Lower Part Of Small Intestine Research Articles

Frequency, prognosis and treatment modalities of newly diagnosed small bowel cancer with liver metastases

BackgroundPopulation-based analysis for the liver metastases of small bowel cancer is currently lacking. This study aimed to analyze the frequency, prognosis and treatment modalities for newly diagnosed small bowel cancer patients with liver metastases.MethodsPatients with small bowel cancer diagnosed from 2010 to 2015 were extracted from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. Binary logistic regression analysis was performed to determine predictors for the presence of liver metastases at diagnosis. Kaplan–Meier method and Cox regression analyses were performed for survival analyses.ResultsA total of 1461 small bowel cancer patients with liver metastases at initial diagnosis were identified, representing 16.5% of the entire set and 63.9% of the subset with metastatic disease to any distant site. Primary tumor with poorer histological type, larger tumor size, later N staging, more extrahepatic metastatic sites, and tumor on lower part of small intestine had increased propensity of developing liver metastases. The combined diagnostic model exhibited acceptable diagnostic efficiency with AUC value equal to 0.749. Patients with liver metastases had significant poorer survival (P < 0.001) than those without liver metastases. In addition, combination of surgery and chemotherapy (HR = 0.27, P < 0.001) conferred the optimal survival for patients with adenocarcinoma, while the optimal treatment options for NEC and GIST seemed to be surgery alone (HR = 0.24, P < 0.001) and chemotherapy alone (HR = 0.08, P = 0.022), respectively.ConclusionsThe combined predictor had a good ability to predict the presence of liver metastases. In addition, those patients with different histologic types should be treated with distinct therapeutic strategy for obtaining optimal survival.

Preparation of Bifidobacterium breve encapsulated in low methoxyl pectin beads and its effects on yogurt quality

Yogurt is a popular product worldwide partly because of the health-promoting effects of the probiotics that it contains. Probiotics with high survivability constitute a promising direction for fortified yogurt products. This study aimed to prepare Bifidobacterium breve-loaded yogurt with the bacteria surviving transit to the lower part of small intestine or colon. Bifidobacterium breve beads were prepared through an ion-crosslinking method using low methoxyl pectin as the encapsulating material. Features such as encapsulation efficiency and stability during storage and passage through the simulated gastrointestinal tract were studied in vitro. A commercial starter was used for yogurt fermentation, and B. breve with or without encapsulation was added as a probiotic supplement with the starter or 3 to 4 h after fermentation. The effects of B. breve beads on yogurt characteristics were evaluated after different fermentation processes: BC, milk fermented with marketed yogurt starter; UBFF, unencapsulated B. breve added to fresh milk and then fermented; EBFF, encapsulated B. breve added to fresh milk and then fermented; UBAF, unencapsulated B. breve added after fermentation with the starter; and EBAF, encapsulated B. breve beads added 3 to 4 h after fermentation with the starter. Evaluation was based on texture, electronic nose, and electronic tongue analyses. The particle size analysis of B. breve beads showed that they were uniform, mostly spherical, 1 to 1.5 mm in diameter with encapsulating efficiency higher than 99%. Following treatment with the simulated gastrointestinal tract conditions, the number of B. breve decreased by 1.76 and 4.82 log cfu/g for B. breve beads and unencapsulated B. breve, respectively. The EBAF group showed the lowest viscosity (2,235.67 cP) at d 0, and the lower postfermentation degree was reflected by the slow increase in yogurt viscosity. All groups kept a relatively stable pH during storage. The cohesiveness values of the EBAF and UBAF groups were significantly higher than those of the other groups. The trends in texture changes within the BC, UBFF, and EBFF groups were similar, and the UBAF and EBAF groups showed similar trends. In conclusion, B. breve beads showed good stability in vitro and improved yogurt characteristics by increasing the survival rate of the encapsulated cells. Good compatibility of low methoxyl pectin beads with yogurt was also observed.

A Review on the Public Health Importance of Bovine Salmonellosis

Salmonellosis is an infectious disease of human and animal caused by organisms of the two species of Salmonella (S. enterica and S. bongori). A Salmonella pathogen are highly adaptive and potentially pathogenic to human and other domestic animals; young, pregnant and lactating animals are the most susceptible and are capable of producing a serious of infections having foodborne zoonosis importance. Enteric disease is the commonest clinical manifestation, but a wide range of clinical signs, which include acute septicaemia, abortion, arthritis and respiratory disease, may be seen.Worldwide there are 16 million annual cases of typhoid fever, 1.3 billion cases of gastroenteritis and 3 million deaths. Poultry, egg, meat, dairy products and fruits and vegetables serve as vehicles of transmission. Most human salmonellosis cases are foodborne, but each year infections are also acquired through direct or indirect animal contact in homes, veterinary clinics, zoological gardens, farm environments or other public, professional or private settings. Salmonella passes through M-cells overlying Peyer’s patches, through dendritic cells or through the epithelial lining in the lower part of small intestine or proximal colon to arrive in the sub epithelial location which is also transported to extra intestinal sites such as the liver, spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes. Salmonella pathogens are common in cattle and potentially infect human that come in contact with cattle. Bovine salmonellosis is caused by S. typhimurium and dublin. The disease in cattle is characterized by septicemia, acute or chronic entritis or abortion. Salmonella entrica sub species entrica develop a resistance to multi antibiotics in which results in increasing failure of treatment and severity of infection. Basic hygiene practices and the implementation of scientific based management strategies can efficiently mitigate the risks associated with animal contacts. However, the general public is frequently unaware of the specific disease risks involved and high-risk behaviors are common. The disease can be also controlled by vaccination of cattle.

Intestinal ROS is reduced in mice after fasting

The intestine contains both red‐ox regulating systems and numerous enzymes producing reactive oxygen species (ROS). It is reasonable to assume that intestinal ROS content is related to the function of the intestine: food digestion. To shed some light on this we have evaluated the effect of fasting and diet change on intestinal ROS. Mice were fasted over night and ROS was evaluated by use of the bioluminescent probe L‐012. This probe emits photons when reacting with ROS, which can be detected by optical imaging. L‐012 was injected i.p. five minutes prior to sacrificing the animals and dissection of the intestine for imaging. Bioluminescence was recorded from duodenum, jejunum, ileum and colon. We found little effect of fasting in duodenum and colon; however, in jejunum and ileum we observed a large reduction in the L‐012 signal. Furthermore, we fed mice a typical unhealthy diet (western diet) for two months. This caused a significant reduction in the L‐012 signal. In conclusion, this suggested that the ROS content in lower part of small intestine is dependent on the presence of specific food components.

Polymeric three-layered particles for the delivery of prednisolone to the lower gastrointestinal tract in rats

Background: The aim of this study is to investigate the feasibility of three-layered particles as a drug delivery system to the lower part of small intestine. Methods: The particle surface and basement layers were made of enteric polymer, Eudragit® S100, and water-insoluble polymer, ethylcellulose. Prednisolone (PSL), as a model drug, was sealed with the surface and basement layers. After the administration of the test preparations to the duodenum of rats, blood samples were collected and plasma PSL levels were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. The retention and transit characteristics of the three-layered particles in rat small intestine were studied by direct observation after abdominal incision up to 8 hours. Results: Three-layered PSL particles showed Cmax of 0.32 ± 0.07 μg/mL and Tmax at 6 hours, whereas the mean Cmax and Tmax of PSL powder, as a reference preparation, were 0.42 ± 0.03 μg/mL and 1 hour, respectively. With the direct observations, after administration of particles, about 77.5% of them were detected in duodenum at 1 hour, 45% in distal jejunum at 3 hours, and 50% in proximal ileum at 4 hours. Then, they were gradually transferred to the lower part of the small intestine at 5–8 hours time intervals. In comparison with PSL powder, three-layered particles delayed the intestinal transit and released PSL during their passage through the small intestine. Conclusion: These results suggested that three-layered particles adhered to the gastrointestinal mucosa and sustained the release of drug, resulting in drug delivery to the lower part of gastrointestinal tract.

Death from accidental poisoning of methamphetamine by leaking into alimentary tract in drug traffic: A case report

A case of acute mathamphetamine (MA) poisoning death was occasionally found in autopsy by leaking into alimentary tract from package in drug traffic. A Korean man (39-year-old) was found dead in his apartment in Shenyang and 158 columned-shaped packages (390 g) of MA were found in his alimentary tract by autopsy, in which four packages were found in the esophagus, 118 in the stomach and 36 in the lower part of small intestine. The packages were wrapped with tinfoil and plastic film, from which one package in the stomach was empty and ruptured. Extreme pulmonary edema, congestion and hemorrhage as well as moderate edema, congestion and petechial hemorrhage in the other viscera were observed at autopsy and microscopically. Simultaneously AMP (amphatamine) in urine was tested positive by Trige DOA kit. Quantitative analysis was performed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Extremely high concentrations of MA were found in the cardiac blood (24.8 microg/mL), the urine (191 microg/mL), the liver (116 microg/mL) and the gastric contents (1045 microg/mL), and no alcohol and other conventional drugs or poisons were detected in the same samples. The poisoning dosage is 5 microg/mL in the plasma and lethal dosage is 10–40 microg/mL in the plasma according the report. This high concentrations of MA in blood indicated that the cause of death was result from acute MA poisoning due to MA leaking into stomach. Much attention must be paid in the body packer of drugs in illegal drug traffic.

A Listeria adhesion protein-deficient Listeria monocytogenes strain shows reduced adhesion primarily to intestinal cell lines.

Listeria monocytogenes adheres and penetrates intestinal cell linings for systemic infection. A 104-kDa Listeria adhesion protein (LAP) from L. monocytogenes was previously demonstrated to be responsible for adhesion to intestinal enterocyte-like Caco-2 cells. We investigated the adhesion and invasion characteristics of a LAP-deficient mutant L. monocytogenes strain (A572) to various human intestinal and non-intestinal cell lines to assess the possible target host cells. Among the intestinal cell lines, A572 showed significantly reduced adhesion than the wild type (WT) strain to the cells of ileum-cecum (HCT-8) and colon (Caco-2 and HT-29), whereas A572 and WT did not show any significant differences in adhesion to other intestinal cell lines from duodenum (HuTu-80) or jejunum (Int-407). Differences in adhesion between A572 and WT were little or none in non-intestinal cell lines from liver, kidney, bladder, ovary, cervix, breast, larynx, or skin. Invasion data showed that A572 was invasive but the invasion efficiency was proportional to its adhesion characteristics to respective cell lines. In mouse bioassay, A572 was not found in liver following oral administration, suggesting that LAP mutant was possibly unable to pass through intestinal cell linings. Immuno-electron microscopy revealed that the LAP is localized in the bacterial surface as well as the cytoplasm. In summary, this study indicated that the LAP-mediated adhesion is associated with the intestinal cells originating from the lower part of small intestine and from the upper part of large intestine, and possibly plays an important role during the intestinal phase of infection.

Effect of high-amylose starch on carbohydrate digestive capability and lipogenesis in epididymal adipose tissue and liver of rats

This study was conducted to clarify whether feeding high-amylose cornstarch would delay digestion and absorption of the starch and lead to a decrease in lipogenesis in epididymal adipose tissue and liver. Two groups of five or six male Wistar rats were fed defined diets ad libitum for 14 days. The control group received a diet containing 53.7% standard cornstarch rich in amylopectin (control diet) and the experimental group received a diet containing 53.7% high-amylose cornstarch (70% amylose). Food intake during the experimental period did not differ between the two groups. Feeding the high-amylose diet resulted in significantly lower activities of sucrase, isomaltase, and maltase in the upper jejunum than in the animals fed the control diet. However, in the lower part of small intestine, disaccharidase activities were significantly elevated in the rats fed the high-amylose diet compared with those fed control diet. The activities of lipogenic enzymes, i.e., fatty acid synthetase, malic enzyme, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase were significantly lower in the liver as well as in the adipose tissue of the animals fed the high-amylose diet compared with the control group. The weights of both epididymal and mesentery adipose tissues were reduced by 30% in rats fed the high amylose diet, and the serum concentration of triglycerides was also reduced in rats fed the high-amylose diet. These results suggest that digestion and absorption of high-amylose starch may be slower than low-amylose starch and feeding a diet rich in amylose might produce lower glycemic response, consequently leading to declined lipogenesis in adipose tissue and liver.

Maltitol-induced increase of transepithelial transport of calcium in rat small intestine.

To gain an insight into a mechanism whereby maltitol increases intestinal absorption of calcium, we evaluated transepithelial calcium transport of everted segments of rat small intestine by comparing the values in the presence of maltitol with the values in the presence of maltose. In jejunal segments, no significant difference in the rate of calcium transport was seen between the incubations in the medium containing 100 mM maltitol and in the medium containing 100 mM maltose, regardless of the calcium concentrations in the mucosal-side medium. By contrast, the everted ileal segments incubated in the presence of maltitol exhibited two-fold greater transepithelial calcium transport than did the segments incubated in the presence of maltose at a high (10 mM) concentration of calcium, whereas at a low (0.5 mM) concentration of calcium, maltitol did not produce a significant effect. With the conditions in which intestinal alpha-glucosidases were inhibited using the medium containing Tris or acarbose, a slight (40%) but significant increase of calcium transport was again observed in the segments incubated in the medium containing maltitol as compared with the medium containing maltose. The results suggest that maltitol enhances the rate of transepithelial calcium transport in the lower part of small intestine by modulating the passive diffusion of calcium, and that not only the nature of low digestibility, but also some other nature(s) of maltitol might be responsible for the maltitol-induced increase of ileal calcium transport.

Distribution of Indigenous Lactobacilli in the Digestive Tract of Conventional and Gnotobiotic Rats

Distribution of indigenous lactobacilli in the gastrointestinal tracts of rats was investigated at the species level. The indigenous lactobacilli isolated from conventional rats were divided into three groups, Lactobacillus acidophilus and its related strains, L. fermentum, and L. murini. Localization of the Lactobacillus groups in the gastrointestinal tracts could be distinguished clearly based on arabinose and glucose fermentation reaction of isolates from each part of the gastrointestinal tract. Group I (L. acidophilus and the related strains) and Group II (L. fermentum) were the major populations of lactobacilli on the walls of the non-glandular part and in the contents of the stomachs of both conventional and gnotobiotic rats. Group I predominated in all the parts of the digestive tract of conventional rats, whereas Group II was in the minority in the lower part of the gastrointestinal tracts of both groups of rats. Group III (L. murini) was the predominant population of Lactobacillus in the lower part of small intestine of conventional rats and in all parts of the gastrointestinal tracts of gnotobiotic rats except for the wall of the non-glandular part of the stomach.