Low Homology Research Articles

Genetic Profiling of Raoultella spp. in Pediatric Clinical Samples: Insights from Bauchi, North East Nigeria

Background: Raoultella species, are gram-negative bacteria of Enterobacteriaceae family, originally classified under Klebsiella, were reclassified in 2001 as a distinct genus. Members have emerged as notable pathogens, mostly in hospitalized and immunocompromised patients. Though once considered opportunistic, Raoultella spp. are now linked to various infections, including bacteremia, urinary tract infections, and neonatal sepsis, with antibiotic-resistant strains posing significant challenges in clinical settings. The true prevalence of Raoultella infections may be underreported due to diagnostic challenges, making early identification crucial for improved management in high-risk populations, particularly pediatrics. Raoultella species, emerging pathogens are increasingly linked to pediatric and neonatal infections in clinical settings. Aim: isolation and accurate identification of Raoultella species from pediatric clinical samples to address challenges in identification and genetic characterization. Study Design: This is a prospective, cross-sectional study involving pediatrics aged 0-5 years. Place and Duration of Study: Pioneering study in Bauchi, North-East Nigeria, from August 2021 to January 2022. Methodology: Samples from 262 pediatric patients with septicemia symptoms were processed at Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Teaching Hospital (ATBUTH). The VITEK 2 Compact system was used for initial identification, while PCR amplification of the 16S rRNA gene confirmed Raoultella species. The genomic DNA of identified isolates underwent sequence and bioinformatics analysis. Results: The phylogenetic tree constructed using the 16S rRNA sequences of the isolates and reference strains visually represent the genetic relationships. The high homology observed in the sequence alignment is reflected in the phylogenetic clustering, with isolates RoP_2 (PQ213811), RoP_3 (PQ213812), and RoP_4 (PQ213813) grouping closely with known Raoultella planticola strains. This close genetic relationship further supports the species identification suggested by the gel electrophoresis and homology data. However, RoP_1 (PQ213810), identified as Proteus mirabilis through BLAST analysis of its 16S rRNA sequence, shows slightly lower homology with Raoultella planticola reference strains. In the phylogenetic tree, RoP_1 is positioned slightly apart from the other isolates, indicating some genetic variability. This discrepancy suggests that while RoP_1 shares characteristics with Raoultella, the distinct genetic makeup warrants further investigation to confirm its identification as R. planticola or otherwise. Conclusion: The phylogenetic analysis supports the identification of isolates RoP_2, RoP_3, and RoP_4 as Raoultella planticola, showing close genetic relationships. However, RoP_1 exhibits genetic variability, clustering separately and aligning more closely with Proteus mirabilis, suggesting the need for further investigation to confirm its species identification.

Unveiling the versatility of the thioredoxin framework: Insights from the structural examination of Francisella tularensis DsbA1

In bacteria the formation of disulphide bonds is facilitated by a family of enzymes known as the disulphide bond forming (Dsb) proteins, which, despite low sequence homology, belong to the thioredoxin (TRX) superfamily. Among these enzymes is the disulphide bond-forming protein A (DsbA); a periplasmic thiol oxidase responsible for catalysing the oxidative folding of numerous cell envelope and secreted proteins. Pathogenic bacteria often contain diverse Dsb proteins with distinct functionalities commonly associated with pathogenesis. Here we investigate FtDsbA1, a DsbA homologue from the Gram-negative bacterium Francisella tularensis. Our study shows that FtDsbA1 shares a conserved TRX-like fold bridged by an alpha helical bundle showcased by all DsbA-like proteins. However, FtDsbA1 displays a highly unique variation on this structure, containing an extended and flexible N-terminus and secondary structural elements inserted within the core of the TRX fold itself, which together twist the overall DsbA-like architecture. Additionally, FtDsbA1 exhibits variations to the well conserved active site with an unusual dipeptide in the catalytic CXXC redox centre (CGKC), and a trans configuration for the conserved cis-proline loop, known for governing DsbA-substrate interactions. FtDsbA1’s redox properties are comparable to other DsbA enzymes, however, consistent with its atypical structure, functional analysis reveals FtDsbA1 has a high degree of substrate specificity suggesting a specialised role within F. tularensis’ oxidative folding pathway. Overall, this work underscores the remarkable malleability of the TRX catalytic core, a ubiquitous and ancestral protein fold. This not only contributes to broadening the structural and functional diversity seen within proteins utilising this core fold but will also enhance the accuracy of AI-driven protein structural prediction tools.

New alkoxyphenyl azomethine phenyl toluate liquid crystals

ABSTRACT A series of alkoxyphenyl azomethine phenyl toluates was synthesised and investigated for thermal and liquid crystalline behaviour. All the synthesised compounds were characterised using FT-IR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The materials demonstrated high thermal stability in thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), undergoing decomposition above 280°C. Mesomorphic properties were investigated using a combination of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and polarising optical microscopy (POM). All final compounds exhibited liquid-crystalline properties, displaying textures characteristic of calamitic liquid crystals. There was a tendency for lower homologs to display enantiotropic behaviour (N), while higher homologs exhibited dimesomorphic behaviour (N and SmC). The mesophases were confirmed through X-ray diffraction studies. A comparison with similar compounds revealed that interchanging the positions of methyl and alkoxy end groups influenced the nematic phase stabilities in lower homologues and led to a transition from SmA to SmC in higher homologues.

RNA transcription assisted universal CRISPR/Cas12a system for programmable analysis of multiple colorectal cancer-associated microRNAs

Accurate analysis of multiple microRNA (miRNA) levels is significantly valuable for early diagnosis of colorectal cancer noninvasively considering the miRNA expression is highly relevant to the occurrence and progression of cancer. However, the low abundance and high sequence homology of miRNAs make their precise determination extremely challenging. Here, we developed a universal and programmable diagnostic strategy allowing for analyzing multiple colorectal cancer-associated miRNAs. The system combined sequentially programmable rolling circle transcription (RCT) and the CRISPR/Cas12a system with high trans-cleavage activity to achieve highly sensitive and specific detection of four target miRNAs. Owing to the remarkable performance of universal RCT-Cas12a strategy, this biosensor could detect miR-21, miR-17, miR-31 and miR-92a with a LOD of 2.1, 1.6, 3.7 and 1.0 pM, respectively. This strategy had a unique advantage in distinguishing human normal colon epithelial cells lines (NCM460) from human colon cancer cells (HT29). In particular, the designed system exhibited superior analytical capability in distinguishing paracancerous and colorectal cancer tissues from patients undergoing colorectal cancer surgery. This arbitrarily programmable, scalable, fast and specific strategy potentially offered an attractive alternative to handle varied challenges encountered with CRISPR-based systems, and held immense promise in scientific research and clinical applications.

Comparative transcriptomic analysis of goose astrovirus genotype 1 and 2 in goose embryonic fibroblasts

Gout in goslings has become widespread and caused huge economic losses for the goose industry. Emerging evidence suggests that goose astrovirus (GAstV) is a prominent etiological factor of gout in goslings. At present, 2 genotypes of GAstV have been identified named GAstV-1 and GAstV-2. Here, we isolated the GAstV-1 HBLY strain and GAstV-2 XT1 strain from HeBei province of China. The genome and proliferation characteristics of GAstV-1 and GAstV-2 were analyzed and the results showed that the whole genome identity was 53.8% to 55.8%, especially the nucleotide and amino acids identity of ORF2 and Cap protein was only 49.5% to 50.5% and 19.6% to 22.6 %. Interestingly, GAstV-1 and GAstV-2 with such low homology both can cause gout in goslings. To further explore this phenomenon, the whole genomic expression profile of goose embryonic fibroblasts (GEFs) infected with GAstV-1 was investigated in comparison with GAstV-2. The results revealed that 126 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between GAstV-1-infected and uninfected cells at 48 h postinfection (hpi), and 262 DEGs between GAstV-2 and uninfected. Among these, there are 15 commonly up-regulated genes and 19 commonly down-regulated genes. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis, Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis, and short time-series expression miner (STEM) analysis suggested that GAstV-1 can induce a higher innate immune response to GEFs, while GAstV-2 has a more pronounced effect on GEFs metabolic pathways. The transcriptomic analysis results significantly enhance our comprehension of the pathogenic mechanisms of GAstV.

Streptococcus suis 5’-nucleotidases contribute to adenosine-mediated immune evasion and virulence in a mouse model

ABSTRACT Streptococcus suis (S. suis) is an important swine bacterial pathogen and causes human infections, leading to a wide range of diseases. However, the role of 5’-nucleotidases in its virulence remains to be fully elucidated. Herein, we identified four cell wall-anchored 5’-nucleotidases (Snts) within S. suis, named SntA, SntB, SntC, and SntD, each displaying similar domains yet exhibiting low sequence homology. The malachite green reagent and HPLC assays demonstrated that these recombinant enzymes are capable of hydrolysing ATP, ADP, and AMP into adenosine (Ado), with the hierarchy of catalytic efficiency being SntC>SntB>SntA>SntD. Moreover, comprehensive enzymatic activity assays illustrated slight variances in substrate specificity, pH tolerance, and metal ion requirements, yet highlighted a conserved substrate-binding pocket, His–Asp catalytic dyad, metal, and phosphate-binding sites across Snts, with the exception of SntA. Through bactericidal assays and murine infection assays involving in site-mutagenesis strains, it was demonstrated that SntB and SntC collaboratively enhance bacterial survivability within whole blood and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) via the Ado-A2aR pathway in vitro, and within murine blood and organs in vivo. This suggests a direct correlation between enzymatic activity and enhancement of bacterial survival and virulence. Collectively, S. suis 5’-nucleotidases additively contribute to the generation of adenosine, influencing susceptibility within blood and PMNs, and enhancing survival within blood and organs in vivo. This elucidation of their integral functions in the pathogenic process of S. suis not only enhances our comprehension of bacterial virulence mechanisms, but also illuminates new avenues for therapeutic intervention aimed at curbing S. suis infections.

Prediction of antibiotic resistance mechanisms using a protein language model.

Antibiotic resistance has emerged as a major global health threat, with an increasing number of bacterial infections becoming difficult to treat. Predicting the underlying resistance mechanisms of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) is crucial for understanding and combating this problem. However, existing methods struggle to accurately predict resistance mechanisms for ARGs with low similarity to known sequences and lack sufficient interpretability of the prediction models. In this study, we present a novel approach for predicting ARG resistance mechanisms using ProteinBERT, a protein language model (pLM) based on deep learning. Our method outperforms state-of-the-art techniques on diverse ARG datasets, including those with low homology to the training data, highlighting its potential for predicting the resistance mechanisms of unknown ARGs. Attention analysis of the model reveals that it considers biologically relevant features, such as conserved amino acid residues and antibiotic target binding sites, when making predictions. These findings provide valuable insights into the molecular basis of antibiotic resistance and demonstrate the interpretability of pLMs, offering a new perspective on their application in bioinformatics. The source code is available for free at https://github.com/hmdlab/ARG-BERT. The output results of the model are published at https://waseda.box.com/v/ARG-BERT-suppl.

Whole genome sequencing and genome characterization of Aichivirus isolated from Korean adults.

The whole-genome sequence (WGS) analysis of Aichivirus (AiV) identified in Korea was performed in this study. Using Sanger and Nanopore sequencing, the 8228-nucleotide-long genomic sequence of AiV (OQ121963) was determined and confirmed to belong to genotype A. The full-length genome of OQ121963 consisted of a 7296 nt open reading frame (ORF) that encodes a single polyprotein, and 5' UTR (676 nt) and 3' UTR (256 nt) at 5' and 3' ends, respectively. The ORF consisted of leader protein (L), structural protein P1 (VP0, VP1, and VP3), and nonstructural protein P2 (2A, 2B, and 2C) and P3 (3A, 3B, 3C, and 3D). The secondary structure analysis of the 5' UTR identified only stem-loop C (SL-C) and not SL-A and SL-B. The variable region of the AiV genome was analyzed by MegAlign Pro and reconfirmed by SimPlot analysis using 16 AiV whole genomes known to date. Among the entire regions, structural protein region P1 showed the lowest amino acid identity (96.07%) with reference sequence AB040749 (originated in Japan; genotype A), while the highest amino acid identity (98.26%) was confirmed in the 3D region among nonstructural protein region P2 and P3. Moreover, phylogenetic analysis of the WGS of OQ121963 showed the highest homology (96.96%) with JX564249 (originated in Taiwan; genotype A) and lowest homology (90.14%) with DQ028632 (originated in Brazil; genotype B). Therefore, the complete genome characterization of OQ121963 and phylogenetic analysis of the AiV conducted in this study provide useful information allowing to improve diagnostic tools and epidemiological studies of AiVs.

Structural insights into trypanosomatid Mnk kinase orthologues (kMnks) suggest altered mechanism in the kinase domain

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) interacting protein kinases (Mnk1 and Mnk2) mediated phosphorylation of the eukaryotic initiation factor eIF4E is an important translation initiation control, in Mnk-mediated oncogenic activity and other disease conditions. Thus, Mnk kinases are an important target for therapy. Trypanosomatids are a class of kinetoplastids, some of which are protozoan parasites and cause diseases in humans. While protein translation initiation is well understood in eukaryotes and prokaryotes, there is a lack of sufficient structural information of this process in trypanosomatids. Here, we report that trypanosomatids have one orthologue of Mnk kinase with low overall sequence homology but high homology in the kinase domain and an additional C-terminal domain containing putative calmodulin binding site(s). We show that while many of the domains and motifs are conserved, homology modeling/structure prediction, docking analysis and molecular dynamics simulation studies suggest that trypanosomatid kMnk kinases, kinase domains are present in DFG-in conformation as opposed to the auto-inhibited DFD-out conformation of un-phosphorylated human Mnk1. Furthermore, we observed that several regulatory features are different in trypanosomatid kMnk kinases. Our study indicates that mechanism and regulation in the kinase domain of trypanosomatid kMnks are likely to be altered, and that they can be important drug targets.

A Machine Learning Approach to Identify C Type Lectin Domain (CTLD) Containing Proteins.

Lectins are sugar interacting proteins which bind specific glycans reversibly and have ubiquitous presence in all forms of life. They have diverse biological functions such as cell signaling, molecular recognition, etc. C-type lectins (CTL) are a group of proteins from the lectin family which have been studied extensively in animals and are reported to be involved in immune functions, carcinogenesis, cell signaling, etc. The carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) in CTL has a highly variable protein sequence and proteins carrying this domain are also referred to as C-type lectin domain containing proteins (CTLD). Because of this low sequence homology, identification of CTLD from hypothetical proteins in the sequenced genomes using homology based programs has limitations. Machine learning (ML) tools use characteristic features to identify homologous sequences and it has been used to develop a tool for identification of CTLD. Initially 500 sequences of well annotated CTLD and 500 sequences of non CTLD were used in developing the machine learning model. The classifier program Linear SVC from sci kit library of python was used and characteristic features in CTLD sequences like dipeptide and tripeptide composition were used as training attributes in various classifiers. A precision, recall and multiple correlation coefficient (MCC) value of 0.92, 0.91 and 0.82 respectively were obtained when tested on external test set. On fine tuning of the parameters like kernel, C value, gamma, degree and increasing number of non CTLD sequences there was improvement in precision, recall and MCC and the corresponding values were 0.99, 0.99 and 0.96. New CTLD have also been identified in the hypothetical segment of human genome using the trained model. The tool is available on our local server for interested users.

Genome-Wide Identification of APX Gene Family in Citrus maxima and Expression Analysis at Different Postharvest Preservation Times.

Ascorbate peroxidase (APX) is a crucial enzyme involved in cellular antioxidant defense and plays a pivotal role in modulating reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels under various environmental stresses in plants. This study utilized bioinformatics methods to identify and analyze the APX gene family of pomelo, while quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was employed to validate and analyze the expression of CmAPXs at different stages of fruit postharvest. This study identified 96 members of the CmAPX family in the entire pomelo genome, with uneven distribution across nine chromosomes and occurrences of gene fragment replication. The subcellular localization includes peroxisome, cytoplasm, chloroplasts, and mitochondria. The CmAPX family exhibits a similar gene structure, predominantly consisting of two exons. An analysis of the upstream promoter regions revealed a significant presence of cis-acting elements associated with light (Box 4, G-Box), hormones (ABRE, TCA-element), and stress-related (MBS, LTR, ARE) responses. Phylogenetic and collinearity analyses revealed that the CmAPX gene family can be classified into three subclasses, with seven collinear gene pairs. Furthermore, CmAPXs are closely related to citrus, pomelo, and lemon, followed by Arabidopsis, and exhibit low homology with rice. Additionally, the transcriptomic heat map and qPCR results revealed that the expression levels of CmAPX57, CmAPX34, CmAPX50, CmAPX4, CmAPX5, and CmAPX81 were positively correlated with granulation degree, indicating the activation of the endogenous stress resistance system in pomelo cells by these genes, thereby conferring resistance to ROS. This finding is consistent with the results of GO enrichment analysis. Furthermore, 38 miRNAs were identified as potential regulators targeting the CmAPX family for post-transcriptional regulation. Thus, this study has preliminarily characterized members of the APX gene family in pomelo and provided valuable insights for further research on their antioxidant function and molecular mechanism.

Ocr-mediated suppression of BrxX unveils a phage counter-defense mechanism.

The burgeoning crisis of antibiotic resistance has directed attention to bacteriophages as natural antibacterial agents capable of circumventing bacterial defenses. Central to this are the bacterial defense mechanisms, such as the BREX system, which utilizes the methyltransferase BrxX to protect against phage infection. This study presents the first in vitro characterization of BrxX from Escherichiacoli, revealing its substrate-specific recognition and catalytic activity. We demonstrate that BrxX exhibits nonspecific DNA binding but selectively methylates adenine within specific motifs. Kinetic analysis indicates a potential regulation of BrxX by the concentration of its co-substrate, S-adenosylmethionine, and suggests a role for other BREX components in modulating BrxX activity. Furthermore, we elucidate the molecular mechanism by which the T7 phage protein Ocr (Overcoming classical restriction) inhibits BrxX. Despite low sequence homology between BrxX from different bacterial species, Ocr effectively suppresses BrxX's enzymatic activity through high-affinity binding. Cryo-electron microscopy and biophysical analyses reveal that Ocr, a DNA mimic, forms a stable complex with BrxX, highlighting a conserved interaction interface across diverse BrxX variants. Our findings provide insights into the strategic counteraction by phages against bacterial defense systems and offer a foundational understanding of the complex interplay between phages and their bacterial hosts, with implications for the development of phage therapy to combat antibiotic resistance.

The biological characteristics of DAstV molecular epidemiology and pathogenicity of duck astrovirus causing hepatitis in ducks and chickens in Southeast China

A suspected outbreak of duck astrovirus (DAstV) disease occurred in a large Muscovy duck farm in Guangdong Province, China, in June 2022, which severely affected the production performance and health of Muscovy ducks. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of DAstV disease in Southeast China. Herein, we employed semi-nested PCR ethodto screen 5203 swab and liver samples from 11 Muscovy duck farms in 5 provinces of China for the presence of DAstV. Among them, 1356 samples (26.06%, 1356/5203) tested positive for DAstV, out of which 11 DAstV strains were isolated after 10 generations of blind transmission through Leghorn male hepatoma (LMH) cells and performed their whole-genome sequencing. The alignment results showed that the 11 DAstV isolates exhibited relatively low homology (15.4%-75%) with the astrovirus isolates from other species published in GenBank, whereas their homology (nucleotide: 90.4%-99.99%; amino acid: 94%-99.8%) with the DAstV type 1 (DAstV-1) reference strain was higher, indicating considerable homology. The results indicated that DAstV-1 was the main pathogenic factor. Herein, we successfully recreated the clinical symptoms of natural infection in 28-day-old specific-pathogen-free (SPF) ducks using the DAstV-1-GDB-2022 strain. The primary clinical manifestations included liver enlargement, hemorrhaging, and disruptions in liver function. Additionally, we confirmed the cross-species transmission potential of DAstV-1, marking the first occurrence of clinical symptoms of DAstV in 28-day-old SPF chickens. Our findings provide new perspectives on the epidemiology and pathogenicity of DAstV-1 and may help in advancing the development of DAstV vaccines.

Discovery of a class of glycosaminoglycan lyases with ultrabroad substrate spectrum and their substrate structure preferences

Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) lyases are often strictly substrate specific, and it is especially difficult to simultaneously degrade GAGs with different types of glycosidic bonds. Herein, we found a new class of GAG lyases (GAGases) from different bacteria. These GAGases belong to polysaccharide lyase 35 family and share quite low homology with the identified GAG lyases. The most surprising thing is that GAGases can not only degrade three types of GAGs: HA, CS and HS, but even one of them can also degrade alginate. Further investigation of structural preferences revealed that GAGases selectively act on GAG domains composed of non/6-O-/N-sulfated hexosamines and d-glucoronic acids, as well as on alginate domains composed of d-mannuronic acids. Additionally, GAG lyases were once speculated to have evolved from alginate lyases, but no transitional enzymes have been found. The discovery of GAGases not only broadens the category of GAG lyases, provides new enzymatic tools for the structural and functional studies of GAGs with specific structures, but also provides candidates for the evolution of GAG lyases.

Protein function annotation and virulence factor identification of Klebsiella pneumoniae genome by multiple machine learning models

Klebsiella pneumoniae is a type of Gram-negative bacterium which can cause a range of infections in human. In recent years, an increasing number of strains of K. pneumoniae resistant to multiple antibiotics have emerged, posing a significant threat to public health. The protein function of this bacterium is not well known, thus a systematic investigation of K. pneumoniae proteome is in urgent need. In this study, the protein functions of this bacteria were re-annotated, and their function groups were analyzed. Moreover, three machine learning models were built to identify novel virulence factors. Results showed that the functions of 16 uncharacterized proteins were first annotated by sequence alignment. In addition, K. pneumoniae proteins share a high proportion of homology with Haemophilus influenzae and a low homology proportion with Chlamydia pneumoniae. By sequence analysis, 10 proteins were identified as potential drug targets for this bacterium. Our model achieved a high accuracy of 0.901 in the benchmark dataset. By applying our models to K. pneumoniae, we identified 39 virulence factors in this pathogen. Our findings could provide novel clues for the treatment of K. pneumoniae infection.

Plant Synthetic Promoters

This article examines the structure and functions of the plant synthetic promoters frequently used to precisely regulate complex regulatory routes. It details the composition of native promoters and their interacting proteins to provide a better understanding of the tasks associated with synthetic promoter development. The production of synthetic promoters is performed by relatively small libraries produced generally by basic molecular or genetic engineering methods such as cis-element shuffling or domain swapping. The article also describes the preparation of large-scale libraries supported by synthetic DNA fragments, directed evolution, and machine or deep-learning methodologies. The broader application of novel, synthetic promoters reduces the prevalence of homology-based gene silencing or improves the stability of transgenes. A particularly interesting group of synthetic promoters are bidirectional forms, which can enable the expression of up to eight genes by one regulatory element. The introduction and controlled expression of several genes after one transgenic event strongly decreases the frequency of such problems as complex segregation patterns and the random integration of multiple transgenes. These complications are commonly observed during the transgenic crop development enabled by traditional, multistep transformation using genetic constructs containing a single gene. As previously tested DNA promoter fragments demonstrate low complexity and homology, their abundance can be increased by using orthogonal expression systems composed of synthetic promoters and trans-factors that do not occur in nature or arise from different species. Their structure, functions, and applications are rendered in the article. Among them are presented orthogonal systems based on transcription activator-like effectors (dTALEs), synthetic dTALE activated promoters (STAPs) and dCas9-dependent artificial trans-factors (ATFs). Synthetic plant promoters are valuable tools for providing precise spatiotemporal regulation and introducing logic gates into the complex genetic traits that are important for basic research studies and their application in crop plant development. Precisely regulated metabolic routes are less prone to undesirable feedback regulation and energy waste, thus improving the efficiency of transgenic crops.

Cascade CRISPR/Cas12a and DSN for the electrochemical biosensing of miR-1246 in BC-derived exosomes

MiR-1246 in breast cancer-derived exosomes was a promising biomarker for early diagnosis of breast cancer(BC). However, the low abundance, high homology and complex background interference make the accurate quantitative detection of miR-1246 facing great challenges. In this study, we developed an electrochemical biosensor based on the subtly combined of CRISPR/Cas12a, double-stranded specific nuclease(DSN) and magnetic nanoparticles(MNPs) for the detection of miR-1246 in BC-derived exosomes. Ascribed to the good synergistic effect of DSN, Cas12a and MNPs, the developed electrochemical biosensor exhibited excellent performance with the linear range from 500 aM to 5 pM, and the detection limit as low down to about 50 aM. The target-specific triggered enzyme-digest activity of DSN and Cas12a system, as well as the powerful separation ability of MNPs ensure the high specificity of developed electrochemical biosensor which can distinguish single base mismatches. In addition, the developed electrochemical biosensor has been successfully applied to detect miR-1246 in blood-derived exosomes and realize distinguishing the BC patients from the healthy individuals. It is expected that the well-designed biosensing platform will open up new avenues for clinical liquid biopsy and early screening of breast cancer, as well as provide deeper insights into clinical oncology treatment.

A Gram-negative-selective antibiotic that spares the gut microbiome.

Infections caused by Gram-negative pathogens are increasingly prevalent and are typically treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics, resulting in disruption of the gut microbiome and susceptibility to secondary infections1-3. There is a critical need for antibiotics that are selective both for Gram-negative bacteria over Gram-positive bacteria, as well as for pathogenic bacteria over commensal bacteria. Here we report the design and discovery of lolamicin, a Gram-negative-specific antibiotic targeting the lipoprotein transport system. Lolamicin has activity against a panel of more than 130 multidrug-resistant clinical isolates, shows efficacy in multiple mouse models of acute pneumonia and septicaemia infection, and spares the gut microbiome in mice, preventing secondary infection with Clostridioides difficile. The selective killing of pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria by lolamicin is a consequence of low sequence homology for the target in pathogenic bacteria versus commensals; this doubly selective strategy can be a blueprint for the development of other microbiome-sparing antibiotics.

Delineation of chicken immune markers in the era of omics and multicolor flow cytometry

Multiparameter flow cytometry is a routine method in immunological studies incorporated in biomedical, veterinary, agricultural, and wildlife research and routinely used in veterinary clinical laboratories. Its use in the diagnostics of poultry diseases is still limited, but due to the continuous expansion of reagents and cost reductions, this may change in the near future. Although the structure and function of the avian immune system show commonalities with mammals, at the molecular level, there is often low homology across species. The cross-reactivity of mammalian immunological reagents is therefore low, but nevertheless, the list of reagents to study chicken immune cells is increasing. Recent improvement in multicolor antibody panels for chicken cells has resulted in more detailed analysis by flow cytometry and has allowed the discovery of novel leukocyte cell subpopulations. In this article, we present an overview of the reagents and guidance needed to perform multicolor flow cytometry using chicken samples and common pitfalls to avoid.

A distinct, high-affinity, alkaline phosphatase facilitates occupation of P-depleted environments by marine picocyanobacteria

Marine picocyanobacteria of the genera Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus, the two most abundant phototrophs on Earth, thrive in oligotrophic oceanic regions. While it is well known that specific lineages are exquisitely adapted to prevailing in situ light and temperature regimes, much less is known of the molecular machinery required to facilitate occupancy of these low-nutrient environments. Here, we describe a hitherto unknown alkaline phosphatase, Psip1, that has a substantially higher affinity for phosphomonoesters than other well-known phosphatases like PhoA, PhoX, or PhoD and is restricted to clade III Synechococcus and a subset of high light I-adapted Prochlorococcus strains, suggesting niche specificity. We demonstrate that Psip1 has undergone convergent evolution with PhoX, requiring both iron and calcium for activity and likely possessing identical key residues around the active site, despite generally very low sequence homology. Interrogation of metagenomes and transcriptomes from TARA oceans and an Atlantic Meridional transect shows that psip1 is abundant and highly expressed in picocyanobacterial populations from the Mediterranean Sea and north Atlantic gyre, regions well recognized to be phosphorus (P)-deplete. Together, this identifies psip1 as an important oligotrophy-specific gene for P recycling in these organisms. Furthermore, psip1 is not restricted to picocyanobacteria and is abundant and highly transcribed in some α-proteobacteria and eukaryotic algae, suggesting that such a high-affinity phosphatase is important across the microbial taxonomic world to occupy low-P environments.