can help to overcome this issue. There is a need for behavioral interventions and community awareness to be done in this aspect.

The Danger of Singular Saviors: Vulnerability, Political Power, and Jesus’s Disturbance in the Temple (Mark 11:15–19)

The story of Jesus’s disturbance in the temple as it is told in all four canonical gospels portrays Jesus as a singularly powerful figure against other powerful (mostly) men of his day. This way of telling the story obscures the presence of enslaved people, low-status women, and other vulnerable workers. This article argues that, in the disturbance, Jesus does little harm to those who owned money-changing tables or to the temple authorities economically or physically; rather, he harms the vulnerable workers at their tables. A reframing of the disturbance to center the perspectives of these often-marginalized groups reveals their political and theological savvy, which provides the strategic conditions for the protest.

Prevalence and determinants of unmet need for contraception in North Gonja District, Ghana

BackgroundUnmet need for contraception contributes to the burden of unwanted pregnancies, which are correlated with a host of adverse maternal and child outcomes. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and identify the determinants of unmet need for contraception in North Gonja District, Ghana.MethodsA cross-sectional survey involving 386 randomly selected women of childbearing age was conducted in North Gonja district, Ghana, with the use of a questionnaire in household interviews. Women were classified as having unmet need for contraception if they were fecund, sexually active and wished to postpone the next birth or halt childbearing completely but were not using any form of contraception. Chi-square/Fisher’s exact test and logistic regression analysis were used to identify the determinants of unmet need.ResultsThe mean age of the study population was 26.1 (±8.4) years and awareness on contraception was almost universal in the district (95.9%). The overall prevalence of unmet need for contraception was 38.9%, with 27.5% having unmet need for limiting and 12.2% unmet need for spacing. In multivariate analysis, compared to women aged 25–29 years, those aged 20–24 years [Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) 0.26; 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 0.11–0.58] and 30 years and above (AOR 0.25; 95% CI 0.09–0.73) were less likely to have unmet need for contraception. However, uneducated women (AOR 5.06; 95% CI 1.07–24.01) compared with those educated to tertiary level; those unaware of family planning (AOR 3.93; 95% CI 1.12–13.80) compared to those aware; and those who had not previously practised contraception (AOR 1.81; 95% CI 1.09–3.00) compared to those who did were more likely to have unmet need.ConclusionsThe present study found high prevalence of both awareness on and unmet need for contraception among the study population. Unmet need for contraception is associated with age, educational status, awareness on family planning and previous contraception practice. Educational campaigns to promote contraception should prioritize women of middle age and low educational status. Further studies are needed to understand the low correlation between awareness on and unmet need for contraception.

Marital Bond and Genealogical Anxiety – Reaffirming the Schism between Rabbinic Texts from Babylonia and the Land of Israel

Abstract Societies are constituted of thick networks of intersecting constructs: genealogical anxiety is bound up with stronger patriarchal family structures. Goody and Guichard portrayed two clusters of social features – the “Occidental” (bi-lineal family model, strengthened nuclear family, solid husband-wife relationship, monogamy, loose gender separation, and a higher status of women); and the “Oriental” (patrilineal model, broader family structure, weak husband-wife relationship, tribal importance attributed to genealogy, codes of honor and shame, legitimacy of polygamy, rigid gender separation, a lower status of women, active men, and female passivity). Following these taxonomies, the article explores the relationship between genealogical anxiety and intersecting social commitments in classical and early medieval rabbinic culture: Talmudic and Midrashic stories, as well as an exegetical narrative from an unknown Midrash preserved in the Genizah. It also claims that the earlier sources are proven helpful in reaffirming the claim for a different mode of genealogical anxiety in Babylonian sources.

Determinants of Under-Five Mortality in Ghana: Evidence from the Ghana Demographic and Health Survey

Background and Objectives: This study aims to investigate the strength of the association between socio-economic, maternal and environmental determinants and under-five mortality in Ghana.&#x0D; Methods: We utilized data from the 2014 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey, a population-based cross-sectional study, which included 4151 children born alive to women aged 15-49 years. The primary outcome variable was under-five mortality. Descriptive statistics and multivariate logistic regression were applied to assess the relationship and relative association of the independent variables with the outcome variable.&#x0D; Results: Children of women with secondary education and above and women within the middle wealth status were 0.593 and 0.886 less likely to experience under five deaths compared to women with no education and women of low wealth status (OR=0.593; 95% CI 1.690 to 2.063; p&lt; 0.01) (OR =0.886; 95% CI 1.48 to 1.63; p&lt;0.01). Women who had their first birth at age 20-29 years were 0.764 less likely to experience under-five deaths compared to those aged 15-19 years (OR= 0.764; 95% CI 0.994 to 1.191; p&lt;0.01). Children born in households with pit toilets were more likely (OR= 1.51; 95% CI 1.20 to 2.30; p&lt;0.01) to die before age five compared to children born in households with flushed toilet. Women who used bore hole /well water were more likely (OR= 1.686; 95% CI 2.94 to 3.01; p&lt; 0.05) to experience under-five deaths compared to women who used piped water.&#x0D; Conclusion and Implications for Translation: This study identified the determinants that significantly predicted under-five deaths and the magnitude of the influence on under-five deaths in Ghana. It accentuates the need for increased maternal education, delayed child bearing, provision of improved drinking water and toilet facilities to reduce under-five deaths in Ghana.&#x0D; Key words: • Socio-economic • Maternal health • Child health • Environmental factors • Under-five mortality • Ghana • Demographic and Health Survey • DHS&#x0D; &#x0D; Copyright © 2020 Nyaaba, et al. Published by Global Health and Education Projects, Inc. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work, first published in this journal, is properly cited.

Calloused hands, shorter life? Occupation and older-age survival in Mexico.

Inequalities in mortality are often attributed to socioeconomic differences in education level, income, and wealth. Low socioeconomic status (SES) is generally related to worse health and survival across the life course. Yet, disadvantaged people are also more likely to hold jobs requiring heavy physical labor, repetitive movement, ergonomic strain, and safety hazards. We examine the link between primary lifetime occupation, together with education and net worth, on survival among older adults in Mexico. We use data from four waves (2001, 2003, 2012, and 2015) of the Mexican Health and Aging Study (MHAS). We estimate age-specific mortality rates for ages 50 and over using a hazards model based on a two-parameter Gompertz function. Primary lifetime occupations have a stronger association with survival for women than men. Women with higher socioeconomic status have significantly lower mortality rates than lower status women, whether SES is assessed in terms of schooling, wealth, or occupation. Occupational categories are not jointly related to survival among men, even without controls for education and wealth. There are significant survival differences by wealth among men, but no disparities in mortality by education. Consistent with recent studies of the Mexican population, we fail to find the expected gradient in the association between some measures of SES and better survival among men. Our estimates extend this anomalous pattern among Mexican men to another dimension of SES, occupation. SES differentials in mortality are substantially larger for Mexican women, highlighting an important gender disparity.