Low Level Of Acceptance Research Articles

한국에서의 직업성 암 예방을 위한 제언

There are millions of deaths from cancer worldwide every year. Among them, 4~10% are considered to be attributable to occupational factors and 0.6 million workers die annually from work-related cancers. Occupational cancers are relatively preventable compared with the cancers associated with other factors. In the developed countries, especially in Europe, there have been hundreds of occupational cancers reported annually in the respective nation-states. However, there were only 35 cases reported in Korea in the 1990s which were accepted as being work-related cancers. This difference might be related to a low level of recognition, detection, and acceptance of occupational cancer and carcinogens in Korea. To prevent the risk of exposure to carcinogens a comprehensive list of carcinogens must be prepared. This should be followed by timely dissemination of information which will enable fundamental controls to be implemented, such as the imposition of ban, substitution, and engineering controls. This will require setting up procedures to record the past use and exposure data and carrying out robust statistical analyses of that data on occupational cancers and carcinogens.

STRUCTURAL DESIGN GUIDELINE FOR TSUNAMI EVACUATION SHELTER

The tsunami that hit the Andaman beach of Thailand on 26 December 2004 demonstrated the need for safe evacuation shelter for the public. However, there exists no guideline for designing such a shelter. In response to this need, the Department of Public Works and Town & Country Planning (DPT) funded a project to develop the guidelines for designing tsunami shelters. The results of the project have been published as a design manual for tsunami resistant shelter. In this paper, the design approaches for such tsunami shelters are described. The shelters are classified into two categories: (1) shelter in the area where large debris is unlikely and (2) shelter in the area where large debris is likely. In the former case, a static load of a certain magnitude representing small-to-medium debris is assumed to act at random points on the structure at the inundation depth. In the latter case, the work-energy principle is adopted to balance kinetic energy of large moving mass with the work done through energy-absorbing devices installed around the perimeter of the lower floors of the building. In both cases, the structure consists of a main inner structure and an outer protection structure. The function of the main structure is to provide usable spaces for evacuees, whereas the outer protection structure protects the inner structure from debris impact. The main structure is designed to be either elastic or with a low acceptable damage level. The structural framing of the main and the protection structures can be concrete or steel structures that are capable of resisting lateral forces. The major difference between the two types of building lie in the way the outer structure is connected to the inner one. In the first category, the connector is rigid so that both the inner and outer structures resist the load together. In the second category, energy-absorbing connectors are used to absorb the impact energy. The structure must, therefore, be analyzed using a nonlinear static approach. The design guidelines for both building types are described conceptually in this paper.

Water alternatives—who and what influences public acceptance?

Abstract Water supports life, society, the environment and the economy, therefore, the task of ensuring a nation's water supply is one of the most fundamental responsibilities of every government. Water management has become a greater challenge due to the increased demand for water as a result of population growth and the impact of climate change on the variability of rainfall. In response, many cities have implemented plans to augment their traditional water supplies (e.g. dams and groundwater) with new or alternative sources (e.g. recycled wastewater and desalinated sea water). Historical evidence suggests that in order for water augmentation projects to be successfully implemented, the support of the general public is required. It is thus critical to understand the factors which influence people's attitudes regarding water‐related matters. The aim of this study is to identify these influencing factors. Results from an empirical study including both qualitative and quantitative components indicate that a number of factors are influential in the public's acceptance of alternative water sources, including research findings, the experience of water shortage, consideration for future generations and news, facts and other publicized information. Notably, politicians and the government were rated by respondents as having a low level of influence. Factors which may determine differences in influence were explored. This revealed a small number of differences for people with low acceptance levels of recycled and desalinated water, and for people with higher levels of education. Systematic differences were identified by comparing the general Australian population with that of Toowoomba, a regional town in Queensland where a referendum on a water recycling project was held. Policy implications are discussed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

수용적 부모양육이 아동의 사회불안 및 우울증상에 미치는 영향: 성별조절효과를 통한 분석

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of perceived parental acceptance on social anxiety and depressive symptoms in children. Seven hundred and thirty eight 5th and 6th graders completed questionnaires. Regression analyses indicated that low levels of paternal acceptance was associated with higher social anxiety and depressive symptoms. Gender was a moderator of the effects of maternal acceptance on social anxiety and depressive symptoms. With high levels of maternal acceptance, girls were significantly less likely to report social anxiety and depressive symptoms, compared to boys. These results highlight the important role of parental acceptance in manifestations of social anxiety and depressive symptoms and clarify the relation of maternal acceptance to social anxiety and depressive symptoms as a function of gender.

Peer-group indicators of social inclusion among pupils with autistic spectrum disorders (ASD) in mainstream secondary schools: A comparative study

The number of pupils with autistic spectrum disorders (ASD) attending mainstream schools is increasing, but there is evidence that their needs may not be fully met. Previous research has suggested that such pupils are at an increased risk of social exclusion. In light of this, the aim of the current study was to examine the sociometric status, perceived levels of peer social support, and the frequency of bullying experienced by this group of learners. Our sample comprised 40 pupils with ASD, 40 pupils with dyslexia, and a reference group of 40 pupils with no identified special educational needs, matched by age and gender (and, for the ASD and dyslexic groups, the stage of the SEN Code of Practice). Participants completed the Social Support Scale for Children (Harter, 1985) and the My Life in School Questionnaire (Arora & Thompson, 1987), and their peers completed the Social Inclusion Survey (Frederickson & Graham, 1999). Our analyses indicated that pupils with ASD experienced higher levels of rejection and lower levels of acceptance than either reference group. They also reported lower levels of peer social support and higher levels of bullying. These findings are discussed in relation to previous research and the efficacy of the inclusion movement.

Patients with colorectal cancer: relationship between demographic and disease characteristics and acceptance of disability

This article is a report of a study conducted to examine acceptance of disability among patients with colorectal cancer and its relationships to other disease-related factors. Colorectal cancer had become the third leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Recently, the topic of acceptance of disability in patients with chronic disease, especially cancer, has attracted enormous attention because the higher acceptance, the better coping with disease and the better quality of life after therapy. A cross-sectional study was carried out with 110 patients with colorectal cancer recruited from a medical centre in northern Taiwan in 2008. Data were collected using the Acceptance of Disability Scale. Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlations and multiple linear regression analysis were used for analysis. Participants reported moderate levels of acceptance of disability. The regression model showed that those with shorter disease duration, stoma, lower educational level (below 9th grade), or in Duke C1 stage or above reported lower levels of acceptance, and these variables accounted for 25% of the total variance. The results suggest that acceptance of disability (i) is a useful construct to examine in future studies on psychosocial adaptation to cancer, and (ii) can be integrated into a clinical intervention programme of providing holistic care to patients with colorectal cancer.

The Effect of Lecture and a Standardized Patient Encounter on Medical Student Rape Myth Acceptance and Attitudes Toward Screening Patients for a History of Sexual Assault

Background: Most physicians fail to routinely screen patients for a history of sexual assault. Purposes: This study aimed to gauge medical student support for routinely screening patients for a history of sexual assault, examine potential barriers to screening, and determine if attitudes can be changed through educational interventions. Methods: One hundred three 2nd-year medical students completed a survey before and after a lecture on sexual assault (response rate = 94/103 and 90/103, respectively). The questionnaire was administered a third time following a standardized patient encounter with a female rape victim (response rate = 102/103). Results: Most medical students agreed that patients should be screened for sexual victimization. Students showed low levels of rape myth acceptance. Agreement with rape myths correlated with increased screening hesitancy. Statistically significant gender differences were observed. Following educational sessions, students expressed less rape myth acceptance and more comfort screening. Conclusions: Sexual assault education can diminish rape myth acceptance and promote screening for sexual assault.

Poor psychological health status among patients with inflammatory rheumatic diseases and osteoarthritis in multidisciplinary rehabilitation: Need for a routine psychological assessment

Purpose. To examine psychological health status among patients with inflammatory rheumatic diseases (i.e. rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis) and osteoarthritis in multidisciplinary rehabilitation, and to describe changes in psychological distress, illness cognitions, and pain coping from pre- to post-treatment.Method. Eighty-nine patients referred to multidisciplinary rehabilitation completed a set of questionnaires to assess pain (AIMS2-SF), physical functioning (AIMS2-SF), psychological distress (IRGL), illness cognitions (ICQ) and pain coping (PCI) at pre- and post-treatment. Changes in physical functioning, pain, and psychological health status were determined. On the basis of the cut-off scores of psychological distress, distressed, and non-distressed patients were compared on physical and psychological outcomes.Results. Psychological distress was found in 64% of the study sample. In addition, high levels of helplessness and worrying, low levels of acceptance, and moderate levels of physical functioning were found. After treatment, positive changes in pain, psychological distress, and illness cognitions were observed. However, 69% (29/42) of the distressed patients at baseline still experienced elevated levels of psychological distress and maladaptive cognitions.Conclusions. Psychological distress and maladaptive illness cognitions are important characteristics of this study sample, and psychological distress remains high after rehabilitation. More attention should be given to the appropriate assessment and treatment of psychological distress within multidisciplinary rehabilitation.

¿Por qué los doctores no usan las guías clínicas? Una mirada desde la Biología del conocimiento

A frequent problem with clinical practice guidelines is their low level of acceptance and implementation by physicians. The diverse strategies used up until now have been shown to be ineffective. Practical applications of the Theory of the Biology of the Cognition by Humberto Maturana can be useful in identifying the present local barriers and how to incorporate effective intervention strategies. On the other hand, guidelines will not modify clinical practice nor will they improve health indicators.

Associations of Peer Acceptance and Perceived Popularity With Bullying and Victimization in Early Adolescence

This study examined the role of peer acceptance and perceived popularity in bullying and victimization in early adolescent peer groups. Peer acceptance is the degree to which adolescents are well liked by their peers; perceived popularity indicates visibility, dominance, and prestige. It was hypothesized that acceptance negatively predicts bullying, whereas popularity positively predicts bullying, and that both acceptance and popularity negatively predict victimization. Interactions between acceptance and popularity were tested as well. Participants were 1,207 13- to 14-year-old adolescents who completed sociometric assessments in their classrooms. Both bullying and victimization were predicted by the interaction between acceptance and perceived popularity. Bullying was positively associated with popularity, and this association was stronger for adolescents with lower levels of acceptance. Victimization was negatively associated with popularity, and this association was also stronger for adolescents with lower levels of acceptance. Linear and curvilinear main effects and interactions were found; some were further moderated by gender. The discussion focused on the role of individual status and group dynamic factors in the occurrence of aggression among early adolescents.

Case Management Innovation in a Large, Urban Trial Court: The Critical Importance of Legal Stakeholder Attitudes

This article, based on research conducted in the Circuit Court of Cook County (Chicago) from June 2006 through March 2007, addresses the challenge of a large, urban felony court in reducing delay through the introduction of a Differentiated Case Management (DCM) system. The research design incorporates an empirical data analysis of caseflow and an opinion survey of over 500 legal stakeholders. While the court demonstrated a positive clearance rate, there was evidence of considerable case delay and backlog in the active pending caseload. In stark contrast, the survey findings indicate a lack of stakeholder awareness of case delay, a low level of acceptance of felony time standards, and a general concern that an expedited pace of case management, through the introduction of a DCM system, might cause injustice. The implications of these findings for the future success of Differentiated Case Management in this court are discussed, as is the relevance of the findings for other jurisdictions interested in improving case management.

Sexuality Among Chinese Mental Health Consumers in Halfway Houses of Hong Kong

Sexuality Among Chinese Mental Health Consumers in Halfway Houses of Hong Kong

Sexuality Among Chinese Mental Health Consumers in Halfway Houses of Hong Kong

This study examined the sexuality of Chinese mental health consumers in halfway houses by incorporating the perspectives of consumers and staff. A total of 193 consumers and 88 staff from 11 halfway houses in Hong Kong completed surveys about sexual needs, attitudes, and expression. Chi square analyses and t tests examined group differences. Needs related to nine sex-related activities were examined: finding a partner, dating, marriage, procreation, use of sex workers (persons who exchange sex for money), viewing pornography, masturbation, intimate physical contacts, and sexual intercourse. From 14% to 49% of consumers reported needs related to the nine activities. Acceptance of activities was higher among staff, and consumers were more conservative in sexual attitudes. Staff's members' reported level of sexual knowledge and level of comfort in addressing sexual issues were higher than consumers' reports of their own knowledge and comfort. The findings can inform the development of sexuality training programs for staff and consumers in halfway houses.

PERCEIVED COMPETENCE AND SOCIAL ACCEPTANCE ASSESSMENT IN PORTUGUESE YOUNG STUDENTS WITH AND WITHOUT DOWN SYNDROME: A PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS

The study of self-perceptions in groups with disability is an emergent area of research in Portugal and additional evidence is needed concerning Perceived Competence and Social Acceptance of young students with Down Syndrome (DS). The main purpose of this research was to examine the reliability of a Portuguese version of the Dutch Pictorial Scale of Perceived Competence and Social Acceptance (Vermeer & Veenhof, 1997) to be used in children with and without DS. A second purpose was to assess hypothetical differences in Perceived Competence and Social Acceptance among young male and female students with and without DS. Two groups were analysed including 30 participants without DS aged 4 and 5 years old, 15 females (M = 4.40, sd = .51 yr.) and 15 males (M = 4.40, sd = .51 yr.) attending the kindergarten and 47 participants with DS aged 8 to 20 years old, 21 females (M = 14.95, sd = 2.50 yr.) and 26 males (M = 14.50, sd = 3.29 yr.) attending special schools for children with intellectual disabilities. A Portuguese version of the PSPCSA was used to assess Perceived Competence and Social Acceptance in both groups with and without disability. Results from internal consistency and test/retest reliability measures revealed that this version was appropriate to be used with children with DS from both genders. Gender differences in this study revealed that female students with DS perceived higher levels of Physical Competence but lower levels of Acceptance by their peers when compared with female students without DS. On the other hand, male students with DS felt less accepted by their peers but perceived higher levels of Parental Acceptance when compared with their male colleges without DS.

A study of beliefs and behaviors regarding digital technology

This study analyzed individual perceptions of various situations involving actions likely to be considered unethical by most people. It explored perceptions of the acceptability of parallel technology-based and non-technology-based vignettes, self-rated behavior regarding the survey scenarios and consistency between self-rated behavior and the level of acceptance of the vignettes.The responses from 453 participants were analyzed by age, gender, ethnicity and amount of weekly access to computers at home.The participants were more accepting of the technology-based survey items and were also more likely to engage in those behaviors than the non-technology items; however, the participant responses indicated a low level of acceptance for the scenarios and only a minimal likelihood that they would participate in them. Additional findings across the comparison groups are reported and discussed.

Gender‐role identity and perceived peer group acceptance among early adolescents in Belgian mixed and single‐sex schools

Drawing on survey data, this paper explores the association between early adolescents’ gender‐role identity and sense of peer group acceptance, and how this association may vary as a function of the gender context of the school. Two indicators of gender‐role identity were included in the analysis: in one measure the items reflect features of masculine and feminine stereotypes, while the other measures assertiveness in classroom situations. Support for the context framework was provided for boys only and then solely with regard to the first indicator; that is, boys highly endorsing feminine‐typed behaviours were found to experience lower levels of acceptance from peers in single‐sex schools but not in coeducational schools. As for assertiveness, it was found that highly assertive girls as well as boys report higher levels of peer acceptance, regardless of the gender context of the school.

Should a standard be defined for the Positive Predictive Value (PPV) of recall in the UK NHS Breast Screening Programme?

The UK NHSBSP defines standards for both cancer detection rate and recall rate for assessment but has not explicitly set a defined standard for positive predictive value (PPV) of recall. However, as PPV is defined as the percentage of women who are recalled and have a final diagnosis of cancer, a standard for PPV is an implicit consequence of the standards for cancer detection rate and recall rate. The standards are defined in terms of a lower level of acceptability known as the 'minimum standard' and a higher level of acceptability referred to as the 'target'. The target can be shown to be a PPV of more than 5.1% for prevalent screens and more than 8.4% for incident screens. This paper will explore the role of PPV as a performance measure and show how making moderate increases in PPV for programmes with the lowest PPVs could lead to major improvements in the overall efficiency of the programme.

Interparental Hostility and Early Adolescent Problem Behavior: The Mediating Role of Specific Aspects of Parenting

This study examines how parenting helps explain the contemporaneous association between interparental hostility and adolescent problem behavior. A theoretical model of spillover was tested specifying five aspects of mothers' and fathers' parenting that might be associated with parents' hostile interactions with one another: harshness, inconsistency, psychological intrusiveness, and lower levels of acceptance and monitoring knowledge. The sample consisted of 416 early adolescents and their married parents. The association between interparental hostility and adolescent externalizing problems was mediated uniquely by fathers' and mothers' harshness, lower levels of fathers' monitoring knowledge, and mothers' psychological intrusiveness. The association between interparental hostility and adolescent internalizing was mediated uniquely by mothers' harshness, psychological intrusiveness, and lower levels of acceptance. These patterns were similar for sons and daughters.

The Role of Maternal Acceptance in the Relation Between Community Violence Exposure and Child Functioning

Children in the United States are exposed to considerable community violence that has been linked to child functioning. However, not all those exposed, experience negative outcomes. Recent research has focused on factors that "buffer" or protect children from negative consequences of violence exposure. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the potential buffering or moderating role of maternal acceptance in the relationship between community violence exposure and internalizing and externalizing problems. Subjects were 268 urban African American first graders. Community violence exposure was significantly related to symptoms of post-traumatic stress, but did not correlate with either internalizing or externalizing problems for all children, after control for demographics, maternal mental health, and general life stress. However, children's perceptions of maternal acceptance moderated the relationship between violence exposure and internalizing and externalizing problems which included being withdrawn, anxious-depressed, and demonstrating delinquent behavior. Children with the lowest levels of self-reported maternal acceptance were most impacted by community violence. In this sample of urban first graders, low levels of maternal acceptance placed children at greater risk for adverse outcomes associated with community violence exposure compared to moderate and high levels of maternal acceptance.

Game On: Diminishing Risks for Depressive Symptoms in Early Adolescence Through Positive Involvement in Team Sports

While research shows that low levels of social acceptance and elevated body dissatisfaction increase risks for depressive symptoms among both girls and boys, little is known about protective factors that can mediate these risks. We test the hypothesis that positive team sports involvement mediates the effects of these risks on depression in a cross‐sectional study involving a diverse group of 449 Canadian students (49.7% girls) recruited from grades 8 to 10. Findings showed that positive team sports involvement partially mediated risks for depressive symptoms for both boys and girls. Implications for community‐ and school‐based sports programs are discussed.