Lower School Research Articles

The Analysis of Students’ School Burnout Level and Academic Achievement on The Science Management Subject

School burnout can be a vulnerable thing experienced by students during learning process. This study is purposed to describe the difference of students’ academic achievement in management science subject based on school burnout level. This study is quantitative descriptive study. Students’ school burnout level data was gathered using school burnout inventory using Google form questionnaire, while students’ academic achievement data was attained from students’ final score on management science subject. Data was taken from 83 respondents who were actively participate in management science subject. Data of students’ school burnout then was categorized into low and high level of school burnout. The academic achievement from each group of school burnout level then was compared and analyzed using t-test on R software. The result showed that 52% students have low school burnout level and the other 48% have high school burnout level. The average of students’ academic achievement from low and high levels school burnout group were 78.0 and 75.7 sequentially. The p-value generated from t-test was 0.1644, greater than 0.05. Thus, it can be concluded that there was no significant difference on students’ academic achievement between low and high level of school burnout group.

Nationwide handgrip strength values and factors associated with muscle weakness in older adults: findings from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Aging (ELSI-Brazil)

BackgroundHandgrip strength (HGS) is a simple, quick, inexpensive, and highly reliable method for the assessment of muscle strength in clinical practice and epidemiological studies. This study aimed at describing the HGS values by age group and sex in Brazilians aged 50 years and over, determining age group- and sex-specific cutoff points for muscle weakness, and investigating sociodemographic and anthropometric variables associated with muscle weakness for each sex.MethodsData from the second wave of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Aging (ELSI-Brazil) were analyzed. HGS was measured in the dominant hand using a hydraulic hand dynamometer. Fractional polynomial regression models were fitted to estimate the percentiles (P5, P10, P20, P25, P50, P75, P90, and P95) of HGS by age group and sex. The P20 of the maximum HGS by age group and sex was used to define muscle weakness. Associations between sociodemographic (racial self-classification, place of residence, schooling, and monthly household income per capita in tertiles) and anthropometric variables (body mass index and waist circumference) and muscle weakness, by sex, were evaluated using logistic regression.ResultsThe analytical sample included 7905 participants (63.1 ± 9.1 years; 60% women). HGS reduced with increasing age in both sexes. Men presented higher HGS than women in all age groups. The cutoff points for muscle weakness ranged from 28 to 15 kg for men and from 17 to 9 kg for women. In the adjusted analyses, low schooling (0–4 years) was positively associated with muscle weakness in both sexes (in men, odds ratio (OR) 2.45, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.46–4.12; in women, OR 1.90, 95%CI 1.18–3.06). Low and middle monthly household income per capita also had a positive association with muscle weakness among women (OR 1.78, 95%CI 1.37–2.32; OR 1.32, 95%CI 1.01–1.73, respectively). Overweight had a negative association with muscle weakness among men (OR 0.66, 95%CI 0.52–0.83), and obesity was inversely associated with muscle weakness in both sexes (in men, OR 0.49, 95%CI 0.31–0.78; in women, OR 0.69, 95%CI 0.52–0.92).ConclusionsThis study provides HGS values and cutoff points for muscle weakness by age group and sex from a nationally representative sample of older Brazilian adults. The variables associated with muscle weakness slightly differed between men and women. HGS values and cutoff points generated can be used as benchmarks in clinical settings and foster future epidemiological research.

Sosialisasi Peran Dosen dan Mahasiswa dalam Kampus Mengajar Angkatan 4 Tahun 2022 di SDN 03 Sukadana

Teaching Campus batch 4 is one of the Free Learning Campus Merdeka (MBKM) programmes launched by the Republic of Indonesia Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology. Since the Covid-19 pandemic in 2020, this programme has run for three semesters. The Teaching Campus allows students to practise learning outside of the classroom for one semester in order to improve students' literacy and numeracy skills in assigned schools. Students collaborate with teachers to develop learning models and strategies in the target education units. Three female students, accompanied by Field Supervisors, completed the Teaching Campus Program Batch 4 at SDN 03 Sukada, Ciawigebang District, Kuningan Regency. Pre-assignment activities, assignments, work programme implementation, and assignment completion are examples of activities. Students carry out work programmes with the approval of Field Supervisors and the school in order to strengthen literacy, numeracy, digital technology adaptation, and administration for students and SDN 03 Sukadana. The Campus Teaching Program Batch 4 results for students include: (1) being able to improve students' learning literacy abilities in grades 1-6. (2) The ability to improve numeracy learning for both low and high school students. (3) Can improve digital technology adaptation introduction and application in student learning in grades 1-6. (4) Assisting schools in the organisation of classrooms, libraries, and school administration. (5) Has the potential to improve students' character, will, interest, talent, and mentality in learning activities both inside and outside the classroom. Students and Field Supervisors' presence at SDN 03 Sukadana had a significant impact on educational progress; the benefits of the campus teaching programme batch 4 were felt by students, parents, and teachers.

Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice Among Parents of Strabismic Children in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Background Strabismus is a reversible condition that must be identified and treated during the critical period of childhood. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the degree of knowledge, attitude, and practice among parents of strabismic children in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Method To this end, a cross-sectional study was conducted from August 2021 to November 2021 with a sample size of 424 parents of children with strabismus seeking ophthalmologic consultants in private and governmental ophthalmology clinics in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect the data. The questionnaire contains knowledge-related questions about strabismus, beliefs-related questions, questions addressing the barriers parents face regarding strabismus in a child, and sources of information about cross-eye and its management. Data were analysed using the SPSS database version 21 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). P-values <0.5 was used for clinical significance. Result We found that most parents know there is a relationship between strabismus and refractive errors (69%) and cross eye can be corrected (55%). Moreover, strabismus causes psychosocial difficulties (55%), low self-esteem, and low school performance. Parents of strabismic children believed that their love for their children is not affected due to crossed eyes (53%) and that strabismic children should not be taken to traditional healers (59%). Barriers faced during the management of strabismus are parents' negligence (76%), fear of surgery (34%), and high cost (29%). Doctors are the most used and preferred source of information among parents of strabismic children. Conclusion This study identifies gaps in knowledge, wrong beliefs in society, and the barriers faced by parents of strabismic children. Thus, raising awareness of the importance of detecting and treating strabismus early, avoiding psychosocial complications, and improving children's quality of life.

Relationship Between Classroom Management Strategy Focused on Student External Behaviour and Student Achievement in Low SES Schools: What Can Teachers Do?

Relationship Between Classroom Management Strategy Focused on Student External Behaviour and Student Achievement in Low SES Schools: What Can Teachers Do?

Transition in Primary and Secondary Schooling in Pakistan: Gender and Age Cohort Analysis

This study assesses the changing pattern of school attendance through age cohort analysis for both males and females in Pakistan. Based on the 1998 census data on educational attainment, the results indicate a profound rise in school attendance among younger age cohorts contributing to elimination of gender gap in primary-level schooling in urban areas only. The disadvantaged situation of rural females is reflected by a combination of low school entries/attendance to begin with, and high chance of discontinuing education before completing primary levels. The pattern of school transition reveals that among those few who have completed Class Five, the chances of staying through the secondary level are much higher—after which dropout accelerates rapidly. Two overall conclusions emerge from these results. First, the bulk of the deficit from universal primary education comes from females population, especially in rural areas. Second, the key to reducing dropouts and gender gap in school attendance lies in actions that raise the demand for schooling of girls, with equally matched availability of quality primary- and secondarylevel schools. It appears that achieving universal primary education by 2015, as mandated in the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), remains a tall order for Pakistan.

Reincidencia delictiva en adolescentes colombianos: factores de riesgo y protectores relacionados

Research with adolescent offenders is concerned with identifying risk and protective factors that influence recidivism and desistance from crime. A quantitative and cross-sectional investigation designed to examine the influence of risk and protective factors on recidivism in Colombian adolescents is presented. In seven regions of Colombia, a convenience sample was obtained, and 646 adolescents aged 14 to 19 years (M = 17.08; SD: 1.23; 15 % girls) belonging to the Sistema de Responsabilidad Penal para Adolescentes (SRPA) participated. The Communities That Care Youth Survey (CTC-YS) was used for the evaluation. It evaluated a broad set of risk and protective factors identified through the community, school, family, peer group, individual conditions, and behavioral outcomes, including drug use, antisocial behavior, and delinquency. Descriptive analyses were conducted, and all CTC-YS factors were correlated with antisocial behavior. The results show varying degrees of relationship between the factors assessed and antisocial behavior. Binary logistic regression was used to determine which risk and protective factors influence recidivism. It was noted that favorable parental attitudes towards drug use and antisocial behavior, early onset of drug use, low school engagement, and interaction with antisocial peers increases the probability of recidivism. Recidivism was identified as being affected by, among other factors, favorable parental attitudes toward drug use and antisocial behavior, early onset of drug use, and low school engagement. It was also observed that beliefs in a moral order, opportunities for prosocial school participation and lower drug use frequency reduce the probability of recidivism. According to the results, the factors that influence criminal recidivism are multiple, and social, family, school, and individual factors need to be addressed. The need to intervene in attitudes favorable to antisocial behavior on the part of parents, strengthen school services, and carry out treatment for drug use to favor the reduction of recidivism in Colombian adolescents is discussed. https://doi.org/10.16888/interd.2023.40.1.25

Levels and Pattern of Alcohol Consumption among Adolescents in Bolivia: A National Cross-Sectional Survey in 2018

The purpose of this investigation was to assess the prevalence and associated factors of four alcohol use indicators among male and female school adolescents in Bolivia. In total, 7931 participants (M = 15.5 years, SD = 1.6) responded to a questionnaire in a cross-sectional nationally representative school survey in Bolivia in 2018. The proportion of current alcohol use was 26.4%, heavy alcohol use 11.1%, ever having been drunk 24.1%, and trouble resulting from alcohol use 21.4%. Among boys, older age, current cannabis use, multiple sexual partners, being in a physical fight, school truancy, soft drink intake, injury and psychological distress increased the risk of current alcohol use and/or heavy drinking. Among girls, older age, multiple sexual partners, fast food intake, being in a physical fight, school truancy, sedentary behaviour and psychological distress increased the risk of current alcohol use and/or heavy drinking. Older age, multiple sexual partners, current cannabis use, low parental support and school truancy were associated with trouble from alcohol use and history of intoxication in both sexes. Among boys, ever having used amphetamines, fast food intake, injury, peer support, and being in a physical fight were associated with ever having been drunk; and among girls, sedentary behaviour and psychological distress increased the odds of ever having been drunk. The study found that more than one in ten adolescents engage in heavy alcohol use, and several sex specific factors are identified for four alcohol use indicators.

An Overview of Parental Incarceration in African American Students: The Effects on Socioeconomics, Educational Outcomes, School Exclusion, and Juvenile Justice Involvement.

Parental incarceration is a traumatic experience that affects both the parent and their family. It is also a traumatic childhood and adolescent event that plagues students who may already be vulnerable and oppressed. The current study examines parental incarceration and associated factors. African American students (N = 139) from a Texas Independent School District were assessed to determine associations between parental incarceration and socioeconomic status (free/reduced lunch), educational outcomes (being retained in a grade and/or special education placement) school exclusion (suspension and/or expulsion), and juvenile justice involvement (receipt of a criminal ticket in school, ticket in the community, and/or student arrest, and possible interactional effects. Chi-square and binomial logistic regression were used to examine these associations and the likelihood of experiencing these effects from parental incarceration. Findings revealed that parental incarceration was associated with low socioeconomics, being retained, school exclusion, and juvenile justice involvement in this population. Implications for continued research and practice are discussed.

Article on Impact of Good Governance on School Performance of Nepal

This article deals with the impact of good governance on school performance in Nepal. Good governance and its impacts on school performance is a burning as well as searching issue in the field of the educational sector of Nepal. The purpose is to explore and to discuss the findings of the impact of good governance on school performance through critical analysis of the literature review. This article is based entirely on the secondary sources. The finding of the study is that the good governance practices play the significant role in school performance in Nepal. Further, other major findings of this review include low school performance, less participation of stakeholders, lack of transparency and accountability, and corruption in the education sector. The reason for the low performance of schools in Nepal is the lack of good governance. If we adopt good governance practice in education, we can easily ensure/achieve a better school; better performance is the implications of this literature review.

Educational inequality in consumption of in natura or minimally processed foods and ultra-processed foods: The intersection between sex and race/skin color in Brazil.

It remains uncertain how the intersection between educational, gender, and race/skin color inequalities influences food consumption in Brazil. In this study, we examined the educational inequality in the consumption of in natura/minimally processed and ultra-processed foods by Brazilians with an intersectional perspective between sex and race/color. We used cross-sectional data from the Telephone Surveillance System (VIGITEL 2019), comprising 52,443 participants ≥ 18 years. Daily food consumption was considered high when consumption of ≥5 foods for each food group was reported the day before the survey. Educational inequality in food consumption was assessed by the slope index of inequality (SII) and the relative index of inequality (RII) according to sex and race/color (White; Black/Brown). Positive SII and RII values > 1.0 indicate higher food consumption among more educated participants. The consumptions of in natura/minimally processed and ultra-processed foods were more prevalent in those with the highest level of education (≥12 years) and intermediate education (9-11 years), respectively. However, highly educated White women had higher consumption of in natura/minimally processed foods than Black women with the same education level, and White men in low and intermediate school levels had higher consumption of these foods than Black men with the same education levels. We found higher absolute educational inequality for in natura/minimally processed foods among White women (SII 21.8, 95% CI 15.3, 28.4) and Black/Brown men (SII 19.3, 95% CI 12.5, 26.1). Black/Brown men (SII 7.3, 95% CI 0.5, 14.0) and Black/Brown women (SII 5.6, 95% CI 1.0, 10.2) had higher absolute educational inequality than White men (SII -3.3, 95% CI -10.9, 4.3; P = 0.04) in the consumption of ultra-processed foods. Educational inequalities influenced the consumption of in natura/minimally processed more than ultra-processed foods, and, for the latter, inequalities were greater among Black/Brown men and women than among White men.

The role of reflection in supporting initially resistant teachers’ implementation of targeted reading instruction

One of the roles of reflection is to support teachers in implementing new instructional techniques. Collaborative reflection is a promising tool in addressing reluctance and resistance to implementing instructional techniques. This qualitative study describes how literacy coaches incorporated collaborative reflection with high implementing and initially resistant-low implementing teachers in four rural, low resourced school districts in the southeastern, United States. The findings indicated that as coaches incorporated collaborative reflection, initially resistant-low implementing teachers were more likely to share instructional needs with coaches, feel more confident in implementing the literacy intervention and express less resistance to coaching. Additional research is needed to understand collaborative reflection more fully as an aspect of the coach-teacher relationship.

Arterial hypertension and associated factors: National Health Survey, 2019.

To analyze the factors associated with self-reported arterial hypertension, as well as its prevalence in the Brazilian adult population. Data from 88,531 individuals aged 18 years or older who responded to the 2019 National Health Survey were analyzed. The outcome studied was self-reported arterial hypertension. Sociodemographic variables and clinical and lifestyle conditions were considered as exposures. The prevalence ratio (PR), crude and adjusted for sex, age, and schooling was used as a measure of association to verify the factors related to its prevalence, obtained by Poisson regression with robust variance. The prevalence of self-reported arterial hypertension was of 23.9% (95%CI: 23.4-24.4). When adjusting for age, sex, and schooling, the adjusted Prevalence Ratios (APR) were higher among: regular health self-assessment (APR = 1.6; 95%CI: 1.5-1.6) and bad health self-assessment (APR = 1.7; 95%CI: 1.6-1.8); self-reference to heart disease (APR = 1.7; 95%CI: 1.6-1.7), diabetes (APR = 1.7; 95%CI: 1.6-1.8), high cholesterol (APR = 1.6; 95%CI: 1.6-1.7), overweight (APR = 1.4; 95%CI: 1.4-1.5), and obesity (APR = 2.0; 95%CI: 1.9-2.1); high salt intake (APR = 1.1; 95%CI: 1.0-1.1); higher among former smokers (APR = 1.1; 95%CI: 1.1-1.2) and lower among smokers (APR = 0.9; 95%CI: 0.8-0.9); and consumption of ultra-processed foods (APR = 0.9; 95%CI: 0.8-0.9). A quarter of the Brazilian adult population claims to have arterial hypertension, more prevalent among women and associated with older age groups, Black, mixed-race, and others, low schooling, high salt intake, former smoking, presence of comorbidities, and worse health self-assessment.

Undernutrition and its associated factors among children aged 6 to 59 months in Menz Gera Midir district, Northeast Ethiopia: A community-based cross-sectional study.

Undernutrition can lead to impaired physical growth, restricted intellectual skills, low school performance, reduced working capacity, and rooted disability in adult life. Thus, this study was designed to assess the prevalence and associated factors of undernutrition among children aged 6 to 59 months. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 432 children aged 6 to 59 months in the Menz Gera Midir District. A multi-stage sampling technique was applied to recruit the study participants. Socio-demographic and socio-economic variables were collected by using structured questionnaires. Anthropometric measurements of the children were measured according to the World Health Organization's recommendation. A data collection sheet was used to collect information on the types of foods and number of meals consumed by the child. A bivariable and multivariable logistic regression was performed to identify factors associated with undernutrition. In this study, about 11.3% (95% CI: 8.3-14.3%), 50.2% (95% CI: 45.5-55.0%), and 28% (95% CI: 23.8-32.3%) were wasted, stunted, and underweight, respectively. Children aged 12-23 months (AOR: 1.97; 95% CI: 1.01-3.87), 36-47 months (AOR: 2.05; 95% CI: 1.00-4.19), and being anemic (AOR: 2.92; 95% CI: 1.73-4.92) were found to be an independent predictor of stunting. Moreover, being anemic was found to be significantly associated with wasting (AOR: 6.84; 95% CI: 3.16-14.82). According to the findings of this study, undernutrition was a serious public health issue among 6-59 month old children in the Menz Gera Midir District. Children's age and anemia status were significantly associated with stunting and wasting. Therefore, community-based nutrition programs are vital to reduce childhood undernutrition.

Physical violence in pregnancy: a cross-sectional study with women in puerperium attended in a public service of reference, São Paulo, Brazil

Introduction: Violence against women during pregnancy is recognized as a violation of human rights and reproductive rights, and a serious public health problem. Its prevalence is variable and has a multifactorial cause, requiring permanent monitoring. Method: Cross-sectional study conducted at the Hospital of Mandaqui, São Paulo, Brazil. The Abuse Assessment Screen (AAS) was applied to 350 puerperium women, with the outcome of suffering or not physical violence during pregnancy, between September and December 2021. Sociodemographic and reproductive data were considered. We used urn technique, with data were pre-coded, and EpiInfo® analysis by Pearson chi-square and Mann Whitney, adopting p&lt;0.05 and 95% CI value. Research approved by the Research Ethics Committee, CAAE no. 50580421.5.0000.5551. Results: We found 13 cases of physical violence (3.7%) and sample loss of 18.9%. Women with physical violence during pregnancy showed lower mean age (27.7±8.24 x 37.3±6.28); less work (15.4% x 45.1%. p=0.034, OR/CI 0.98:0.98-20.70); less income (84.6% x 51.1%. p=0.017, OR/CI 0.18:0.04-0.86); higher occurrence of prematurity (30.8% x 9.5%. p=0.001, OR/CI 0.18: 0.05-0.59); and higher tobacco/alcohol use (38.5% x 10.4%. p=0.013, OR/CI 0.23:0.06-0.80). We found higher reports of violence before the age of 15 (53.8% x 18.7%. p&lt;0.001, OR/CI 0.19: 0.06-0.60); physical violence in the last 12 months (84.6% x 1.8%. p&lt;0.001); with a history of physical or emotional violence by the partner (76.9% x 29.4%. p&lt;0.001, OR/CI 0.12:0.03-0.46); and fear of the intimate partner (46.2% x 2.4%. p&lt;0.001, OR/CI 0.02:0.00-0.10). There was no difference for low schooling, race/color, union, pregnancy planning and high-risk pregnancy. Conclusion: The prevalence of physical violence during pregnancy was lower than in other studies in Brazil and other countries. The results suggest that gender violence is present throughout the life of women who suffer physical violence during pregnancy, reflecting in unfavorable reproductive outcomes. The high history of violence and fear of the partner may have contributed to eventual understatement.

Effect of a Hands-On Chemistry Intervention on the behavioural and effective attitudes of learners from low socio-economic high schools

This research focused on the effect that three easily accessible, cost-effective, and hands-on chemistry experiments which are aligned to Curriculum Assessment Policy Statements (CAPS), had on Grade 9 learners from low socio-economic high schools. These experiments were conducted in an after-school science club format at two quintile-1 high schools situated in Gqeberha, South Africa. The learners' behavioural and affective attitudes were examined using group interviews (n = 6) and a survey (n = 61). The findings from this study showed that learners wanted to share knowledge with their peers and community after learning new scientific skills at the science-club. Learners also recognized the economic and practical importance of science related careers. Responses revealed that learners lose interest if the science does not actively connect or engage with their current circumstances. This study also showed that learners were further motivated to pursue studies in Physical Science in Grades 10 to 12.

Intrahousehold Gender Relations and Child Labor and Schooling in Rural Ethiopia

ABSTRACT Child labor and low schooling of children are still serious issues in many developing countries and finding a breakthrough to substantially reduce these phenomena are urgent according to the International Labor Organization (ILO). This study investigated how child labor and schooling vary with intrahousehold gender relations in rural Ethiopia, using data from the 2009 Ethiopian Rural Household Survey (ERHS). The sample includes 1,922 children between the ages of 5 and 15 years in 755 households. Indicators are used to measure mothers’ and fathers’ roles on various tasks within a household. The study examines how the distribution of gender relations within a household influences children’s time use in schooling and labor activities. One innovation used in the study is the construction of intrahousehold gender relations on a continuum. The findings indicate that balanced intrahousehold relations and gender roles between parents increase the chances of both boys and girls going to school while reducing the hours they spend on domestic work. Findings from the other covariates point to the gendered processes behind human capital formation in rural Ethiopia, which warrant separate investigations of boys’ and girls’ labor and schooling activities.

Alcohol consumption and well-being among 25,000 Danish high school students

Excessive alcohol consumption among young people is an international public health concern, as alcohol is associated with a range of adverse short- and long-term consequences. Furthermore, alcohol consumption has been associated with well-being in young people, but the association depends on the chosen measure of well-being. The objective of this study was to assess how weekly alcohol consumption was associated with poor well-being (poor school enjoyment, social inclusion in school, mental well-being, life satisfaction, self-esteem, and self-efficacy, and experiencing loneliness). Cross-sectional data from the Danish National Youth Study 2019 was used (a total of 25,910 students aged 15–25 years).For most outcomes, there was a U-shaped association between weekly alcohol consumption and poor well-being e.g. students who never drank, students who only drank occasionally, and students who drank a lot (22 units of alcohol or more a week) had higher odds of poor well-being, compared to the reference group (1–7 units a week). This was the case for measures such as low school enjoyment (only females), poor mental well-being, low life satisfaction, low self-esteem (only females) and low self-efficacy (only males). Among females, odds of low self-efficacy was higher with higher weekly alcohol consumption. Higher weekly alcohol consumption was associated with lower odds of low social inclusion in school, experiencing loneliness often, and (among males) low self-esteem.Conclusively, well-being in general was lowest among never-, occasional- and heavy drinking students. Understanding these associations can help to decrease alcohol consumption and promote well-being among young students.

Empathy, Self-esteem, and Cyberbullying in vocational high school students

Advances in technology have made internet access easier, this has changed the way humans communicate with one another in life. Along with the advancement and development of technology, teenagers are internet users who spend more time in the virtual world than the real world. However, the use of the internet is widely blamed for use by teenagers, one of the phenomena of internet abuse is cyberbullying. Cyberbullying is a form of harassment or humiliation through social media. Factors that influence cyberbullying are empathy and self-esteem. This study aims to determine the relationship between empathy and self-esteem with cyberbullying in vocational high school students. This research design uses quantitative, with the subject of Vocational High School students in Pringsewu as many as 90 students. The measurement tool for this study uses three scales, namely the empathy scale, the self-esteem scale, and the cyberbullying scale. The data analysis technique uses multiple regression analysis to determine the relationship between the independent variables and the dependent variable. The results of this study indicate that there is a significant relationship between empathy and self-esteem with cyberbullying in vocational high school students. That is, the higher the empathy and self-esteem, the cyberbullying behavior of low vocational high school students. On the other hand, the lower the level of empathy and self-esteem, the higher the level of cyberbullying among professional vocational high school students.

Flipping the Script: An Initial Exploration of Flipped Learning as an Enhanced Alternative to Traditional Physical Education Lessons.

Physical activity (PA) is related to a variety of positive outcomes for youth and physical education (PE) represents a primary school-based environment where students can engage in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). Limitations exist in secondary schools with low socio-economic status, where MVPA engagement is generally below the recommended 50% of lesson time. Growing evidence suggests that using a flipped learning approach (FLA) may naturally enhance PE lessons as outlined by The Theory of Expanded, Extended, and Enhanced Opportunities for Youth Physical Activity Promotion. The purpose of this study was to compare the impact of the FLA to traditional instruction on student MVPA, lesson context, and teacher involvement during middle school PE lessons. Participants were 56 male students from two 7th-grade classes from a low-SES, suburban school. This study employed the System for Observing Fitness Instruction Time (SOFIT). Data were examined through descriptive statistics. Linear regression models were used to predict SOFIT outcomes as a function of FLA versus traditional instruction. Students in the FLA class spent significantly more class time in MVPA (p < 0.01). Regression models predicted participants in FLA classes would spend 55% more class time in MVPA (p < 0.01). After adjusting for covariates, models showed students in FLA classes would spend almost 18 more minutes in MVPA than students in traditional classes (p < 0.01). The FLA may be a practical lesson enhancement strategy to increase student MVPA and improve PE opportunities for students in low SES schools when compared to the use of traditional instruction. The results of this study demonstrated positive potential of using FLA in PE but should be considered within the context of their limitations. Further examination of the FLA is warranted.