Low Social Value Research Articles

Inventing with bacteriology: controversy over anti-cholera therapeutic serum and tensions between transnational science and local practice in Tokyo and Berlin (1890-1902).

The present article examines the material, epistemological, and social dimensions of late nineteenth-century anti-cholera serum controversies that unfolded in Tokyo and Berlin. It seeks to shed light on the conflicting values embedded in the construction of scientific evidence during the transnational exploration of bacteriology as an effective response to controlling epidemics. Driven by Japanese health authorities' initiatives, Japanese bacteriologist Kitasato Shibasaburo participated in the elaboration of bacteriological research oriented toward therapeutic application during his stay in Berlin. This work coincided with the rise of a controversy over anti-cholera serum in relation to the animal experiments conducted by Richard Pfeiffer, a German bacteriologist. After presenting a series of animal experiments and certain clinical cases conducted in Germany, France, and Egypt in the context of the controversies, the article analyzes a therapeutic trial conducted by Kitasato in Japan during an 1895 cholera epidemic. His strategy, bringing new data to the transnational debate through an intensive investment of resources in the trial, provoked criticism from his Japanese and German colleagues. These critics questioned Kitasato's method and pointed out the low social value of this experimental serum therapy, performed in highly equipped conditions. Through this case study, the present article highlights: a) a strong tension between transnational research interactions among bacteriologists and local medical practices during public health campaigns against epidemics at the turn of the twentieth century; b) the importance of analyzing the interconnected effects of local, national and transnational frameworks of medical science when examining the increasingly intertwined relationships between laboratory science and clinical medicine.

Factors affecting the formation of negative attitudes in undergraduate nursing students towards their profession: A content analysis.

The attitude of nursing students towards their profession is one of the important factors that have many effects on students and their professional future. A positive attitude leads to academic progress, and in the future, nurses with professional commitment will enter the labour market, and on the contrary, a negative attitude can lead to withdrawal from education and job burnout. The aim of the present study was to investigate factors affecting the formation of negative attitudes in undergraduate nursing students towards their profession. This study was conducted with a qualitative research method and with a content analysis approach in 1400 in nursing and midwifery schools in Tehran. In order to collect data, 21 people were selected by purposeful sampling and semi-structured interviews were conducted with them. The interviews were recorded and transcribed on paper and analysed. Information in 4 main categories and 11 sub-categories, including defects in the structure of the organisation (including the sub-categories of discrimination, job problems, financial problems, defective organisational management, unfavourable professional communication), inefficient educational system (including the sub-category of defects in clinical education and educational supervision), individual factors (including the sub-classes of lack of interest and low self-esteem), and community beliefs (including the sub-classes of low social value and ignorant society), was included. Various reasons are involved in the formation of a negative attitude towards the nursing profession, and in most cases, these factors are related to the problems of the profession and the educational problems of the profession, which can be solved by adjusting some factors and paying more attention to the profession from upstream organisations. It has raised the nursing profession and improved the conditions of nurses, and in the future, the attitude towards the nursing profession will be improved and can lead to the improvement of the health of the society.

Settled: Patent characteristics and litigation outcomes in the pharmaceutical industry

A pharmaceutical company that seeks to produce a generic version of a brand drug before patent expiration can trigger a Paragraph IV litigation. However, generic and brand companies may avoid litigation through settlement, which sometimes involves payment to the generic company to delay generic entry. This behavior would be problematic if the settlement option was used to protect patents with low social value. This study explores the relationship between Paragraph IV litigation characteristics and the probability of a Paragraph IV settlement. Examining Paragraph IV settlements from 2003 to 2020, we find that the number of patents being litigated and the years of remaining market exclusivity are the strongest predictors of settlement. Moreover, we find no statistically significant relationship between active ingredient patents and settlement. This information may be helpful to regulators intending to promote the goals of the Hatch-Waxman Act.

The Effect of Pay Transparency on Employee Integrity: Taking Social Mindfulness into Account

Extending prior research on the role of injustice perceptions and negative emotions in explaining the positive effect of pay transparency on pay-disadvantaged employees’ unethical behavior, we examine a more automatic process – (decreased) social mindfulness – as further explaining this effect. Two simulation-based experiments using gig-workers, high in psychological involvement and realism, supported the mediating role of social mindfulness. Specifically, Study 1, manipulating employees’ pay to be lower relative to that of virtual teammates, provided casual evidence for the positive indirect effect of pay transparency (vs. secrecy) on employees’ unethical behavior towards unrelated peers (i.e., not one of their teammates) through (lower) social mindfulness. Study 2, a pre-registered experiment also using gig-workers, replicated this indirect effect with respect to behavior targeted against both related- (individuals observably paid more) and unrelated-peers (i.e., no knowledge of their pay), and found that it persisted even when taking the negative emotions resulting from injustice perceptions into account. Interestingly, Study 2 also indicated that the negative impact of pay transparency on social mindfulness and subsequent unethical behavior, is significantly more pronounced among individuals with average and high (rather than low) social value orientation. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

Spiritual Counseling and Care Needs of Parents whose Children Diagnosed with Esophageal Atresia and Tracheoesophageal Fistula

Bu çalışmanın amacı, özofagus atrezisi-trakeaözofageal fistül tanısı alan çocuk sahibi anne ve babalara yönelik manevi danışmanlık ve rehberlik ihtiyacını ortaya koymaktır. Araştırmanın girişinde genel bir bilgi verildikten sonra yapılan çalışmanın amacına kısaca değinilmiştir. Aynı bölümde, çalışmanın metodolojik olarak yerli ve yabancı literatür taraması yapılarak dokümantasyon tekniğine göre hazırlandığına değinilmiştir. Öncelikle özofagus atrezisi- trakeaözofageal fistül hastalığının tanımı yapılmıştır. Özofagus atrezisi-trakeaözofageal fistül çeşitleri ele alınırken şekil ile konunun anlaşılırlığı desteklenmiştir. Özofagus atrezisi- trakeaözofageal fistül hastalığının tedavi yöntemleri ele alınmıştır. Hastalığın önce embriyolojisine sonra etiyolojisine yer verilerek hastalığa dair genel çerçeve çizilmiştir. Ardından özofagus atrezisi-trakeaözofageal fistül tanısı alan çocuk sahibi anne ve babaların değişen günlük rutinlere uyumsuzluk, kötü anne-baba olma hissi, toplumdan dışlanmışlık, sosyal değer düşüklüğü, savunmasızlık gibi birtakım psiko-sosyal uyum sorunlarının olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Özofagus atrezisi-trakeaözofageal fistül tanısı alan çocuk sahibi anne ve babaların, çocuklara yönelik temel bakım ve temel ilkyardımı öğrenme, mevcut durumla başa çıkmada maddi destek, sosyal destek, psikolojik anlamda başa çıkabilme konusunda din hizmetleri gibi ihtiyaç alanlarının olduğuna değinilmiştir. Dinsel başa çıkmanın ne olduğu açıklandıktan sonra bu anne ve babaların dinsel başa çıkma ihtiyaçları incelenmiştir. Ardından dinsel bağlanma üzerinde durulmuş ve özofagus atrezisi-trakeaözofageal fistül tanısı alan çocuk sahibi anne ve babaların dinsel bağlanma ihtiyaçları ele alınarak manevi danışmanlık ihtiyaçları bölümü sonlandırılmıştır. Daha sonra özofagus atrezisi-trakeaözofageal fistül tanısı alan çocuk sahibi anne-babaların rehabilitasyonunda anlam arayışı, dua ve ibadet, tevekkül ve kader gibi manevi danışmanlık temalarının önemine dikkat çekilmiştir. Anlam arayışı bölümünde ‘anlam arayışı’nın ne olduğuna yer verildikten sonra hastalıkla özdeşlik kurulmuştur. Özofagus atrezisi- trakeaözofageal fistül tanısı alan çocuk sahibi anne-babaların rehabilitasyonunda manevi içerikli psiko-eğitime olan ihtiyaç gözler önüne serilmiştir. Dua ve ibadet başlığında dua ve ibadetin tanımı yapılmış, konu ile ilişiği ayrı paragraflarda ele alınmıştır. Tevekkül ve kaderin tanımı yapılarak manevi danışmanlıktaki rehabilite özelliğine değinilmiştir. Araştırmanın sonuç bölümünde çalışma toparlanmış ve konuyla ilgili yapılabilecek çalışmalara değinen öneriler bölümüne yer verilmiştir.

Signaling Consumer Impressions with CSR Support on Social Media: The Roles of Industry Stigma and Consumer Self-Disclosure

Through the impression management lens of consumers, this experimental study investigates when and how consumers regulate their images on social media through their divergent reactions to corporate social responsibility (CSR) advertising. Results show that consumers who disclose themselves infrequently and discriminately on social media (low self-disclosure) perceive the lower social value of CSR engagement in managing their impressions when CSR is for stigmatized industries (gambling) than nonstigmatized industries (amusement park). The degraded social value of CSR engagement is a psychological mediator underlying how consumers mitigate their engagement intention for stigmatized industries, which further leads to a lower intention to purchase cause-related products. However, consumers with high self-disclosure behavior perceive a high value from CSR engagement and actively engage in CSR regardless of industry stigma. The study highlights strategic approaches to social media and target segmentation for the sin industries to attenuate the blanket effect of industry stigma on their CSR advertising.

Trust in everyday life.

Although trust plays a pivotal role in many aspects of life, very little is known about the manifestation of trust and distrust in everyday life. In this work, we integrated several prior approaches to trust and investigated the prevalence and key determinants of trust (vs. distrust) in people's natural environments, using preregistered experience-sampling methodology. Across more than 4,500 social interactions from a heterogeneous sample of 427 participants, results showed high average levels of trust, but also considerable variability in trust across contexts. This variability was attributable to aspects of trustee perception, social distance, as well as 3 key dimensions of situational interdependence: conflict of interests, information (un)certainty, and power imbalance. At the dispositional level, average everyday trust was shaped by general trust, moral identity, and zero-sum beliefs. The social scope of most trust-related traits, however, was moderated by social distance: Whereas moral identity buffered against distrusting distant targets, high general distrust and low social value orientation amplified trust differences between close vs. distant others. Furthermore, a laboratory-based trust game predicted everyday trust only with regard to more distant but not close interaction partners. Finally, everyday trust was linked to self-disclosure and to cooperation, particularly in situations of high conflict between interaction partners' interests. We conclude that trust can be conceptualized as a relational hub that interconnects the social perception of the trustee, the relational closeness between trustor and trustee, key structural features of situational interdependence, and behavioral response options such as self-disclosure. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

I tweet, they follow, you eat: Number of followers as nudge on social media to eat more healthily.

• Consumption of healthy food in social settings is inhibited by its low social value. • Nudges that rely on social factors (social nudges) may improve this social value. • High numbers of followers on social media accounts are effective social nudges. • High numbers of followers increase social value, hence consumption of healthy food. • Influence of Presumed Influence explains the effectiveness of this social nudge.

Proximate Characteristics and Nutritional Value of White Anchovy Flour

Low fish consumption in some parts of Indonesia is caused by the high price of several types of fish. Its include types of fish that have a low social value in the community so it is less desirable although their value of nutrients is very good. Anchovy is actually the best source of calcium and protein. Calcium in white anchovy (Stolephorus sp) is very stable resistant and not easily soluble in water. White anchovies (Stolephorus sp) are excellent as a source of calcium and protein in children who are in their infancy, expectant mothers, nursing mothers and adult women to prevent osteoporosis. When the production volume of white anchovy (Stolephorus sp) is increased, making fish flour is a preservation method, It will make the benefits of anchovy can be maximised. White anchovy flour quality can be measured by proximate characteristics and nutritional quality. Proximate parameters in this study are determination of water content, ash content, peroxide numbers, acid numbers, and saponification numbers. Nutritional quality analysis such as carbohydrates, protein, fat, calcium, iron, fiber, zinc, DHA, EPA and trans fat. The characteristics of the proximate are good and meet the quality standards of a food product from fresh anchovy (Stolephorus sp) such as fiber content, ash content, number of peroxide and trans fatty acids. The best nutritional quality of fresh anchovy (Stolephorus sp) are the content of protein, calcium, iron ,zinc, DHA and EPA.

Redistribution of salary or professional recognition? The difficult construction of a profession, the Peruvian nursing.

The study presents the current profile of Peruvian nursing, its professional construction and its dilemmas, emphasizing its socio-cultural features. To this end, an extensive literature was reviewed, interviewing nurses in key positions and analyzing secondary source data. This study keeps its distance from other studies on health care professions as a workforce, to analyze the low social legitimacy of the nursing profession despite being the great operator of health care services in Peru. This resulting psychological overload, additionally to the work overload is reflected in job dissatisfaction, stress, burnout, intention of changing careers, and a strong desire to migrate. As a result, Peruvian nursing has opted for three alternatives: a) resilience, which means to adapt to this unfavorable situation; b) abandoning the profession, or leaving the country; and c) reaction, which gathers all manifestations of the profession against abandonment, informality, and mediocrity. In conclusion, the biggest challenge of professions given low social value is the recognition and not only the salary redistribution. This significant challenge for Peruvian nursing does not mainly relate to legal professionalization, but professionalism, which must result in greater legitimacy and autonomy.

Determining the Marginal Willingness to Pay for the Cervical Cancer Screening Program in Croatia: A Best-Worst Scaling Approach1

Croatia is faced with a low response to cancer-screening programs, especially the national cervical cancer screening program, which ultimately resulted in its suspension. If judged solely on the basis of revealed preferences, such a poor response would imply that the population assigns a low social value to preventive screening programs. However, the question arises as to whether revealed preferences (the population's response), in the case of the absence of response to a preventive program, provide insight into its value (utility). Therefore, the objective of this paper is to determine the value that respondents assign to different attributes of cervical screening and, in a broader sense, to decide whether the best-worst scaling (BWS) approach is appropriate for determining the marginal willingness to pay (MWTP) for public health programs. The MWTP for certain attributes of cervical cancer screening is derived from the results of a BWS study conducted in Primorje-Gorski Kotar County, Croatia. The cost function was estimated by regressing the conditional logit coefficients (level of utility) of three levels of the cost attribute on its corresponding values, that is, the hypothetical price. Because the sum of the MWTP corresponds with the market price of a gynecological examination in private practice, we conclude that the results obtained by the BWS confirm the revealed preferences (the market value of the service).

Multicriteria spatial analysis applied to identifying ecosystem services in mixed-use river catchment areas in south central Chile

BackgroundThe flow of goods and services occurring in catchment areas allows the production of a series of ecosystem services. These have a direct impact on the inhabitants of the territory, who in turn recognise and value ecosystems (social value) as a function of the benefits which they generate. This has a direct impact on public policies that contribute to the development of local economies. The present study therefore sought to identify and recognize the social value of the various ecosystem services provided by a mixed-use catchment area in which different productive activities are concentrated. This study examined the social value of ecosystem services and offers qualitative or quantitative, non-monetary estimates of the relative importance of different benefits for human society derived from the functioning of ecosystems (Laterra et al, Valoración de Servicios Ecosistémicos, Conceptos, herramientas y aplicaciones para el ordenamiento territorial, 2011). The methodology involved the participation of leading actors in the territory, and a panel of experts who defined criteria and weighting which were applied to a multicriteria spatial model. They assigned ordinal scale to the territory representing levels of appreciation based on the various ecosystem services in the ecological, productive, landscape and cultural dimensions. The results showed that the inhabitants of the territory recognise the ecosystem benefit of areas covered by native forest, in particular the species Nothofagus dombeyi (Mirb.) Oerst., in contrast to areas used for farm production. The functioning of the ecosystem is recognised, and particularly its contribution to regulating water flows and to water production and quality.ResultsThe study results showed that areas covered with secondary forest of N. dombeyi provide a variety of ecosystem functions which support the creation of ecosystem services to the population, especially in riparian areas throughout the basin where they are important for water production and quality. ES ponderations for provision, regulation and cultural showed that the native forest and riparian units (HEU 1 and HEU 6) as a very important group in relation to the ES because there are recognized by the local society (P < 0.05). The leading actors assigned a low social value to other land-uses, like mixed use and farmland, because of the high degree of anthropisation of these ecosystems; this viewpoint has generated conflicts in the territory. Neither foresters nor farmers recognise or accept the impacts of their activities on the various ecosystem services provided by the territories where they operate, even though they are leading actors for the development of local economies.ConclusionThe participation of the leading actors of a territory, represented spatially in a multicriteria analysis model, highlighted the social value of the ecosystems present in a hydrographic catchment area which supports different productive and conservation activities. The model contributed to understanding of the functional processes which generate goods and services present in the physical medium. The study used a hybrid method which included definition of homogeneous environmental units and multicriteria and multivariate statistical analysis. This allowed the information provided by the actors in the territory to be analysed with different spatial scales, levels of perception and elements of territorial planning which contribute to the generation of public policies and the sustainable management and conservation of natural ecosystems.

Are students who make an effort perceived as successful or just liked by their teachers?

The aim of the present paper was to analyze the social value of effort versus competence in the field of education. In Study 1, participants (N = 116) were asked to indicate the importance of effort- and competence-related personality traits in achieving academic success. We also examined their meritocratic beliefs. In Study 2, middle school teachers (N = 87) were asked to judge the academic success (social utility) and perceived likeability (social desirability) of students described as high versus low on effort and competence. Results showed that participants judged effort as being more important for academic success than competence, especially concerning participants showing high levels of meritocratic beliefs (Study 1). Despite this normative value of effort, effort was judged less predictive of academic success than competence, suggesting a low social value of effort with regard to social utility. A reversed pattern was observed for social desirability.

El maíz en el sistema agrario y en la alimentación en Galicia, siglos XVII-XIX

El sistema agropecuario vigente en muchas comarcas de Galicia al filo de 1600 notó transformaciones decisivas con la difusión del maíz desde la década de 1630. La planta americana no se convirtió en un cultivo más al lado de los ya existentes, sino que, con ritmos distintos según los territorios, desplazó al mijo y en ocasiones a los cereales de invierno y afectó a las diferentes piezas del complejo tecnológico que caracterizaba la economía rural, desde los usos del monte comunal hasta la estructura y niveles de la cabaña ganadera, y desde el calendario agrario a la división sexual de los diversos trabajas. Impulsado por los campesinos, el maíz transformó el paisaje agrario y el sistema alimenticio de las aldeas en las que se generalizó, a pesar de su escaso aprecio social. En efecto, las contabilidades y otras fuentes monásticas ponen de manifiesto que solo consumían el cereal americano aquellas familias que no tenían suficiente centeno, lo que creó identidades sociales derivadas del tipo de pan que se cocía en los hogares, pues otra cuestión a destacar es que el maíz, a imitación de lo que se practicaba el mijo, se utilizó fundamentalmente en forma de pan, lo que contribuyó a evitar la difusión de la pelagra en comarcas en las que llegó a convertirse casi en el único cereal que se cultivaba y comía.

Increasing effective students’ engagement in study

The study stresses out the interest that pedagogy specialist’s show towards education and mostly tries to find proper methods to improve pre-service teacher training. A career in teaching and education has become unattractive for new generations of graduates and we will point out the reasons that led to a low interest for this career: the low social value of teaching profession, low income and lack of students’ interest for learning. More and more specialists draw attention to the fact that education and educational institutions are in a serious crisis. It is a warning for both theoreticians and practitioners. We believe that education is more than a science; it also contains elements of art because it involves judgements, feelings and values. It is necessary for the future teachers to be aware of the role and importance of metacognitive self-training in becoming good professionals. Keywords: Didactic carrier, formation, study, improving formation, metacognition, empiric research.

Use of agrobiodiversity and crop management practices for climate change adaptation in high hill agriculture of Nepal

This paper highlights the effects of climate related hazards in crops and the existing adaptation practices in the high hills of Nepal. First, interaction meeting held in Kathmandu decided to select three districts: Humla, Kaski and Solukhumbhu as the representative districts. Second, stakeholder interaction meetings held in respective districts selected three villages: Chhipra from Humla district, Lumle from Kaski district and Takashindu from Solukhumbhu district. Information was acquired using Focus Group Discussion with the use of diversity analysis tools viz. four-cell analysis, noting traits of local crop genetic resources, and matrix ranking of crop varieties. The study found that climate hazards were increasing in recent years affecting farming adversely. Existing adaptation practices included change of crops and cropping pattern and use of alternate crop management strategies. Tourism, low social value attached to traditional crops, inadequate research, and food subsidy and other forms of external support have been identified as the threat to agrobiodiversity conservation in high hills of Nepal. Promotion of agro-tourism, identifying crop varieties tolerant to extreme weather events and their promotion through technology development and value addition have been suggested to combat climate change effects in high hill agriculture in the country.

An educated, successful businessman or a market dealer speaking with an accent? Research on subconscious attitudes of students in Russian schools

The article focuses on the speaker evaluation experiment conducted in the spring of 2016 in Vilnius schools with Russian as the language of instruction. The aim of the experiment was to reveal the students’ subconscious attitudes (evaluations) and determine whether the four speaking styles of Vilnius, which had been distinguished conventionally for the purposes of the research, were recognized by the respondents and what social meanings the styles were associated with. The same experiment was conducted in 2014 in Vilnius schools with Lithuanian as the language of instruction. The study proved the hypothesis that there was a clear hierarchy of the speech styles differentiated by the variants of /i/, /u/, /i + R/, /u + R/ of different duration used in a stressed position. The styles are socially significant to ethnic Lithuanian school students and function as markers of social personality types associated with different personality traits, professions and ethnicity. This year’s experiment is based on the assumption that the social stigma created by standardization ideology and associated with Slavic speakers has affected the subconscious attitudes of students from Russian schools so much that Vilnius speech styles will evoke to them similar associations to those of the students of Lithuanian origin; in other words, phonetic variants which distinguish the styles are likely to identify the same social types of speakers.The research has proved the initial hypothesis. The style Kam+GalSL used by Vilnius city dwellers of Slavic origin tends to be perceived as revealing a Slavic background but does not serve as a marker of high social status and high professional competence. Therefore, even though the participants of the experiment attend Russian schools, their linguistic attitudes are not lingo-centric, namely, they are involved in the same field of social meanings as the Lithuanian school students (such social meanings as non-Lithuanian, less educated, having a poorer job are chosen when reflecting on the Slavic pronunciation). Therefore, the respondents may apply the same ideological scheme on the subconscious level while evaluating the speech of a group to which they belong according to the distinguished features of stimuli. Additional social meanings of this style include otherness (weird), poor communicational skills (poor speaker), low social status and working-class professions indicating meanings (laborer, janitor, market dealer).It seems that the variability of duration in stressed /i/, /u/, /i + R/, /u + R/, which is typical of Lithuanian city dwellers in Vilnius, acquires a different value among Russians speakers in Vilnius. The Kam speaking style, originating from a dialect and distinguished by phonetic variants, is associated with a lower social value in comparison with the styles Kam+GalLT and Neu, which include strongly stigmatized phonetic variants, associated with the speech of Vilnius city dwellers. Both styles Kam+GalLT and Neu are associated with a social type of a speaker of high social status, substantial income, leading positions and high professional competence; however, their sub-types of association are different. Representatives of the Kam speaking style are characterized as provincial, of lower status, working-class professions and representatives of the services area.

Beyond Mother Education: Maternal Practices as Predictors of Early Literacy Development in Chilean Children from Low-SES Households

ABSTRACTResearch Findings: To extend findings that are mainly based on North American studies with English speakers, we studied 989 Chilean mothers from households of low socioeconomic status and their prekindergarten children, posing 2 questions: (a) Do mothers’ self-reported practices about literacy development predict early literacy outcomes over and above child characteristics and maternal education? (b) Do these maternal practices mediate the relation between maternal education and these child outcomes? Confirming previous studies, exposure to texts and non-present talk predicted vocabulary, and teaching practices predicted child code-related skills. Contrary to previous studies, exposure to texts also predicted child code-related skills. We also found that maternal practices partially mediated the relation between maternal education and early literacy skills. Practice or Policy: Findings suggest the need to target children before prekindergarten with interventions that increase the studied maternal practices and to do so in family, day care, and health care settings with special emphasis on families with incomplete elementary education. The broad effect of exposure to texts on early literacy outcomes and the low social value on reading in Chilean culture suggest that teacher preparation programs need to include ways to engage children in literature as a frequent experience.

CROSS-CULTURAL STUDY: VALUE PERCEPTION ON FASHION LUXURY PURCHASE IN INDIVIDUALISTIC AND COLLECTIVISTIC COUNTRY

CROSS-CULTURAL STUDY: VALUE PERCEPTION ON FASHION LUXURY PURCHASE IN INDIVIDUALISTIC AND COLLECTIVISTIC COUNTRY

Disruption costs, learning by doing, and technology adoption

We study technology adoption in a dynamic model of price competition. Adoption involves disruption costs and learning by doing. Because of disruption costs, the adopting firm begins in a market disadvantage, which may persist if its rival captures the customers that the adopting firm needs to learn the technology. The prospect of future rents by the rival results in: (i) a failure to adopt socially efficient technologies; (ii) an equilibrium preference for technologies that are learned faster but have lower social value; and (iii) more technologies being adopted if more firms enter the market.