Low Methyl Ester Research Articles

NMR fingerprinting of depolymerised durian rind pectin and its antibacterial activity

This study investigated the effect of commercial sterilisation treatment (121 °C for 15 min) on durian rind pectin. The change of structure was observed by NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) and the antibacterial activity was assessed by microdilution method to obtain the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value. NMR spectra revealed the rhamnogalacturonan-I and homogalacturonan structure, with lower methyl-ester in sterilised pectin. Native pectin was unable to inhibit Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus at the highest tested concentration (MIC > 25 mg/mL), but sterilised pectin showed inhibitory effect against E.coli (MIC 12.5 mg/mL) and S. aureus (MIC 6.25 mg/mL). Membrane filtration to obtain fraction < 20 kDa enhanced the inhibition against S. aureus further, but not for E.coli. The antibacterial effect was possibly correlated to the decrease of molecular weight (MW) and degree of esterification (DE) of durian rind pectin. E. coli was more resistant to pectin than S. aureus.

Al2O3-supported alkali and alkali earth metal oxides for transesterification of palm kernel oil and coconut oil

Abstract Transesterification of palm kernel oil (PKO) and coconut oil (CCO) with methanol was investigated under a heterogeneous catalysis system. Various Al 2 O 3 -supported alkali and alkali earth metal oxides prepared via an impregnation method were applied as solid catalysts. The supported alkali metal catalysts, LiNO 3 /Al 2 O 3 , NaNO 3 /Al 2 O 3 and KNO 3 /Al 2 O 3 , with active metal oxides formed at calcination temperatures of 450–550 °C, showed very high methyl ester (ME) content (>93%). XRF analysis suggests this is likely to be due to a homogeneous catalysis of dissoluted alkali oxides. On the other hand, Ca(NO 3 ) 2 /Al 2 O 3 calcined at 450 °C yielded the ME content as high as 94% with only a small loss of active oxides from the catalyst, whereas calcined Mg(NO 3 ) 2 /Al 2 O 3 catalyst possessed an inactive magnesium-aluminate phase, resulting in very low ME formation. At calcination temperatures of >650 °C, alkali metal- and alkali earth metal-aluminate compounds were formed. Whilst the water-soluble alkali metal aluminates formed over NaNO 3 /Al 2 O 3 and KNO 3 /Al 2 O 3 were catalytically active, the aluminate compounds on LiNO 3 /Al 2 O 3 and Ca(NO 3 ) 2 /Al 2 O 3 are less soluble, giving very low ME content. The suitable conditions for heterogeneously catalyzed transesterification of PKO and CCO over Ca(NO 3 ) 2 /Al 2 O 3 are the methanol/oil molar ratio of 65, temperature of 60 °C and reaction time of 3 h, with 10 and 15–20% (w/w) catalyst to oil ratio for PKO and CCO, respectively. Some important physical and fuel properties of the resultant biodiesel products meet the standards of diesel fuel and biodiesel issued by Department of Energy Business, Ministry of Energy, Thailand.