Lower Gloss Research Articles

Anti‐glare performance of sol‐gel‐derived spray coatings prepared with various water‐to‐alkoxide ratios

AbstractWe fabricated anti‐glare (AG) coatings on glass sheets by spraying alkoxide‐derived silica sols and demonstrated that the water‐to‐alkoxide ratio is one of the key factors for improving AG performance and sol stability. We synthesized silica sols using tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS), water, nitric acid, and denatured ethanol and sprayed them on sheets of chemically strengthened glass. The molar ratios of water to TEOS (r) were 3, 7, and 14. The sol with r = 7 provided a higher arithmetic‐mean height (Sa), smaller autocorrelation length (Sal), and better optical properties (lower gloss, higher haze, and lower sparkle level) than the sol with r = 3. An excessive amount of water at r = 14 yielded a large Sal and a high sparkle level. As the storage time of the sols increased, higher r values caused a more pronounced increase in Sa. Although none of the sols showed noticeable temporal changes during dynamic light scattering measurements, solutions with higher r values exhibited a more remarkable reduction in the retention time during liquid chromatography with a styrene‐divinylbenzene matrix. Hence, an excessive amount of water was thought to cause hydrophilization of the polymerized species during storage.

The effects of continuously wetting-drying cycles on pre-weathered and oil-coated rowan (Sorbus torminalis) wood

The naturally weathered and then oil-coated (Teak oil) Rowan wood (Sorbus torminalis) was subjected to distilled (A) and swimming pool water (B) aging treatments with continuous wetting-drying up to the third cycle. Treatment conditions and water aging types seem to influence color variables somewhat. The highest lightness (ΔL*), redness (Δa*), and yellowness (Δb*) changes were measured in samples that were continuously aged at the third cycle procedure in swimming pool water, respectively. Similar results have also been observed for total color changes, such that pool water had higher discoloration effects on color values compared to distilled water at similar conditions, while increasing the cycle usually further lowered discoloration. The highest color change value of ΔEB3: 10.49 (metric) was found in the third cycle in pool water treatment, followed by a value of ΔEB2: 9.42 (metric) in the second cycle and a value of ΔEB1: 1.71 (metric) in the first cycle, respectively. Color changes could be employed as a sensitive physical indicator of coating aging, which can be correlated to the associated chemical changes. All aging processes have lower gloss values than control in all aging procedures, regardless of water type. The lowest gloss value of 1.2 GU was noticed at the third cycle in swimming pool treatments. It is also notable that the most dramatic effect on surface hardness (Shore D) was found after the first cycle, while the lowest hardness values of 38 (metric) and 33 (metric) were found in swimming pools and distilled pure water-treated samples, respectively.

Color stability, surface, and physicochemical properties of three-dimensional printed denture base resin reinforced with different nanofillers

Various materials have been introduced for the three-dimensional (3D) printing of dentures. In this study, the color stability and surface and physicochemical properties of 3D-printed denture base resins with four types of nanofiller particles were evaluated. Al2O3, ZnO, CeZr, and SiO2 nanofillers were added to a 3D printable denture base-resin matrix and subjected to digital light processing. The specimens were immersed in Coke, coffee, black tea, or distilled water for 6 days. For the assessment of color differences, 6 samples were analyzed using a spectrophotometer. In a separate investigation, surface properties of 10 samples were examined, while a different set of 6 samples was used to analyze water sorption and solubility. All experimental groups exhibited higher color stability in Coke than the control group. However, the groups containing ZnO and CeZr had lower color stability in coffee and black tea than the control group. Moreover, they had agglomerated nanofillers and lower gloss than the control group. Compared with that of the control group, the contact angle of the CeZr group and microhardness of the ZnO group were not significantly different. Water sorption was higher in the Al2O3 group, whereas the solubility of the experimental and control groups was not statistically significant. The results demonstrated the significant effect of ZnO and CeZr nanofillers on the color stability of the dentures when exposed to discoloring beverages. These results will facilitate the development of fillers that enhance the resistance of 3D printed denture base resins to discoloration in the oral environment.

Isolated effect of filler particle size on surface properties of experimental resin composites before and after toothbrush abrasion.

This study aimed to isolate the relationship between filler size and the surface properties of roughness and gloss before and after toothbrush abrasion for experimental resin-based composites (RBCs) containing uniform spherical fillers. Five experimental light-cured RBCs with different spherical filler sizes and three commercial RBCs were studied. Forty specimens were polished using silicon carbide papers. Gloss was measured after 0, 90, 180, and 360 min of simulated toothbrushing, and surface roughness was measured before and after 360 min of toothbrushing. Two-way ANOVA/Tukey's multiple comparison tests were used to compare the RBCs, and the correlation between particle size and surface roughness or gloss was also determined. After polishing and toothbrushing, RBCs with smaller fillers exhibited significantly higher gloss and lower surface roughness, and RBCs with larger fillers exhibited lower gloss and higher surface roughness. A significant correlation was found between filler particle size and gloss and surface roughness both before and after toothbrush abrasion. Gloss of RBCs containing fillers with larger particle sizes was significantly reduced. After toothbrushing abrasion, the surface roughness increased for all RBCs, except those containing the finest-sized fillers. The particle size of the filler is a critical determinant of the surface roughness and gloss of RBCs, after polishing and after toothbrushing. Increased surface roughness caused by toothbrush abrasion reduces the gloss of resin-based composites. Resin-based composites containing finer fillers best maintain glossiness after routine tooth brushing.

Effect of aging on color, gloss and surface roughness of CAD/CAM composite materials

ObjectivesTo assess the effect of aging procedures on color, gloss and surface roughness of CAD/CAM composite materials. Methods6 CAD/CAM composite materials (Brilliant CRIOS, Cerasmart, Lava Ultimate, Tetric CAD, Shofu Block HC, Grandio Blocs) were tested. 10 CAD/CAM fabricated specimens of each material polished according to manufacturers’ recommendations, were subjected to one of the following aging procedures; immersion in coffee (30 days, 37οC), water thermocycling (5000 cycles, 5–55 °C) and photoaging (150,000 kJ/m2). Color, gloss and surface roughness measurements were performed before and after aging and the respective changes were calculated. Kruskal-Wallis tests, paired t-tests, one-way ANOVA and Bonferroni post-hoc tests were used for statistical analysis (a = 0.05). ResultsColor changes ranged from 3.03 to 4.13 after coffee immersion, from 1.33 to 2.55 after thermocycling and from 1.02 to 2.75 after photoaging. No statistically significant differences for ΔE*ab were found among materials after coffee immersion and thermocycling (p>0.05). Gloss changes ranged from -5.7 to -1.6 GU after coffee immersion, from -2.3 to 0.1 GU after thermocycling and from -4.4 to 0.5 GU after photoaging. No significant differences in gloss changes were found among materials after aging (p>0.05). Tetric CAD demonstrated the significantly lower gloss and the higher surface roughness after polishing. Except for gloss after thermocycling, aging procedures caused significant alteration of gloss and surface roughness parameters from baseline levels. ConclusionsAging procedures caused perceptible but acceptable color changes and small but visible gloss changes, while surface roughness parameters of the tested CAD/CAM composite materials were significantly affected by aging. Clinical significanceAging procedures affected CAD/CAM composite materials indicating that these materials may be prone to color and surface alterations in the oral environment that could compromise the esthetics and the performance of the restorations. Clinical studies are needed to investigate the long-term behavior of the newly introduced CAD/CAM materials.

The effect of heat treatment method and process temperature on the glossiness of polyurethane varnishes applied to wood material surfaces

Bu çalışmada, farklı yöntemlerle ve farklı sıcaklık seviyelerinde ısıl işlemli ağaç malzeme yüzeylerine uygulanan poliüretan verniklerin parlaklık özellikleri incelenmiştir. Kayın (Fagus sylvatica L.) ve sarıçam (Pinus silvestris L.) odunu örnekleri üç farklı yöntem (ThermoWood, yağlı işlem ve sıcak hava) ve üç farklı sıcaklık (170 °C, 190 °C ve 210 °C) uygulanarak ısıl işleme tabi tutulmuştur. Daha sonra örnek yüzeyleri endüstriyel uygulamalara göre poliüretan vernik ile kaplanmıştır. Parlaklık ölçümleri TS EN ISO 2813 esaslarına uyularak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Verniksiz örnekler için, yağlı işlem yöntemi ile ısıl işlem görmüş örneklerde daha düşük parlaklık değerleri belirlenmiştir. ThermoWood ve sıcak hava yöntemleri ile muamele edilmiş örneklerde parlaklık değerleri benzer bulunmuş ve bu örneklerde, düşük sıcaklıktaki (170 °C) ısıl işlem sonrası parlaklıklar kontrol örneklere göre artmıştır. Vernikli örneklerde ise ısıl işlem yönteminin etkisi parlaklık üzerinde önemsiz bulunmuştur. Diğer taraftan, hem verniksiz hem de vernik uygulanmış örneklerde ısıl işlem sıcaklığı artışına bağlı olarak yüzey parlaklık değerleri azalmıştır.

Synthesis and Antibacterial Activity of Metal-Containing Ultraviolet-Cured Wood Floor Coatings.

In our previous report, the antibacterial agents with different metals, mono(hydroxyethoxyethyl)phthalate [M(HEEP)2, M = Zn, Mn, and Ca], were synthesized. For increasing their yields, modified synthesis and purified processes were further investigated. The result of energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy showed the M(HEEP)2 could be stable and successfully synthesized, and their yields were raised to 73–85% from our previous report of 43–55%. For ultraviolet-cured wood floor coating application, the Zn(HEEP)2 was selected as an antibacterial agent and mixed with commercial UV wood floor coating. The effects on the antibacterial activity of UV films with different Zn(HEEP)2 additions of 0, 4, 8, and 12 phr as well as the commercial nano-Ag of 12 phr against Escherichia coli were evaluated. In the static antibacterial test, the UV films with Zn(HEEP)2 additions had similar antibacterial activity of 57–59%. In another dynamic shaking antibacterial test, the film containing 12 phr Zn(HEEP)2 had the best antibacterial activity among all the UV films. On the film properties, the Zn(HEEP)2-containing UV films had lower gloss and abrasion resistance, and slightly increased the hardness than those of UV film without Zn(HEEP)2 addition. However, there were no noticeable differences in mass retention, lightfastness, and thermal stability between UV films with and without the Zn(HEEP)2 addition. In this study, the 12 phr Zn(HEEP)2-containing UV film provided the best antibacterial activity against E. coli and had the balanced film properties for application on the UV wood floor coating.

Recycling of different types of polyurethane foam wastes via acidolysis to produce polyurethane coatings

Aiming to minimize the issues associated with the disposal of polymers, in this work polyurethanes foams (PUF) scraps were recycled using dicarboxylic acids (DA). Different types of PUF were tested, being the reaction between PUF scraps with the DA monitored using spectroscopy analysis. The obtained hydroxyl number and acid value of the recycled polyol (RP) were suitable to produce new polyurethanes (PU), therefore, it was used to produce wood PU coatings (PUC). Analyzing the surface properties of the coatings, it was observed that the coating derived from RP presents higher hardness, lower gloss and its more hydrophobic than the conventional polyol derived coating. These results can be associated with the aromatic moieties presents in the RP, which results as well in stiffer and more thermal stable coatings. From the results, the suitability of this recycling method of PUF and its subsequently use in the production of PUC was demonstrated.

Surface roughness and gloss of polished nanofilled and nanohybrid resin composites

Background/purposeThere is limited literature on the polishability of new launched nanofilled and nanohybrid. The aim of this study is to evaluate the polishability of nanofilled and nanohybrid composites by measuring surface roughness and gloss values and explore the surface qualities of composite before and after polishing in vitro.Materials and methodsOne nanofilled resin composite, two nanohybrid resin composites and one microhybrid resin composite were selected. All specimens were light cured against celluloid matrix strips. Then surface roughness(Ra) and gloss(GU) values were tested as negative control. Specimens were roughened with a 600-grit silicon carbide paper for 30 s to serve as positive control and then polished with Sof-Lex polishing disk system. Mean Ra and GU values of each step were measured with a profilometer and a small-area glossmeter. The surface qualities were observed by scanning electron microscope.ResultsRa values of polished surfaces were significantly higher than negative control and lower than positive control(P < 0.05). All materials showed no significant difference on Ra values after polishing(P > 0.05). GU values of polished surfaces were significantly lower than negative control and higher than positive control(P < 0.05). After polishing the microhybrid resin composite showed lower GU values than nanofilled and nanohybrid resin composite groups. The SEM images showed surface textures and irregularities were corresponded to the results of surface roughness and gloss.ConclusionNo significant differences were noted on surface roughness among nanofilled, nanohybrid, and microhybrid composites after polishing with Sof-Lex disc system. Microhybrid composite presented lower gloss values than nanofilled and nanohybrid resin composites.

Effects of density on colour and gloss variability changes of wood induced by heat treatment

AbstractThe influence of heat treatment severity (resulting from temperature) on the colour and gloss distribution changes of mahogany wood, and the effects of wood density on the responses to heat treatment were evaluated. The wood timbers with different densities were treated at 150°C to 200°C with an interval of 10°C and duration of 4 hours for heat treatment schedules. The colour parameters (lightness L*, red‐green axis value a*, yellow‐blue axis value b*) and gloss (parallel and perpendicular to the grain) values of heat‐treated wood were determined. The distributions of colour and gloss were analyzed using a frequency counts method. Results show that heat treatment resulted in the distinct decrease in L* and b*, while almost no change in a* for mahogany wood. The lower gloss values were obtained in the wood after heat treatment. The colour and gloss uniform on the exposed surface of the wood was improved due to heat treatment. Heat‐treatment induced colour and gloss changes were more effective in the samples with lower density. The effects of density on the colour and gloss variability in the original wood were reduced by heat treatment, and this reduction was more distinct at high heat treatment temperature. The total gloss change was found to be highly correlated with the total colour change of heat‐treated wood.

Visually acceptable gloss threshold for resin composite and polishing systems

BackgroundThe objective of this study was to compare dentists’ perceptions of gloss values of composite specimens with increased levels and to identify the gloss value considered to be clinically acceptable. MethodsDisk-shaped composite specimens were finished and polished 3 ways: metallurgically using silicon carbide papers and alumina paste, manually using Enhance finisher and PoGo polisher (EP) (Dentsply Sirona), and manually using Sof-Lex (SLex) disks (3M). Specimens were produced with surface gloss ranging from 0 through 100 gloss units (GU) in increments of approximately 10 GU as measured with a glossmeter. A GU of 0 was nonglossy, and a GU of 100 was perfectly glossy. Ten dentists evaluated the specimens, ranking them in order from low to high gloss and in 4 groups: low (dull or rough), medium (moderate gloss, clinically unacceptable), high (glossy, clinically acceptable), and superior gloss. The authors performed Spearman correlation analysis (α = 0.05). ResultsFor each finish and polish method, there was an excellent correlation between the machine-measured (actual) gloss ranks and the clinician-evaluated gloss ranks (r2 ≥ 0.95). There was no difference in perception of surface gloss of the composite when metallurgically polished (with silicon carbide papers and alumina paste) or polished with EP to the same GU. There was a slight difference in gloss perception when comparing the 2 different commercial polishing systems. ConclusionsTen dentists consistently perceived gloss of 40 through 50 GU as clinically acceptable. However, the composite was considered clinically acceptable at a lower gloss (40 GU) when polished with SLex disks than when polished with EP or metallurgically (50 GU). Practical ImplicationsGloss values of 40 through 50 GU are considered to be clinically acceptable for resin composites.

Characterization of low-cost Brazilian resin composites submitted to tooth brushing.

This in vitro study aimed to evaluate surface microhardness, roughness, color, gloss and topography of low-cost Brazilian resin composites, compared with an international one. All 120 samples (8mm ø x 2mm height) were prepared and divided into 5 groups: Ultrafill (Biodinâmica), Llis (FGM), Fill Magic (Coltene), Applic (Makira), and Filtek Z250XT (3M Oral Care). Surface microhardness (KHN) (n=10) was analyzed at two time periods: before and after simulated tooth brushing (STB). Other standardized samples of each group (n=10) were analyzed for surface roughness (Ra), color (ΔL, Δa, Δb, ΔE, ΔE00) and gloss unit (GU) at the same two periods. The topography of non-brushed and brushed samples of each group (n=4) was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy. Data were analyzed statistically by two-way repeated measures ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc test (KHN, Ra, GU), and one-way ANOVA with Tukey post-hoc test (ΔL, Δa, Δb, ΔE, ΔE00) (α=0.05). Topographic images were submitted to descriptive analysis. The low-cost Brazilian resin composites investigated were compared with the international one and revealed: lower KHN, regardless of before or after STB; statistically similar Ra before STB, except Ultrafill, which presented higher values; lower Ra after STB, except Ultrafill, which presented statistically similar values; statistically similar color change in ΔL, Δa, Δb parameters; statistically similar color change in ΔE, ΔE00 parameters, except Fill Magic, which presented lower values; lower gloss before STB; lower gloss after STB, except Ultrafill, which presented statistically similar values. In a situation of scarce resources, low-cost Brazilian composites might be an acceptable cost-effective restorative alternative.

Behaviour of hard stones submitted to different foot traffic

Building stones when submitted to wear conditions can change their appearance and eventually lose the characteristics for which they were chosen, leading to expensive and undesired material replacement. The physical–mechanical properties of the stones should fit their application purposes to ensure the desired durability, as in covering floors submitted to intense foot traffic. This paper presents the results of the evaluation carried out of some properties of the stone floor, composed of honed finished slabs of granite (Branco Micaela) and gabbronorite (Nero Impala), applied in a commercial zone for 10 years. The assessment of colour, roughness and gloss were carried out in 105 slabs. Beyond the colour differences, granite is lighter than gabbronorite, though both stones have chromatic homogeneity. There are also differences in surface roughness and gloss, with Branco Micaela showing a higher roughness and a lower gloss. Mineralogical composition, mainly the presence of micas, and the grain size govern the polishing of the stones, which affect the roughness and gloss. Nero Impala has large minerals and shows better polishing, whilst Branco Micaela, with more contacts and detachable micas, is more susceptible to losing mineral fragments, consequently showing higher roughness and less gloss. There is a wear difference between the areas of high and low pedestrian foot traffic, though these differences do not significantly modify the aesthetic characteristics of the floor. The use of honed finishing proved to be a good option to prevent the undesirable evolution of surface characteristics.

Influence of topography on the scratch and mar visibility resistance of randomly micro-textured surfaces

In this research, the influence of the macro- and micro-topography on randomly micro-textured polypropylene surfaces has been studied. An initial characterization of the underlying surface was carried out using three-dimensional (3D) technologies such as chromatic and white light confocal microscopy. A multi-scale analysis methodology was employed for analysing the surface at either macro- or micro-scales. Among others, topographic characteristics such as peak-to-valley symmetry and the amount of micro-asperities were analysed to quantitatively determine the scratch and mar visibility resistance. The results show that surfaces with higher symmetry in their functional height distributions yield lower lightness variation (ΔL*) between the scratch pattern and its residual background height (RBH). This allows for a better suitability in hiding the scratch damage. On the other hand, topographies with less amount of micro-asperities on top of the texture provided a better mar resistance. In these cases, deformation mechanisms such as ironing are minimized, resulting in a lower gloss variation and lower contrast between the damaged area and its surroundings.

Properties of fish gelatin films containing epigallocatechin gallate fabricated by thermo-compression molding

An alternative approach towards more producible active films based on fish gelatin and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) fabricated by thermo-compression molding was investigated in this study. This strategy permitted the reduction of production times. Furthermore, EGCG, used as a natural antioxidant, promoted the interaction with gelatin, as shown by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, total soluble matter, X-ray diffraction and thermo-gravimetric analyses. This interaction led to the formation of homogeneous structures, as observed by scanning electron microscopy, indicating a good compatibility among all the components of the mixture. Films with EGCG at 5.71% and 17.14% showed good mechanical properties, both tensile strength and elongation at break. In addition, EGCG provided films with lower gloss and mass loss as well as slow release profile with DPPH radical scavenging activity. Therefore, optimum level of EGCG rendered satisfactory functional properties for thermo-compression molded gelatin films, which could be used for food or pharmaceutical applications.

Effect of cross-linking in surface properties and antioxidant activity of gelatin films incorporated with a curcumin derivative

Gelatin was chemically cross-linked with lactose in order to analyze the effect of this reaction in the antioxidant capacity of gelatin films. Since phenolic compounds are formed during cross-linking, the antioxidant activity of gelatin films was assessed. Although these cross-linking films showed certain antioxidant capacity, the incorporation of tetrahydrocurcumin (THC) into the films forming solutions greatly increased the antioxidant capacity of gelatin films. Total phenolic content, expressed as mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE), increased from 14 to 43 mg GAE/L. Furthermore, free radical scavenging capacity showed a three-fold increase, as shown by inhibition values. The changes observed were related to the differences found in the film surface, such as lower gloss and higher roughness.

Cross-linking of fish gelatins to develop sustainable films with enhanced properties

Transparent, homogenous and resistant renewable films were prepared in this work. In contrast to other natural cross-linkers, the addition of citric acid into film forming solutions caused no change in color, highlighting the potential of these cross-linked films for packaging applications, in which film appearance is a key factor for consumer acceptance. Furthermore, modified films showed lower gloss values, indicating the formation of a rougher surface, which would provide more convenient surface properties when printing the film for commercial purposes was intended. In addition, modified films showed improved light barrier properties, which highlight the potential of these films to prevent oxidation caused by light. Finally, the environmental assessment showed that composting as disposal scenario could provide environmental benefits when using these renewable films, although improvements in raw material extraction and film manufacture are still needed.

Influence of dielectric nanoparticles addition on electroconductivity and other properties of carbon nanotubes-based acrylic coatings

Abstract The coating compositions based on commercial acrylic aqueous dispersion and carbon nanotubes (CNT) were modified with dielectric inorganic oxide nanoparticles (DNP), i.e. alumina, silica or titania. The influence of DNP type and content (0, 20 or 50 wt.%) on electrical, optical, mechanical and thermal features of the coatings has been investigated. The samples containing silica reached significantly lower electrical surface resistivity and higher transparency (e.g. 3.6 × 10 7 Ω and 70%, respectively for the material containing 0.25 wt.% of CNT and 50 wt.% of silica) than the reference sample (with CNT only) as well as the samples with similar CNT and other DNP (alumina or titania) content. Moreover, the samples containing 1 wt.% of CNT and 50 wt.% of silica or titania nanoparticles exhibited higher hardness (ca. 300% increment) and lower gloss (reduction from 80 G.U. to 48 G.U. and 0.3 G.U., respectively) in relation to the sample with CNT only. Additionally, the presence of CNT and DNP resulted in thermal stability increase of acrylic coatings up to 12 °C (for the samples filled with alumina or silica).

The Effect of Hardening Surfaces on Gloss, Surface Appearance, and Consumer Acceptance of Chocolates

Tempered chocolate was hardened on surfaces of differing glosses, including polypropylene transfer sheets, Plexiglas®, marble, textured polyethylene, 180 grit sandpaper, and 400 grit sandpaper. Lower gloss surfaces, such as the sandpapers and polyethylene induced lower gloss in the chocolates hardened on them compared with the high gloss polypropylene and Plexiglas®. There was a strong correlation between the gloss of the surface and the resulting gloss of the chocolate hardened on that surface. The topography of the surface was maintained on the hardened chocolate. Glossier chocolates were perceived to be of significantly higher value than less glossy samples, however the surface gloss had no significant effect on panelist’s liking, perceived sweetness, bitterness, and chocolate flavor intensity. These data suggest that molds can be created or manipulated to impart specific gloss and texture to chocolates to better express the artistic vision of the chocolatier.

Color and Gloss of Nano-Filled Resin-Modified Glass Ionomers and Resin Composites.

The study aims to compare in vitro stain resistance, color stability, gloss, and gloss retention of a nano-filled resin-modified glass ionomers (RMGIs) to a traditional RMGI and resin-based composites (RBCs). Specimens (N = 20) were fabricated from a nano-filled RBC (Filtek Supreme Plus, 3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA), a nanohybrid RBC (Clearfil Majesty Esthetic, Kuraray; Tokyo, Japan), a nano-filled RMGI (Ketac Nano, 3M ESPE), and traditional RMGI (Fuji II LC, GC America, Chicago, IL, USA). L*a*b* values were recorded with a spectrophotometer, and gloss was measured with a glossmeter. For each material, 10 specimens were stored in distilled water in darkness for 1 week and 10 specimens were placed in a staining solution for 1 week. After storage, specimens were cleaned and L*a*b* and gloss measurements were remeasured. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey analyses. Regarding color change, materials ranked: Ketac = Fuji > Filtek > Clearfil in water, and Ketac > Fuji > Filtek > Clearfil in staining solution. Prior to storage, the initial gloss of the materials ranked: Filtek ≥ Clearfil ≥ Ketac > Fuji. After storage, the materials ranked: Filtek = Clearfil > Ketac > Fuji in water, and Filtek > Clearfil > Ketac > Fuji in staining solution. Gloss retention was similar for all materials in water and gloss retention ranked: Filtek = Clearfil > Ketac = Fuji in staining solution. The nano-RMGI showed less stain resistance but higher gloss than the traditional RMGI. Both RMGIs had more color change, less stain resistance, lower gloss and less gloss retention than the RBCs. The clinician should be aware that the use of a nano-RMGI may improve the gloss of an RMGI restoration; however, color change will likely occur, particularly if the patient consumes a staining diet.