Lower Norm Research Articles

Catch-Up Mix: Catch-Up Class for Struggling Filters in CNN

Deep learning has made significant advances in computer vision, particularly in image classification tasks. Despite their high accuracy on training data, deep learning models often face challenges related to complexity and overfitting. One notable concern is that the model often relies heavily on a limited subset of filters for making predictions. This dependency can result in compromised generalization and an increased vulnerability to minor variations. While regularization techniques like weight decay, dropout, and data augmentation are commonly used to address this issue, they may not directly tackle the reliance on specific filters. Our observations reveal that the heavy reliance problem gets severe when slow-learning filters are deprived of learning opportunities due to fast-learning filters. Drawing inspiration from image augmentation research that combats over-reliance on specific image regions by removing and replacing parts of images, Our idea is to mitigate the problem of over-reliance on strong filters by substituting highly activated features. To this end, we present a novel method called Catch-up Mix, which provides learning opportunities to a wide range of filters during training, focusing on filters that may lag behind. By mixing activation maps with relatively lower norms, Catch-up Mix promotes the development of more diverse representations and reduces reliance on a small subset of filters. Experimental results demonstrate the superiority of our method in various vision classification datasets, providing enhanced robustness.

Hans Kelsen's thoughts about the law and its relevance to current legal developments

The purpose of this study is to describe and explain Hans Kelsen's ideas on law and analyze its relevance to current legal developments. This research is a normative legal research with a statutory and conceptual approach. The results of the study found that there are 2 (two) main ideas or theories about law that proposed by Hans Kelsen, namely (1) pure legal theory that views "what the law is" or "law as such", therefore the law must be separated from morality, justice, and others; and (2) the theory of hierarchy of norms which views that legal norms in the state have a hierarchy or level (the higher norms and the lower norms).. Pure legal theory has no relevance to current legal developments, because currently judges are tasked with enforcing law and justice and are required to explore the values ​​and sense of community justice in making decisions. The government is also given the authority to act based on discretionary authority. Theory of hierarchy of norms still has relevance to current legal developments because currently a judicial review mechanism is used on legal norms to maintain their validity.

THE BINDING POWER OF GOVERMENT RULES LAWS AND RESTRICTION TO SOCIETY BASED ON CONSTITUTION

The purpose of this research is to offer an update on the position of PPKM policies issued by the Indonesian government in a precise and binding manner. Using normative research with the aim of answering issues based on the scientific side. From this research, the researcher offers that our country adheres to a system where legal norms are tiered where a lower norm is sourced, applies, and is based on a higher norm in accordance with a hierarchical arrangement where lower regulations may not conflict with higher regulations. In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, the government must immediately adjust the PPKM policy with the hierarchical arrangement of laws and regulations. This is because a policy that does not have a legal instrument or forum that is not included in the category of statutory regulations has a bias binding power where this is because the PPKM policy is contained in a rule in the form of a policy regulation, not a statutory regulation.

Regulation of Foreigner Stay Permit as Director of Limited Liability Company and Investor in Foreign Investment

Based to Article 10 Paragraph (1) on Regulation Ministry of Manpower Number 10 Year 2018 Concerning Procedure of Employ Foreign Worker says that employer of the foreign worker is not required to possess any EPP (working permit) to employ foreign workers who are shareholders with the position of the board of directors or board of commissioners, as it is stated before on Article 10 Paragraph (1) Presidential Decree No. 20 Year 2018 Concerning Foreign Worker. Nevertheless, the facility for investors to possess stay permits in Indonesia which is mentioned in Article 22 Paragraph (3), Regulation of Ministry of Justice and Human Rights Number 51 Year 2016 Concerning Change of Regulation Number 24 Year 2016 Concerning Technical Procedures for Application and Issuance of Visit Visas and Limited Stay Visas, says that the investor prohibited working. This study aims to investigate the procedure and the regulations that govern temporary stay permits of directors and foreign investors in Indonesia. The method used in this study is normative legal research and meanwhile, statute approach and conceptual approach are used as the approach of this study. The results of this study showed that 1) higher norms govern action, as to create lower norms, governs realization of action. Presidential Decree has a higher position in the hierarchy from Ministry Regulations. 2) ideal framework of statutory regulations shall consist of a balance portion of justice, legal certainty and finality.

CONFLICT OF REGULATION NORMS FOR HANDLING OF FOREIGN REFUGEES IN SELECTIVE IMMIGRATION POLICIES: CRITICAL LAW STUDIES AND STATE SECURITY APPROACHES

The increasing number of asylum seekers and refugees in the territory of Indonesia has caused social disturbances, political security, and even orders in society. The number of their arrivals is not proportional to the number of settlements or placement to the recipient country (Australia). To deal with the problem of asylum seekers and refugees who enter and are in the Indonesian territory, the government issued Presidential Regulation No. 125 of 2016 concerning Handling of Foreign Refugees. This regulation does not only confirm the position of Indonesia pro against refugee humanitarian policies, but also its manufacture which is not in accordance with the legal principles of the establishment of legislation. The legal position of Presidential Regulation No. 125 of 2016 raises disharmony in the legal order (immigration) in Indonesia. Article 7 of Law Number 12 of 2011 has stipulated the order of laws and regulations that form the basis of the enactment of all legal regulations in Indonesia. The provisions of this article are in harmony with the Theory of Norms Hierarchy (Hans Kelsen) which explains that lower norms are valid, sourced and based on higher norms. However, this theory is not enacted in the formation of Presidential Regulation Number 125 of 2016, where in the body the norm is in conflict with the higher legal norms above it. The existence of this regulation has created norm conflicts which have led to the absence of legal certainty.
 Keywords: Presidential Regulation Number 125 of 2016, Refugees, Immigration

Ecological Stability of Short Stemmed Winter Rye Varieties

The results of a 10-year (2008–2017) comparative study of winter rye varieties with recessive-polygenic (the first group) and dominant-monogenic (the second group) short stem type are presented. In each group, five varieties were estimated based on six traits: crop productivity, winter hardiness, plant height, 1000-grain weight, falling number, and viscosity of aqueous extract of grain meal. The following parameters were determined for each trait: phenotypic stability (SF), ecological variation (CV), ecological plasticity (bi), total (TAC) and specific (SAC) adaptive capacity, and breeding value of the genotype (BVG). Average productivity for groups of varieties was identical (6.69 and 6.62 t/ha, respectively); however, short stemmed varieties with dominant-monogenic type significantly differed by the best winter hardiness of plants (for 6.3%) and had a shorter stem (by 9.3 cm). The ecological variation of traits was significantly affected by all three factors: weather conditions of the year (75.5–95.0%), genotype of variety (1.1–2.5%), and variety to year interaction (2.9–22.3%). The year’s weather conditions influenced crop productivity most strongly (86.3% for the first group and 95.0% for the second group). For the winter hardiness trait, the influence of the variety to year factor was higher than for other traits, and it was respectively 9.3 and 22.3%. Ecological stability of the second group varieties was two times higher (CV = 12.4%) than that of the first group varieties (CV = 24.3%). The conclusion that winter rye varieties with a dominant-monogenic short stem had a lower norm of reaction to the adverse conditions of a rewintering developing during years with a high snow cover was made. Therefore, regions where the main limiting factor is low rewintering due to the strong infestation of plants with snow rot have to be the main cultivation area of such winter rye varieties. It is expedient to cultivate different types of short stemmed winter rye varieties in the main winter rye regions of Russia taking into account their agroecological specificity.

UKURAN KEABSAHAN KEPUTUSAN TATA USAHA NEGARA DALAM PERSPEKTIF HUKUM ADMINISTRASI

This study aims to determine the size of the decision of state business administrative legal perpectives. In connection with the above, a judge can set aside the lower norms that are the basis of the decision, in the sense that the judge can not use it as a measurement because it is considered contrary to higher regulations. Thus, the judge can apply the above regulation as a measurement tool for evaluating the disputed State Administrative Decree.Likewise also if after the judge collects the facts and then finds, tests and believes that the making of the State Administration Decree was made with bad ethics and morals and does not carry out the general principles of good governance, then the judge can cancel the Administrative Decree

LEGAL INTERPRETATION OF DIRECTORATE GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION DECREE NUMBER IMI-0352.GR.02.07 OF 2016 CONCERNING THE HANDLING OF ILLEGAL IMMIGRANTS THAT SELF DECLARED AS AN ASYLUM SEEKERS OR REFUGEES IN IMMIGRATIVE SELECTIVE POLICY: HIERARCHY THEORY OF LEGAL


 
 Displacement is a form of population movement that has different characteristics than other forms of population movement. The movement of population, both in the national territory and those that have crossed national borders, is an event that has long existed in human history and is increasingly happening now. The increasing number of asylum seekers and refugees to the territory of Indonesia, has caused social disturbances, political security, and even order in the community. The number of their arrival is not proportional to the completion rate or placement to the recipient country (Australia). To deal with the problem of asylum seekers and refugees entering and residing in the territory of Indonesia, the government issued a Director General of Immigration Decree Number: IMI-0352.GR.02.07 of 2016 concerning the Handling of Illegal Immigrants who Self Declare as Asylum Seekers and Refugees. This regulation not only affirms Indonesia's position in favor of refugee humanitarian policies, but also makes it incompatible with the legal principles of establishing legislation. The formulation of the problem examined in this paper is how the legal position of Director General of Immigration Decree in the immigration selective policy with a hierarchical theory approach to legal norms. The research method used is normative legal research that is qualitative in nature with mixed logic (deductive and inductive). From the results of the study can be known several legal facts as follows. The legal status of Director General of Immigration Decree Number: IMI-0352.GR.02.07 in 2016 creates disharmony in the legal order (immigration) in Indonesia. Article 7 of Law Number 12 of 2011 has established a sequence of laws and regulations which form the basis for the implementation of all legal regulations in Indonesia. The provisions of this article are in line with the Hierarchical Theory of Legal Norms (Hans Kelsen) which explains that lower norms, valid, sourced and based on higher norms. However, this theory is not negated in the formation of these regulations, where in the body the norms conflict with each other with higher legal norms above. The existence of this regulation has created norm conflicts that lead to the absence of legal certainty. As for the higher regulations that contradict these regulations are as follows: The 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, Law Number 6 of 2011 concerning Immigration, Government Regulation Number 31 of 2013 concerning Regulations for Implementing Law Number 6 of 2011 concerning Immigration, and Regulation of the Minister of Law and Human Rights Number M.HH-11.OT.01.01 of 2009 concerning Organization and Work Procedures of Immigration Detention Houses. Conflicting legal norms include: Definition of Detention Center, Determinant Definition, Refugee Handling, UNHCR and IOM Authority in Refugee Handling, Discovery, Collection, Immigration Oversight, Funding, and Sanctions.
 
 

Hypertension Diagnosis and Management in Children and Adolescents: Important Updates

This review aims to examine new literature and clinical practice guidelines on the diagnosis and management of hypertension in children along with the potential impact on clinical practice of the new recommendations. Hypertension is underrecognized and underdiagnosed in clinical practice. Tools for improving diagnosis may include prompts in electronic medical records, use of a blood pressure screening table, and standardized blood pressure thresholds for adolescents. The recent AAP clinical practice guideline on the management of hypertension in children developed new blood pressure tables with lower norms that may increase the percentage of children diagnosed with elevated blood pressure and hypertension. In this high cardiovascular-risk population, therapeutic lifestyle modifications remain a fundamental management strategy. There is more evidence demonstrating the importance of identification and management of elevated blood pressure in childhood. New tools and strategies may improve recognition and treatment of hypertension as the number of children at risk increases.

An Evaluation of e-CHECKUP TO GO in Canada: The Mediating Role of Changes in Social Norm Misperceptions

ABSTRACTBackground: Alcohol use and related problems are key concerns among colleges, and web-based interventions to mitigate these issues are increasingly popular across campuses. A variety of programs are commercially available and have demonstrated efficacy in reducing alcohol use and consequences; however, little is known about how these programs reduce alcohol outcomes. Objectives: The e-CHECKUP TO GO program (e-CHUG) is the briefest electronic intervention available and over 600 institutions are using it internationally. The present study evaluates the impact of the e-CHUG program on drinking outcomes and examines changes in perceived norms as a potential mediator of intervention efficacy in a sample of first-year Canadian university residence students. This is the first Canadian evaluation of e-CHUG. Methods: First year Canadian university students (N = 245) living in residence in August 2014 participated in a randomized control trial to evaluate the efficacy of e-CHUG program compared to an assessment-only control condition. Follow-up assessments were completed at 3-months and 5-months. Norm misperceptions and drinking outcomes were measured. Results: At 3-month and 5-month follow-up assessments program participants had lower norm misperceptions about peers drinking compared to control participants. Changes in norm misperceptions at 3-months mediated the effect of the program on drinking outcomes at 5-months. There were no sex differences in the associations. Conclusions/Importance: Findings suggest that e-CHECKUP TO GO may be a promising strategy for addressing norm misperceptions and subsequently drinking for Canadian students.

Hans Kelsen na prahu 21. Století

Hans Kelsen (1881–1972) led a long and diverse life – he was born into the multinational Austrian empire, experienced several political regimes, both democracy and totalitarianism, and he lectured on several universities in Europe (on the German University of Prague, among others) and in the USA. In a way, Kelsen’s body of work reflects his life, it is just as rich, reaching from the theory of law to the constitutional and international law. In the legal theory, Kelsen hoped to create ‘pure’ – objective, exact and value-neutral – theory of law, unburdened by psychology, sociology or political theory. The aim of the legal theory should be to describe and analyse applicable law, not to concern itself with law as it should be – the latter should be left to ‘legal politics’ and has no place in the pure theory. Kelsen’s hierarchical theory of norms (originally created by his pupil Merkl), which states that all national legal rules are part of one hierarchical structure, with higher norms having derogatory power over lower norms and the constitutional law on the top of the structure governing the procedure for the creation of all positive law within the state. As for international law, Kelsen promoted the existence of international courts as bodies to maintain international peace. These ideas, as well as his other theories, shows that Kelsen was truly ‘a man standing outside one specific era’, whose work is relevant to this date.

Política criminal chilena y derechos humanos en la encrucijada de lo global a lo local

The recognition and protection of human rights is one of the fundamental pillars of the rule of law, this idea brings endless effects in our legal system, however, this time we will highlight only that which relates to the principle of constitutional supremacy, which means that any lower norm, and in general, all public policy must be in harmony with our constitution, therefore, every public policy should respect human rights. Specifically, this article will address three problematic aspects of Chilean criminal policy, first, analyze the processes of primary and secondary criminalization, then spell out some negative effects of the prison institution, and finally some criticism will be made to the model of citizen security both in a global level and a local level.

Comedic violence in advertising: the role of normative beliefs and intensity of violence

Interest in the use of comedic violence in advertising has risen, but the research on this topic has been limited. Past studies have found positive effects of comedic violence in ads, with higher levels of violence increasing positive responses. However, given that the violence depicted in these ads is a violation of social norms, following the Social Norms Theory, it is proposed that individual norm beliefs about violence in advertising could be a significant factor in influencing ad outcome. Using an online panel of general consumers across two experiments, this study revealed that norm beliefs had a positive influence on comedic violence ad responses. In addition, when violence intensities of the ads were varied, individuals with lower norm beliefs responded more positively to low violence ads than high violence ads, whereas individuals with higher norm beliefs did not exhibit different responses to the two violence intensities. Mediation analyses were conducted to test for the underlying mechanisms. As comedic violence advertising may offend audiences, the findings provide targeting and design implications for advertisers interested in this strategy.

Molecular Genetics of FAM161A in North American Patients with Early-Onset Retinitis Pigmentosa

Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a hereditary disease that leads to the progressive degeneration of retinal photoreceptor cells and to blindness. It is caused by mutations in several distinct genes, including the ciliary gene FAM161A, which is associated with a recessive form of this disorder. Recent investigations have revealed that defects in FAM161A represent a rather prevalent cause of hereditary blindness in Israel and the Palestinian territories, whereas they seem to be rarely present within patients from Germany. Genetic or clinical data are currently not available for other countries. In this work, we screened a cohort of patients with recessive RP from North America to determine the frequency of FAM161A mutations in this ethnically-mixed population and to assess the phenotype of positive cases. Out of 273 unrelated patients, only 3 subjects had defects in FAM161A. A fourth positive patient, the sister of one of these index cases, was also identified following pedigree analysis. They were all homozygous for the p.T452Sfx3 mutation, which was previously reported as a founder DNA variant in the Israeli and Palestinian populations. Analysis of cultured lymphoblasts from patients revealed that mutant FAM161A transcripts were actively degraded by nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. Electroretinographic testing showed 30 Hz cone flicker responses in the range of 0.10 to 0.60 microvolts in all cases at their first visit (age 12 to 23) (lower norm = 50 μV) and of 0.06 to 0.32 microvolts at their most recent examination (age 27 to 43), revealing an early-onset of this progressive disease. Our data indicate that mutations in FAM161A are responsible for 1% of recessive RP cases in North America, similar to the prevalence detected in Germany and unlike the data from Israel and the Palestinian territories. We also show that, at the molecular level, the disease is likely caused by FAM161A protein deficiency.

Global attractors in stronger norms for a class of parabolic systems with nonlinear boundary conditions

For a class of quasilinear parabolic systems with nonlinear Robin boundary conditions we construct a compact local solution semiflow in a nonlinear phase space of high regularity. We further show that a priori estimates in lower norms are sufficient for the existence of a global attractor in this phase space. The approach relies on maximal L p -regularity with temporal weights for the linearized problem. An inherent smoothing effect due to the weights is employed for obtaining gradient estimates. In several applications we can improve the convergence to an attractor by one regularity level.

On stabilization and control for the critical Klein–Gordon equation on a 3-D compact manifold

In this article, we study the internal stabilization and control of the critical nonlinear Klein–Gordon equation on 3-D compact manifolds. Under a geometric assumption slightly stronger than the classical geometric control condition, we prove exponential decay for some solutions bounded in the energy space but small in a lower norm. The proof combines profile decomposition and microlocal arguments. This profile decomposition, analogous to the one of Bahouri and Gérard (1999) [2] on R 3 , is performed by taking care of possible geometric effects. It uses some results of S. Ibrahim (2004) [21] on the behavior of concentrating waves on manifolds.

Associations between medical service use and HIV risk among HIV-positive drug users in Baltimore, MD

The objectives of this study were first, to identify psychosocial and medical service utilization factors associated with unprotected sex with HIV-negative or unknown serostatus partners among persons living with HIV/AIDS, and second, to identify risk behaviours associated with HIV medical service use. We assessed 244 HIV-positive participants in an HIV intervention targeting drug users (1997–99). Fifty-seven per cent of HIV-positive participants reported unprotected sex within the past 90 days, 16.4% with serodiscordant partners. Odds of risky sex were lower among those currently receiving HIV medical care (odds ratio (OR)=0.36), and were greater among females (OR=2.6), those having friends with lower norms of condom use (OR=3.3), and those having a main sexual partner (OR=6.2). Lower odds of receiving HIV medical care were associated with current drug use (OR=0.33), sharing drugs with a sex partner (OR=0.27), and exchanging sex for drugs or money (OR=0.24). Findings suggest the importance of community-based HIV prevention intervention targeting HIV-positive drug users not recovering HIV medical care.

Finite Element Solution of the Helmholtz Equation with High Wave Number Part II: The h-p Version of the FEM

In this paper, which is part II in a series of two, the investigation of the Galerkin finite element solution to the Helmholtz equation is continued. While part I contained results on the h version with piecewise linear approximation, the present part deals with approximation spaces of order $p \ge 1$. As in part I, the results are presented on a one-dimensional model problem with Dirichlet--Robin boundary conditions. In particular, there are proven stability estimates, both with respect to data of higher regularity and data that is bounded in lower norms. The estimates are shown both for the continuous and the discrete spaces under consideration. Further, there is proven a result on the phase difference between the exact and the Galerkin finite element solutions for arbitrary p that had been previously conjectured from numerical experiments. These results and further preparatory statements are then employed to show error estimates for the Galerkin finite element method (FEM). It becomes evident that the error estimate for higher approximation can---with certain assumptions on the data---be written in the same form as the piecewise linear case, namely, as the sum of the error of best approximation plus a pollution term that is of the order of the phase difference. The paper is concluded with a numerical evaluation.

Normological Inferences and the Generation of Legal Norms

Abstract.This paper is an answer to Mazzarese (1993) in which the author argues that Kelsen's normological scepticism is a consequence of his theory of legal dynamics and of his views on the relation between higher and lower norms. The author rejects this tenet and reasserts his opinion that there is an essential break between the classical Pure Theory of Law and Kelsen's late doctrine. Therefore an inquiry is justified whether the theses and concepts of the classical Pure Theory are compatible with normological scepticism in Kelsen (1979). Mazzarese's comments on neo‐institutionalist views on legal validity are based on a misinterpretation of this conception.

Lower norm error estimates for approximate solutions of differential equations with non-smooth coefficients

In this paper, we derive error estimates inLp-norm, 1≦p≦∞, for the ℒ2-Finite Element approximation to solutions of boundary value problems, where the coefficients are functions of bounded variation. The ℒ2-Finite Element Method was introduced in [3] and was shown to be effective for problems with non-smooth coefficient.