Low Glass Transition Temperature Research Articles

Efficient and comprehensive utilization of sugarcane bagasse components through vanillic acid pretreatment

Lignocellulosic biomass, being a renewable carbon-based resource, holds paramount practical significance in terms of its comprehensive conversion and utilization for effectively substituting petroleum-based energy sources. Herein, we present a sustainable and environmental-friendly vanillic acid (VA) pretreatment approach for efficient and comprehensive utilization of sugarcane bagasse (SCB). The xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS)DP2-6 yield of 60.4 % (wt.% of xylan) was achieved under the conditions of 180 °C/15 min/6% VA (wt.% of SCB), while lignin condensation was simultaneously inhibited in this initial biorefinery stage. Subsequently, the enzymatic saccharification of the pretreatment residue was significantly enhanced due to the reduced cellulase adsorption of lignin. Lignin structural characterization demonstrated that VA could effectively incorporate to the lignin structure, resulting in the lignin exhibiting high preservation of β-O-4′ linkages (39.38/100 Ar), low molecular weight (2410 Da), abundant phenolic hydroxyl groups (3.70 mmol/g), and less degree of condensation (0.33). Importantly, the resulting less-condensed lignin (LCL) could effectively undergo melt-blending with poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) owing to its low glass transition temperature, thereby facilitating the establishment of enhanced intermolecular interactions (π–π interaction and hydrogen bond) between LCL and PBAT. These interactions enhanced the plasticization of PBAT on LCL, and as a result, the prepared P/LCL30 composite film possessed excellent tensile properties without requiring lignin modification or additional additives. The study presents a straightforward and efficient biorefinery conversion strategy for lignocellulosic biomass, wherein hemicellulose was degraded into XOS, cellulose was enzymatically hydrolyzed to glucose, and the remaining lignin with lower condensation was utilized as a filler of PBAT composite film.

Sustainable CO2-based PPC foams functionalized with enhanced glass transition temperature by a controllable hydrogen bonding complexation

Biodegradable polypropylene carbonate (PPC) has garnered significant attention for its commendable biodegradability and its role in mitigating the greenhouse effect. However, the inherent drawback of PPC, its low glass transition temperature (Tg), severely restricts its widespread use, especially at room temperature. In this study, we explore the utilization of MXene-OH/CNTs-OH (CM) hybrids, which encompass hydroxylated one-dimensional carbon nanotubes (CNTs-OH) and the two-dimensional layered structure of Ti3C2 (MXene-OH), to enhance the properties of PPC through hydrogen bonding complexation. By adjusting the content of nanofillers, the resulting PPC/CM composites demonstrate improved Tg, mechanical strength, and exceptional capability in supercritical foaming. Both experimental and theoretical analyses confirm that the CM crosslinking mechanism significantly elevates the Tg of the composite to 37.3 °C, while also enhancing tensile strength by 23.7% and antibacterial activity by 99.6%. This study presents a straightforward and practical method for developing functionalized, sustainable polymer foams with enhanced characteristics, poised for a diverse range of applications.

Lithium Borate Polycarbonates for High-Capacity Solid-State Composite Cathodes.

Improving composite cathode function is key to the success of the solid-state battery. Maximizing attainable cathode capacity and retention requires integrating suitable polymeric binders that retain a sufficiently high ionic conductivity and long-term chemo-mechanical stability of the cathode active material-solid-electrolyte-carbon mixture. Herein, we report block copolymer networks composed of lithium borate polycarbonates and poly(ethylene oxide) that improved the capacity (200 mA h g-1 at 1.75 mA cm-2) and capacity retention (94% over 300 cycles) of all-solid-state composite cathodes with nickel-rich LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 cathode active material, Li6PS5Cl solid electrolyte, and carbon. Tetrahedral B(OR)2(OH)2- anions immobilized on the polycarbonate segments provide hydrogen-bonding chain crosslinking and selective Li-counterion conductivity, parameterized by Li-ion transference numbers close to unity (tLi+ ~ 0.94). With 90 wt% polycarbonate content and a flexible low glass transition temperature backbone, the single-ion conductors achieved high Li-ion conductivities of 0.2 mS cm-1 at 30°C. The work should inform future binder design for improving the processability of cathode composites towards commercialising solid-state batteries, and allow use in other cell configurations, such as lithium-sulphur cathode designs.

Photo-Healable Fabrics: Achieving Structural Control via Photochemical Solid-Liquid Transitions of Polystyrene/Azobenzene-Containing Polymer Blends.

While polymer fabrics are integral to a wide range of applications, their vulnerability to mechanical damage limits their sustainability and practicality. Addressing this challenge, our study introduces a versatile strategy to develop photohealable fabrics, utilizing a composite of polystyrene (PS) and an azobenzene-containing polymer (PAzo). This combination leverages the structural stability of PS to compensate for the mechanical weaknesses of PAzo, forming the fiber structures. Key to our approach is the reversible trans-cis photoisomerization of azobenzene groups within the PAzo under UV light exposure, enabling controlled morphological alterations in the PS/PAzo blend fibers. The transition of PAzo sections from a solid to a liquid state at a low glass transition temperature (Tg ∼ 13.7 °C) is followed by solidification under visible light, thus stabilizing the altered fiber structures. In this study, we explore various PS/PAzo blend ratios to optimize surface roughness and mechanical properties. Additionally, we demonstrate the capability of these fibers for photoinduced self-healing. When damaged fabrics are clamped and subjected to UV irradiation for 20 min and pressed for 24 h, the mobility of the cis-form PAzo sections facilitates healing while retaining the overall fabric structure. This innovative approach not only addresses the critical issue of durability in polymer fabrics but also offers a sustainable and practical solution, paving the way for its application in smart clothing and advanced fabric-based materials.

Synthesis and Characterization of Graft Copolymers with Poly(ε-caprolactone) Side Chain Using Hydroxylated Poly(β-myrcene-co-α-methyl styrene).

Graft copolymers have unique application scenarios in the field of high-performance thermoplastic elastomers, resins and rubbers. β-myrcene (My) is a biomass monomer derived from renewable plant resources, and its homopolymer has a low glass transition temperature and high elasticity. In this work, a series of tapered copolymers P(My-co-AMS)k (k = 1, 2, 3) were first synthesized in cyclohexane by one-pot anionic polymerization of My and α-methyl styrene (AMS) using sec-BuLi as the initiator. PAMS chain would fracture when heated at high temperature and could endow the copolymer with thermal degradation property. The effect of the incorporation of AMS unit on the thermal stability and glass transition temperature of polymyrcene main chain was studied. Subsequently, the double bonds in the linear copolymers were partially epoxidized and hydroxylated into hydroxyl groups to obtain hydroxylated copolymer, which was finally used to initiate the ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of ε-caprolactone (ε-CL) to synthesize the graft copolymer with PCL as the side chain. All these copolymers before and after modifications were characterized by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), thermogravimetry analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC).

Effects of composition on the structure, thermal and some physical characteristics of Bi2O3-B2O3-ZnO-SiO2 glasses

The influence of composition on the structure, thermal, and some physical characteristics of bismuth borate glasses, formulated as 55Bi2O3–(35-x-y)B2O3–(5+x)ZnO–(5+y)SiO2 (where 0 ≤ x, y ≤ 15 mol%), was investigated. Comprehensive analyses were conducted using techniques such as X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA), and Dilatometry. XRD confirmed the amorphous nature of the glass samples, while FTIR spectroscopy revealed that the glasses are primarily composed of BO4, BO3, BiO6, BiO3, ZnO4, and SiO4 structural units. DTA provided further evidence of the samples' glassy state and insights into key temperatures like glass transition (Tg), crystallization (Tc), and melting (Tm). The study finds that substituting B2O3 with SiO2 increases all characteristic temperatures, whereas replacing it with ZnO decreases Tg and Tc but increases Tm. The maximum thermal stability, indicated by a ΔT of 99°C, was observed in the glass with a 55Bi2O3–20B2O3–20ZnO–5SiO2 composition. Dilatometric measurements showed that the investigated glasses have a high coefficient of thermal expansion (10.0–10.7 ppm/°C) values, a low glass transition temperature (345–376°C), and a low dilatometric softening temperature (364–392°C). Additionally, the density and molar volume of the samples were accurately determined.

(Thermo)mechanical and chemical characteristics of photochemically crosslinked acrylates from bio‐ and fossil‐based origin

AbstractThe acrylates with oligomers and monomers from (partially) bio‐based feedstock become available at (semi‐)industrial scale, which can be processed through photochemical crosslinking for applications in coatings, additive manufacturing, electronics, or inks. Although fossil‐ and bio‐based acrylates may have a similar chemical composition, it requires good understanding of processing and structure–property relationships as minor changes in microstructure may strongly alter the performance. A comparative study on mechanical properties and chemical structure of bio‐ and fossil‐based acrylates with different functionalities and backbone structures reveals higher ductility of bio‐based acrylates, in relation with a more complex organization of the intrinsic molecular structure. The latter is confirmed by mechanical testing and visco‐elastic characteristics (dynamic mechanical analysis) yielding lower stiffness and higher dampening of bio‐based acrylates, in parallel with a lower glass transition temperature (differential scanning calorimetry). The complex molecular arrangements include a nanoscale morphology with ordered structure (X‐ray diffraction), conformational changes (infrared spectroscopy), and a residual high‐molecular weight fraction (size exclusion chromatography). The visco‐elastic calculations indicate only 4% to 5% lower crosslinking density and around 10% higher mean molar mass of the polymer chains segments between chemical crosslinks and trapped chain entanglements, which explain the unique structure and performance of bio‐based acrylates.

Mid-infrared interferometry with non-adiabatic tapered ZBLAN optical fiber

This work illustrates, to the best of our knowledge, the first non-adiabatic tapered single-mode zirconium fluoride optical fiber sensor in the mid-infrared spectral range. It is designed and fabricated via pulling and heating technique. A waist diameter d w = 25 µm with no visible crystallization is achieved, overcoming the typical fluoride glass challenges associated with crystallization, narrow temperature fabrication window, and low glass transition temperature. The performance of the non-adiabatic tapered optical fiber is theoretically and experimentally investigated, demonstrating its high potential for a wide range of sensing applications in the mid-infrared spectral range.

Incorporation of self-heating effect into a thermo-mechanical coupled constitutive modelling for elastomeric polyurethane

Elastomeric polyurethane (EPU) is characterised by distinctive mechanical properties, including high toughness, low glass transition temperature, and high impact resistance, that render it indispensable in diverse engineering applications from soft robotics to anti-collision devices. This study presents a thermo-mechanically coupled constitutive model for EPU, systematically incorporating hyperelasticity, viscoelasticity, thermal expansion, and self-heating effect in a thermodynamically consistent manner. Experimental data, obtained from previous studies, are then used for parameter identification and model validation, including iterative updates for temperature parameters considering the self-heating effect. Subsequently, the validated model is integrated into finite element codes, i.e., user subroutine to define a material’s mechanical behaviour (UMAT) based on the commercial finite element software ABAQUS, for the computation of three-dimensional stress-strain states, facilitating the analysis of the structural response to various mechanical loads and boundary conditions. The results obtained from simulations are compared with analytical solutions to confirm the precision of Finite Element Method (FEM) implementation. The self-heating effect is further analysed under different strain rates and temperatures. To validate the engineering significance of the FEM implementation, a plate with a hole structure is also simulated. In conclusion, this research provides a robust tool for engineers and researchers working with soft materials, enhancing their understanding and predictive capabilities, notably addressing the self-heating effect in thermo-mechanical behaviours.

Rational Design of Nitride Phosphor-In-Glass with Robust Stability and Photoluminescence Performance.

Phosphor-in-glass represents a promising avenue for merging the luminous efficiency of high-quality phosphor and the thermal stability of a glass matrix. Undoubtedly, the glass matrix system and its preparation are pivotal factors in achieving high stability and preserving the original performance of embedded phosphor particles. In contrast to the well-established commercial Y3Al5O12:Ce3+ oxide phosphor, red nitride phosphor, which plays a critical role in high-quality lighting, exhibits greater structural instability during the high-temperature synthesis of inorganic glasses. A telluride glass with a refractive index (RI = 2.15@615 nm) akin to that of nitride phosphor (∼2.19) has been devised, demonstrating high efficiency in photon utilization. The lower glass-transition temperature plays a crucial role in safeguarding phosphor particles against erosion resulting from exposure to high-temperature melts. Phosphor-in-glass retains 93% of the quantum efficiency observed for pure phosphor. The assembled white light-emitting diodes module has precise color tuning capabilities, achieving an optimal color rendering index of 93.7, a luminous efficacy of 80.4 lm/W, and a correlated color temperature of 5850 K. These outcomes hold potential for advancing the realm of inorganic package and high-quality white light illumination.

Facile Preparation of a Transparent, Self-Healing, and Recyclable Polysiloxane Elastomer Based on a Dynamic Imine and Boroxine Bond.

Transparent polysiloxane elastomers with good self-healing and reprocessing abilities have attracted significant attention in the field of artificial skin and flexible displays. Herein, we propose a simple one-pot method to fabricate a room temperature self-healable polysiloxane elastomer (HPDMS) by introducing dynamic and reversible imine bonds and boroxine into polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) networks. The presence of imine bonds and boroxine is proved by FT-IR and NMR spectra. The obtained HPDMS elastomer is highly transparent with a transmittance of up to 80%. The TGA results demonstrated that the HPDMS elastomer has good heat resistance and can be used in a wide temperature range. A lower glass transition temperature (Tg, -127.4 °C) was obtained and revealed that the elastomer is highly flexible at room temperature. Because of the reformation of dynamic reversible imine bonds and boroxine, the HPDMS elastomers exhibited excellent autonomous self-healing properties. After healing for 3 h, the self-healing efficiency of HPDMS reached 96.3% at room temperature. Moreover, the elastomers can be repeatedly reprocessed multiple times under milder conditions. This work provides a simple but effective method to prepare transparent self-healable and reprocessable polysiloxane elastomers.

Synthesis, characterization and performance evaluation of different alkyl chain lengths flame-retardant plasticizers for poly(vinyl chloride) derived from sustainable vanillic acid

The current market for poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) plasticizers is dominated by flammable petroleum-based compounds, accounting for over 80 % of the total share. Due to their high flammability, the search for novel approaches to enhance the fire resistance of flexible PVC has gained urgency. However, traditional flame-retardant schemes suffer from shortcomings such as poor compatibility, inferior long-term performance, and weak mechanical properties. Herein, we synthesized a novel biobased flame-retardant plasticizer (VAn-P) using vanillic acid as a skeleton. This plasticizer exhibits remarkable properties, including a substantially lower glass transition temperature compared to unplasticized PVC. The binding energy between VAn-P and PVC is calculated to be –33.30 kcal/mole, indicating a strong interaction. Furthermore, the maximum elongation at break of VAn-P plasticized PVC is 16 times higher than that of unmodified PVC. All PVC samples plasticized with VAn-P achieved a UL-94 VTM-0 rating. TGA-FTIR analysis revealed that the flame-retarding mechanism of VAn-P involves solid-phase action, significantly delaying the dehydrochlorination process of PVC. Moreover, VAn-P exhibits superior migration resistance compared to dioctyl phthalate (DOP). We also investigated the effects of alkyl chain lengths in VAn-P on various properties of PVC blends, including thermal stability, flame retardancy, mechanical properties, and optical performance. The toxicity of vanillic acid-based flame-retardant plasticizer has undergone an initial assessment. Overall, this green plasticizer is expected to endow polymers with high plasticizing performance and flame retardancy, providing a novel and sustainable approach for the synthesis of functional plasticizers.

Self-healing photo-polymerized thiol-ene networks utilizing bio-based hexaallylated compounds derived from L-cystine and citric acid

Bio-based vitrimers have received considerable attention owing to their contributions to carbon neutrality and resource and energy savings. The photopolymerization of hexaallylated compounds (A6CST and A6UDC) derived from L-cystine and citric acid with disulfide-containing polyether dithiol (LP-12) and pentaerythritol-based tetrathiol (S4P) at an allyl:thiol ratio of 1:1 produced thiol-ene network films. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy of the cured films revealed that the thiol-ene reaction of the thiol and allyl groups was almost complete. Degrees of swelling of the cured films decreased with an increasing LP-12/S4P ratio. The A6CST- and A6UDC-cured films with higher flexible LP-12 fractions (i.e., higher disulfide contents) exhibited lower glass transition temperatures (Tgs), tensile strengths, and tensile moduli, and could be healed by treatment at a lower temperature and shorter time. The A6CST/S4P cured film was healed by treating at 100 ℃ for 24 h, whereas the A6UDC/S4P cured film without disulfide bond was not healed by the same treatment. The A6CST-based film with the highest LP-12/S4P ratio exhibited the highest healing efficiency (99 %) after treatment at room temperature for 10 h, and self-healed at least three times.

SIS derivative as a novel delivery system for ibuprofen

Ibuprofen is a commonly used analgesic due to its effectiveness, but its half-life is relatively short. Therefore, finding an appropriate delivery system is a significant challenge. In this study, we designed a new controlled release carrier for ibuprofen using a biocompatible poly(styrene-b-isoprene-b-styrene) triblock copolymer. For this purpose, the polyisoprene block was modified with 2-mercaptoethanol or ethanolamine to introduce hydroxyl groups. These linkers allowed the incorporation of the drug through a covalent bond. The modified copolymers were characterized using spectroscopic techniques, including 1H NMR, FTIR-ATR, and UV-Vis, which confirmed successful synthesis. The thermal method revealed that the new delivery system has a lower glass transition temperature than its precursor, verifying the incorporation of the hydrophobic drug. Furthermore, enzymatic release of ibuprofen was studied under physiological conditions and was found to be slow and sustained over time. The in vitro biocompatibility of the release system was evaluated using RAW264.7 monocytes. It was found that cells were able to adhere and proliferate onto the matrices. Additionally, the cells growing on ibuprofen-substituted SIS produced low levels of nitric oxide, a marker of cytotoxicity, when compared to cells growing on tissue culture plates. Taken together, the findings indicate that the polymer may serve as a promising delivery system for ibuprofen with potential biological applications.

Flame-retardant vinyl ester resins enabled by phosphorus-containing 1-vinylimidazole salts with different phosphorus oxidation states

Different reactive flame retardants have been extensively developed for vinyl ester resins (VERs), but very few of them can yield a flame-retardant resin that meets defined standards (e.g. UL-94 V-0 rating). In this work, phosphorous-containing 1-vinylimidazole salts (called VIDHP and VIDPP) were synthesized through the facile neutralization of the acid and 1-vinylimidazole. VIDHP and VIDPP were then applied as flame-retardant crosslinking agents of VERs, by which phosphorus-containing groups could be incorporated into the resin chain via ionic bonds. VIDHP/VER and VIDPP/VER showed a high curing activity and can be well cured in moderate temperatures. With 20 wt.% additions of VIDHP and VIDPP, VIDHP20/VER, and VIDPP20/VER presented a limiting oxygen index value of 29.7 % and 28.4 %, respectively, with the latter achieving a UL 94 V0 rating. In the cone calorimetric test, compared to the unmodified VERs, VIDPP20/VER exhibited large reductions in the peak heat release rate, total heat release rate, and total smoke release rate while VIDHP20/VER demonstrated comparatively inferior performance in terms of the heat release. VIDHP20/VER and VIDPP20/VER showed good thermal stability and presented a little lower glass transition temperature than the control sample. VIDPP with a low phosphorus oxidation state (+1) demonstrated high flame-retardant activities in the gaseous phase, whereas VIDHP with a high phosphorus oxidation state (+5) primarily exhibited efficacy in the condensed phase.

Dietary fibers effects on physical, thermal, and sensory properties of low-fat ice cream

This study investigated the effect of incorporating dietary fibers, inulin, acacia, oat, and apple, in a low-fat vanilla ice cream. A significant increase in the ice cream mixture viscosity was observed with the addition of dietary fibers. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed in the crystallization temperature when apple and oat fibers were used. Additionally, low-fat dietary fiber ice creams displayed statistically lower (p < 0.05) glass transition and melting temperatures than full-fat ones, with the most pronounced reductions observed for samples enriched with acacia and apple fibers. Dietary fibers affected (p < 0.05) the sensory profile of low-fat ice cream. However, inulin and acacia fibers samples showed a sensory profile comparable to the full-fat ice cream for nearly all attributes. These findings suggest that utilizing inulin and acacia fibers in low-fat ice cream yields characteristics of full-fat, underscoring the potential for crafting high-quality, reduced-fat ice cream products.

Mechanical, Thermal, and Physicochemical Properties of Filaments of Poly (Lactic Acid), Polyhydroxyalkanoates and Their Blend for Additive Manufacturing.

Polymeric blends are employed in the production of filaments for additive manufacturing to balance mechanical and processability properties. The mechanical and thermal properties of polymeric filaments made of poly (lactic acid) (PLA), polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), and its blend (PLA-PHA) are investigated herein and correlated to their measured structural and physicochemical properties. PLA exhibits the highest stiffness and tensile strength, but lower toughness. The mechanical properties of the PLA-PHA blend were similar to those of PLA, but with a significantly higher toughness. Despite the lower mechanical properties of neat PHA, incorporating a small amount (12 wt.%) of PHA into PLA significantly enhances toughness (approximately 50%) compared to pure PLA. The synergistic effect is attributed to the spherulitic morphology of blended PHA in PLA, promoting interactions between the amorphous regions of both polymers. Thermal stability is notably improved in the PLA-PHA blend, as determined by thermogravimetric analysis. The blend also exhibits lower cold crystallization and glass transition temperatures as compared to PLA, which is beneficial for additive manufacturing. Following additive manufacturing, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic showed that the three filaments present an increase in C-C and C=O bonds associated with the loss of C-O bonds. The thermal process induces a slight increase in crystallinity in PHA due to chain reorganization. The study provides insights into the thermal and structural changes occurring during the melting process of additive manufacturing.

Thermal Radiation Annealing for Overcoming Processing Temperature Limitation of Flexible Perovskite Solar Cells.

Common polymeric conductive electrodes, such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET) coated with indium tin oxide, face a major challenge of their low processing-temperature limits, attributed to PET's low glass transition temperature (Tg of 70-80°C). This limitation significantly narrows the scope of material selection, limits the processing techniques applicable to the low Tg, and hinders the ripened technology transfer from glass substrates to them. Addressing the temperature constraints of the flexible substrates is impactful yet underexplored, with broader implications for fields beyond photovoltaics. Here we introduce a new thermal radiation annealing methodology to address this issue. By applying above Tg radiation annealing in conjunction with thermoelectric cooling, we successfully create highly ordered molecular packing on PET substrates, which are exclusively unachievable due to PET's low thermal tolerance. As a result, in the context of perovskite solar cells, this approach enables the circumvention of high-temperature annealing limitations of PET substrates, leading to a remarkable flexible device efficiency of 22.61% and a record fill factor of 83.42%. This approach proves especially advantageous for advancing the field of flexible optoelectronic devices. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Degradable polycaprolactone/buffer composites as pH regulating carrier materials for drug delivery and 3D printed biomaterials

Polymeric materials such as biodegradable polycaprolactone (PCL) have garnered significant attention for their utility in biomedical applications. With its notable low glass transition temperature (Tg), PCL exhibits flexibility at physiological temperatures, rendering it an ideal candidate for drug delivery systems, particularly in fibrous form. This suitability is particularly pronounced when these fibres are designed for placement within periodontal pockets resulting from periodontitis. However, the degradation of PCL yields acidic by-products, potentially impacting adjacent dental structures. To address this, several composites comprising PCL and buffering agents (CaCO3, MgCO3, NaHCO3, Na2HPO4, and TRIS) were processed to scaffolds using fused deposition modelling. For fine mineral powders (MgCO3, Na2HPO4) resulted in an extrudability of up to 20 wt% added to the PCL, whereas otherwise 30 wt% added buffer could be processed without any problems. The primary objective of these composites is to modulate the pH within the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) to prevent demineralization of teeth.It was found, that only MgCO3 added to PCL can keep pH above 7.4 during enzymatic degradation over 28 days. This ensured that the polymer matrix was 100% degraded without lowering the pH value, which might prevent deminarlization of dental hard tissues for it future intended application. This influence can be directly attributed to the solubility of MgCO3, as all other buffer substances are rinsed out of the PCL matrix too quickly (max. 9 days).

Inorganic/organic composite binder with self-healing property for silicon anode in lithium-ion battery

Silicon (Si) has garnered significant attention as a high-capacity anode material in high-energy density lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Nevertheless, the huge volume variation of Si (>300%) during cycling results in rapid capacity deterioration, thereby impeding its commercial application. To confront this challenge, inorganic binder has been identified as a highly promising solution for Si anode due to its high bonding strength. Despite its effectiveness, the inorganic binder's limited elasticity hinders the rejuvenation of the impaired electrode structure. Hence, we devised an elasticity and self-healing composite binder, incorporating both inorganic and organic binders. The inorganic lithium metasilicate not only offers ample adhesion sites to Si but also establishes a protective coating layer on SiNPs. Simultaneously, the organic poly (vinyl alcohol) featuring a low glass transition temperature (72 °C) furnishes elasticity and a self-healing framework. Consequently, the Si anode shows exemplary cycling and rate performances. Additionally, the Si||NCM811 full cell attains a reversible capacity of 1.86 mAh/cm2 with a capacity retention of 67% after 50 cycles, indicating the commercial application potential of the composite binder. This study thus explores design strategies for composite binders, paving the way for high-performance Si anode.