Lower Extremity Muscle Activity Research Articles

Biomechanical Comparison of Pediatric Female Ballet Dancers With and Without Pain

BACKGROUND: Across all genres of dance, studies have reported musculoskeletal injury in 20-84% of dancers with 95% reporting a history of musculoskeletal pain. Compared to other dance styles, ballet dancers specifically are most affected by musculoskeletal injuries. The purpose of this study is to compare movement patterns and muscle activity in pediatric female pre-professional dancers with and without self- reported pain, using the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System pediatric numeric rating scale. We hypothesize dancers reporting pain will exhibit compensatory strategies, such as asymmetrical movement patterns and muscle activity, across a series of ballet movements. METHODS: A total of 55 female ballet dancers who train en pointe were seen for testing (age 14.4±1.9 years), with 34 dancers (62%) self-reported pain in the 7 days preceding testing. Biomechanical testing, performed in pointe shoes, included performance of static (5 classical ballet positions) and dynamic ballet movements (développé, arabesqué and grand jeté) while instrumented with surface electromyography (EMG) to capture muscle activity and inertial measurement (IMU) dual sensors on the trunk and lower extremities to capture movement patterns. The experimental setup allowed for measurement of trunk and lower extremity muscle activity, as well as trunk, hip, knee, and ankle joint angles in the sagittal, coronal, and transverse planes. Student’s t-test was used to compare the pain and no pain groups across all variables with statistical significance set to α=0.05. RESULTS: Movement patterns and EMG differences were seen between groups. During first and third positions, the right (non-barre sided) leg demonstrated less external knee rotation in the pain group (p≤0.05). In fifth position, the left (barre-sided) leg exhibited increased ankle flexion (p=0.048), reduced hip abduction (p=0.027), and reduced knee adduction (p=0.026) in the pain group. The pain group exhibited decreased trunk flexion/extension range-of-motion during the grand jeté (p=0.004), and increased trunk rotation range-of-motion when performing the arabesqué en pointe (p=0.034). Rectus femoris activation was reduced for the pain group on the left leg in fifth position (p<0.03). The up leg in the pain group during the développé (flat) showed increased hamstring activation (p=0.04). CONCLUSION: Ballet dancers with pain exhibited differences in movement patterns while performing certain ballet movements, notably during fifth position, grand jeté, and arabesqué (en pointe). Additionally, dancers with pain exhibited reduced rectus femoris activation in fifth position and increased hamstring activation on the working leg during the développé (flat). Future work should investigate how movement patterns and muscle activation in ballet dancers vary by location and severity of reported pain.

The effect of marathon running on the lower extremity kinematics and muscle activities during walking and running tasks

ABSTRACT Patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) is a common injury among runners, and it is thought that abnormal lower extremity biomechanics contribute to its development. However, the relationship between biomechanical changes after a marathon and PFPS injury remains limited. This study aims to investigate whether differences in knee and hip kinematics and lower extremity muscle activities exist in recreational runners before and after a marathon. Additionally, it aims to explore the relationship between these biomechanical changes and the development of PFPS injury. 12 recreational runners participated in the study. Kinematics and muscle activities of the lower extremity were recorded during walking (5 km/h) and running (10 km/h) tasks within 24 hours before and within 5 hours after a marathon. After the marathon, there was a significant decrease in peak knee flexion (walking: p = 0.006; running: p = 0.006) and an increase in peak hip internal rotation (walking: p = 0.026; running: p = 0.015) during the stance phase of both walking and running compared to before the marathon. The study demonstrates a decrease in knee flexion and an increase in hip internal rotation during the stance phase of gait tasks after completing a marathon, which may increase the risk of developing PFPS injury.

Effects of Stroboscopic Vision on Depth Jump Motor Control: A Biomechanical Analysis.

Researchers commonly use the 'free-fall' paradigm to investigate motor control during landing impacts, particularly in drop landings and depth jumps (DJ). While recent studies have focused on the impact of vision on landing motor control, previous research fully removed continuous visual input, limiting ecological validity. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the effects of stroboscopic vision on depth jump (DJ) motor control. Ground reaction forces (GRF) and lower-extremity surface electromyography (EMG) were collected for 20 young adults (11 male; 9 female) performing six depth jumps (0.51 m drop height) in each of two visual conditions (full vision vs. 3 Hz stroboscopic vision). Muscle activation magnitude was estimated from EMG signals using root-mean-square amplitudes (RMS) over specific time intervals (150 ms pre-impact; 30-60 ms, 60-85 ms, and 85-120 ms post-impact). The main effects of and interactions between vision and trial number were assessed using two-way within-subjects repeated measures analyses of variance. Peak GRF was 6.4% greater, on average, for DJs performed with stroboscopic vision compared to full vision (p = 0.042). Tibialis anterior RMS EMG during the 60-85 ms post-impact time interval was 14.1% lower for DJs performed with stroboscopic vision (p = 0.020). Vastus lateralis RMS EMG during the 85-120 ms post-impact time interval was 11.8% lower for DJs performed with stroboscopic vision (p = 0.017). Stroboscopic vision altered DJ landing mechanics and lower-extremity muscle activation. The observed increase in peak GRF and reduction in RMS EMG of the tibialis anterior and vastus lateralis post-landing may signify a higher magnitude of lower-extremity musculotendinous stiffness developed pre-landing. The results indicate measurable sensorimotor disruption for DJs performed with stroboscopic vision, warranting further research and supporting the potential use of stroboscopic vision as a sensorimotor training aid in exercise and rehabilitation. Stroboscopic vision could induce beneficial adaptations in multisensory integration, applicable to restoring sensorimotor function after injury and preventing injuries in populations experiencing landing impacts at night (e.g., military personnel).

External focus instruction using a paper balloon: impact on trunk and lower extremity muscle activity in isometric single-leg stance for healthy males.

Core stability is crucial for preventing and rehabilitating lumbar spine injuries. An external focus instruction using a paper balloon is an effective way to activate the trunk muscles. However, the degree of trunk and lower extremity muscle activation during single leg stance with external focus instruction using a paper balloon is unknown. This study aimed to investigate the core muscle involving activity in the trunk and lower extremities on both the support and non-support sides with or without using external focus instruction using a paper balloon during isometric single-leg stance. Thirteen healthy males aged 20-28 years volunteered to take part in this study and performed a single leg stance task with and without an external focus instruction, pressing their non-supporting foot onto a paper balloon without crushing it. The participant's muscle electrical activity was recorded during the single leg task using surface EMG and intramuscular EMG for six trunk muscles (transversus abdominis, internal oblique, external oblique, rectus abdominis, multifidus, and lumbar erector spinae) and five lower extremity muscles (gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, adductor longus, rectus femoris, and biceps femoris). Compared to the normal single leg stance, the external focus instruction task using a paper balloon showed significantly increased transversus abdominis (p < 0.001, p < 0.001), internal oblique (p = 0.001, p < 0.001), external oblique (p = 0.002, p = 0.001), rectus abdominal (p < 0.001, p < 0.001), lumbar multifidus (p = 0.001, p < 0.001), lumbar erector spinae (p < 0.001, p = 0.001), adductor longus (p < 0.001, p < 0.001), rectus femoris (p < 0.001, p < 0.001), and biceps femoris (p < 0.010, p < 0.001) muscle activity on the support and non-support sides. In conclusion, external focus instruction using a paper balloon significantly activates the trunk and lower extremities muscles on both the support and non-support sides. This finding provides insights for designing programs to improve coordination and balance. The benefits extend to diverse individuals, encompassing athletes, tactical professionals, and the general population, mitigating the risk of injury or falls linked to inadequate lower limb balance.

Driver’s instinctive response and it’s influence of lower extremity injury

Instinctive response was produced for protecting drivers from injury when facing incoming collisions. For better understanding it’s influence of lower extremity injury, this study proposed an approach to analyze the collision injury considering the instinctive response posture and musculoskeletal characteristics. 20 male drivers were recruited for an instinctive response test in driving simulator and their lower extremity postures and muscle activation of 8 major ones at the collision moment were collected. The difference between different postures and muscles were analyzed and their influence on injuries were investigated by collision simulation. Results showed that increased possibility for the right leg holding on the air or even on the accelerator pedal with increased emergency level at the collision moment. Significant difference existed in different muscles between different postures. The introduction of instinctive response changed the driving posture and musculoskeletal characteristics, which further influence the lower extremity injury. This study help understanding the accurate behavioral and injury procedure and providing support for design a better restraint systems.

Quantitative assessment of muscle activity of back and lower extremities, whole body sagittal alignment, body sway, and health-related quality of life in adult spinal deformity patients before and after spinopelvic correction surgery: From the standpoint of the “cone of economy”

Background and aimsPain and muscle fatigue in the low back and lower extremity associated with adult spinal deformity (ASD) markedly limit daily activities and affect quality of life. This study aimed to clarify if spinal correction surgery decreases the muscle activity requirements in relation to alignment and balance parameters. MethodsIntegrated electromyogram (I-EMG) studies of the low back and lower extremity in addition to whole body alignment, body sway, and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) were evaluated in 16 patients with ASD before and after surgery. Sixteen healthy volunteers were included as control subjects. Muscle activities of the bilateral lumbar paravertebral, biceps femoris, rectus femoris, gastrocnemius, and tibialis anterior were measured using surface electromyogram in both resting and working standing positions. Surgical outcomes were based on improvements in muscle fatigue using the sum of the whole muscle I-EMGs and body sway. HRQOL was evaluated by SRS-22r, which measures 4 domains (function, pain, self-image, mental health) and subtotal scores. ResultsIn controls, the sum of the 10 whole I-EMGs (mVms; mean ± SD) was 3316 ± 1247 in the resting standing position and 5625 ± 2065 in the working standing position. The I-EMG values were higher in ASD patients than in healthy subjects; in the resting standing position, the sum of the whole 10 I-EMGs significantly decreased from baseline (9125 ± 3529) to 3 (6088 ± 1793) and 6 (6381 ± 1776) months postoperatively (p < 0.01). In the working standing position, the sum in ASD patients also significantly decreased from baseline (14,160 ± 5474) to 3 (8085 ± 2540) and 6 (8557 ± 3025) months postoperatively (p < 0.01). I-EMG values did not differ significantly between the 3- and 6-month time points in either condition. Body sway was also improved postoperatively at 3 months and maintained at 6 months along with the amelioration of whole-body sagittal alignment, and 4 domains and subtotal SRS-22r scores significantly increased postoperatively. ConclusionFollowing spinopelvic correction surgery, whole body sagittal alignment was improved, and muscle activity based on I-EMG and body sway were significantly decreased. The SRS-22r scores after surgery also indicated significant improvement, suggesting that muscle fatigue in the standing position was ameliorated, i.e., the “cone of economy” was normalized.

Effects of the walking independence on lower extremity and trunk muscle activity during straight-leg raising following incomplete cervical cord injury

The purpose of this study was to compare the acceleration and surface electromyography (EMG) of the lower extremity and trunk muscles during straight-leg raising (SLR) in patients with incomplete cervical cord injury according to their levels of walking independence. Twenty-four patients were measured acceleration and EMG during SLR held for 10 s. Data were analyzed separately for the dominant and nondominant sides and compared between the nonindependent (NI) and independent (ID) groups based on their levels of walking independence. Frequency analysis of the EMG showed that the high-frequency (HF) band of the contralateral biceps femoris (BF) in the ID group and bands below the medium-frequency (MF) of the BF and the HF and MF bands of the rectus abdominis in the NI group were significantly higher during dominant and nondominant SLR. During the nondominant SLR, the low-frequency band of the internal oblique and the MF band of the external oblique were significantly higher in the NI group. The ID group mobilized muscle fiber type 2 of the BF, whereas the NI group mobilized type 1 of the BF and types 2 and 1 of the trunk muscles to stabilize the pelvis. This result was more pronounced during the nondominant SLR.

Postural balance disorders in sarcopenia based on surface electromyography

BackgroundSarcopenia is an intrinsic factor that leads to balance disorders and falls in older adults. However, the characterization of sarcopenia-related postural balance deficits remains unclear. AimsThis study aimed to explore the balance performance and postural control strategy in older adults with sarcopenia during static stance tasks using force platforms and surface electromyography. MethodsOlder adults with right-sided dominance were recruited, including 27 adults with sarcopenia and 27 healthy counterparts. Postural sway was measured with eyes open/closed on rigid/compliant surfaces. The time- and frequency-domain indexes of bilateral lower extremity muscle activity were simultaneously recorded. ResultsThe postural sway and activity of multiple lower extremity muscles in the sarcopenia group were increased (P < 0.05). The amplitude contribution ratio of the right tibialis anterior muscle (larger in sarcopenia), co-contraction ratio of right ankle dorsiflexion (smaller in sarcopenia), and mean power frequency and median frequency of the left gluteus maximus muscle (smaller in sarcopenia) had main effects of grouping (P < 0.001, η2p = 0.06–0.10). All of them had discrimination for sarcopenia (area under the curve = 0.639–0.657, P < 0.001) and were correlated with balance function measurement in sarcopenia (|rs| = 0.22–0.44, P < 0.05). ConclusionThe results of this study suggest that older adults with sarcopenia have decreased balance function and increased cost of electrophysiology. They were found to prefer the postural strategy of dominant ankle dorsiflexion and demonstrated overactivity of the dominant tibialis anterior muscles and fatigue vulnerability of the nondominant gluteus maximus. Improvements in these postural features may have balance benefits.

Effect of blood flow restriction training according to pressure level on lower extremity muscle activity in adult males

Effect of blood flow restriction training according to pressure level on lower extremity muscle activity in adult males

가상현실 운동 프로그램이 뇌성마비 아동의 균형과 하지 근활성도에 미치는 영향

가상현실 운동 프로그램이 뇌성마비 아동의 균형과 하지 근활성도에 미치는 영향

Visual Disruption Influences Neuromechanics during Landing Cutting in Individuals with Chronic Ankle Instability.

Individuals with chronic ankle instability (CAI) appear to demonstrate altered movement patterns when their vision is disturbed during simple tasks such as single-leg standing and walking. However, it remains unclear whether visual disruption by stroboscopic glasses alters movement patterns during landing cutting movements, considered highly demanding sports maneuvers that mimic a typical athletic movement. This study aimed to identify altered lower extremity kinematics and muscle activation when participants' vision was disrupted by stroboscopic glasses during landing cutting tasks in CAI patients. A case control design. A controlled laboratory setting. Eighteen CAI patients and 18 matched healthy controls volunteered to participate in the study. All participants performed 5 trials of landing cutting with (SV) and without (NSV) stroboscopic glasses. Frontal and sagittal lower extremity kinematics, and 6 lower extremity muscle activations during the stance phase of landing cutting tasks with (SV) and without stroboscopic glasses (NSV). CAI patients demonstrated more inversion angle from 18% to 22% and from 60% to 100% of the stance phase and more peroneal longus activation from initial contact to 18% of the stance phase under the SV condition compared to the NSV condition. There were no differences in knee and hip joint angles between the visual conditions for both groups. When wearing stroboscopic glasses, CAI patients showed altered movement patterns, including increased inversion angle and peroneus longus activation during the stance phase of landing cutting. The results suggest that CAI patients may lack the ability to reweight sensory information to adapt their movement to visual disruption.

Dual-Task Interference Effects on Lower-Extremity Muscle Activities during Gait Initiation and Steady-State Gait among Healthy Young Individuals, Measured Using Wireless Electromyography Sensors.

To maintain a healthy lifestyle, adults rely on their ability to walk while simultaneously managing multiple tasks that challenge their coordination. This study investigates the impact of cognitive dual tasks on lower-limb muscle activities in 21 healthy young adults during both gait initiation and steady-state gait. We utilized wireless electromyography sensors to measure muscle activities, along with a 3D motion capture system and force plates to detect the phases of gait initiation and steady-state gait. The participants were asked to walk at their self-selected pace, and we compared single-task and dual-task conditions. We analyzed mean muscle activation and coactivation in the biceps femoris, vastus lateralis, gastrocnemius, and tibialis anterior muscles. The findings revealed that, during gait initiation with the dual-task condition, there was a decrease in mean muscle activation and an increase in mean muscle coactivation between the swing and stance limbs compared with the single-task condition. In steady-state gait, there was also a decrease in mean muscle activation in the dual-task condition compared with the single-task condition. When participants performed dual-task activities during gait initiation, early indicators of reduced balance capability were observed. Additionally, during dual-task steady-state gait, the knee stabilizer muscles exhibited signs of altered activation, contributing to balance instability.

Effect of sports shoe weight on lower limb muscle activities in athletes with ACL reconstruction during walking

Background. Different shoe weights affect walking mechanics. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the effect of sport shoe weight on lower extremity muscle activities in athletes with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction during walking. It was hypothesized that reduced shoe weight results in decreased frequency content of selected muscles during walking. Methods. Twenty healthy males and athletes with ACL reconstruction volunteered and gave their written informed consent to participate in this study. Participants were male and physically active. Each participant performed three walking trials in each of the light (mass per shoe: 150 ± 18 g), medium (300 ± 18 g), and heavy (450 ± 18 g) conditions in a randomized order and electromyography were analyzed during shod walking. Results. EMG results showed that the increase in shoe weight was directly related to the increase in electrical activity of the muscles, but only in the swing phase was the electrical activity of the TA muscle decreased. Conclusion. Different shoe weights affect the electrical activity of the muscles and the walking speed. Therefore, lighter weight shoes are recommended for patients with ACL. Practical Implications. The results of this study show that light shoes are useful for patients with anterior cruciate ligament rupture and the use of lightweight shoes is recommended for people with anterior cruciate ligament rupture.

The Effects of Structural Characteristics of the Rollator on the Elderly’s Gait Strategies in Various Walking Environments

A rollator, one of the most widely used among walking assistance devices, can assist the elderly with stable walking in their daily lives. In this study, we investigated how the structural characteristics of two types of rollators affect the upper and lower extremity muscle activity and plantar pressure of the elderly in various walking environments. We quantified muscle activity (upper and lower limbs) and plantar pressure (mean force, peak pressure, and contact area) of 11 older adults walking in various environments (flat, obstacle, uneven, and sloped terrain) using two types of rollators. Upper extremity muscle activity was highest in the obstacle terrain and the uneven terrain, and a significant difference was found due to the structural differences of the rollator. Additionally, it was observed that lower extremity muscle activity and plantar pressure patterns appeared in accordance with the gait strategy to maintain stability in an unstable or inclined walking environment. In other words, it was confirmed that the weight of the rollator, the size of the wheel, grip type, and the auxiliary tools had a great effect on the upper and lower extremity muscle activity and plantar pressure of the elderly during walking. From the results of this study, it can be suggested that it is absolutely necessary to consider the biomechanical characteristics of the elderly and the structure of the rollator, which appear differently depending on the walking environment, in the development of walking aids. In the future, more clinical data will be collected, and based on this a rollator that can safely assist the elderly in various walking environments will be developed.

Effects of gait training with weight support feedback walker on walker dependence, lower limb muscle activation, and gait ability in patients with incomplete spinal cord injury: A pilot randomized controlled trial

Background Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating condition affecting an individual’s life, particularly through lower extremity paralysis, which limits walking and daily activities. Objectives This study investigated the effects of weight support feedback walker (WSFW) gait training on walker dependence, lower limb muscle activation, and gait ability in patients with incomplete SCI (ISCI). Methods Eleven subjects capable of walking > 20 m with and without a walker were randomly assigned to WSFW gait training (n = 6) or conventional walker (CW) gait training groups (n = 5). All subjects underwent standard physical therapy for 4 weeks. Additionally, the WSFW group participated in WSFW gait training, whereas the CW group participated in CW gait training conducted for 30 min per day, thrice per week, for 4 weeks. Walker dependence (the average force pressing WSFW with the user's arm during walker gait), lower extremity muscle activity (rectus femoris, biceps femoris, and medial gastrocnemius), and gait ability (gait elements: velocity, cadence, step length, and step length asymmetry) were measured to investigate the effects of training. Results The WSFW group showed significant decrease in walker dependence compared to the CW group (P < 0.05). Some lower extremity muscle activation (left side biceps femoris) and velocity of the gait elements were increased in the WSFW group compared with those in the CW group (P < 0.05). Conclusion WSFW gait training could help patients with ISCI transfer their body weight to the paralyzed lower extremity. However, a randomized controlled trial with several subjects is essential to verify the effects of WSFW training.

Systematic Evaluation of the Effects of Voluntary Activation on Lower Extremity Motor Thresholds.

The purpose of this investigation was to elucidate the relationship between the resting motor threshold (rMT) and active motor threshold (aMT). A cross-sectional comparison of MTs measured at four states of lower extremity muscle activation was conducted: resting, 5% maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), 10%MVC, and standing. MTs were measured at the tibialis anterior in the ipsilesional and contralesional limbs in participants in the chronic phase (>6 months) of stroke (n = 11) and in the dominant limb of healthy controls (n = 11). To compare across activation levels, the responses were standardized using averaged peak-to-peak background electromyography (EMG) activity measured at 10%MVC + 2SD for each participant, in addition to the traditional 0.05 mV criterion for rMT (rMT50). In all participants, as muscle activation increased, the least square mean estimates of MTs decreased (contralesional: p = 0.008; ipsilesional: p = 0.0015, healthy dominant: p < 0.0001). In healthy controls, rMT50 was significantly different from all other MTs (p < 0.0344), while in stroke, there were no differences in either limb (p > 0.10). This investigation highlights the relationship between rMT and aMTs, which is important as many stroke survivors do not present with an rMT, necessitating the use of an aMT. Future works may consider the use of the standardized criterion that accounted for background EMG activity across activation levels.

Comparison of Muscle Activity and Muscle Thickness According to Knee Flexion Angle during Supine Bridge Exercises using the Abdominal Drawing-in Maneuver on an Unstable Surface.

This study evaluated changes in deep trunk muscle thickness and lower extremity muscle activities during bridge exercises with the abdominal drawing-in maneuver. Bridge exercises were conducted on an unstable surface at different knee flexion angles (60º, 90º and 120º), with the aim of identifying more effective angles for bridge exercises. This study included 21 healthy adults, aged 20-27 years. Biceps femoris (BF), rectus abdominis, and rectus femoris activity was measured using surface electromyography. The thicknesses of the transverse abdominis (TrA), external oblique (EO) and internal oblique (IO) muscles were measured. BF (p = 0.000, partial η2 = 0.670) activity increased considerably as the knee flexion angle decreased. TrA (p = 0.000, partial η2 = 0.883) and IO (p = 0.000, partial η2 = 0.892) thickness significantly increased, while EO (p = 0.000, partial η2 = 0.893) thickness decreased as the knee flexion angle decreased. When performing bridge exercises using the abdominal drawing-in maneuver on an unstable surface, the knee flexion angles should be at 120º and 60º to increase trunk stability and lower extremity muscle activity, respectively.

Musculoskeletal simulation of professional ski jumpers during take-off considering aerodynamic forces.

Introduction: Musculoskeletal simulation has been widely used to analyze athletes' movements in various competitive sports, but never in ski jumping. Aerodynamic forces during ski jumping take-off have been difficult to account for in dynamic simulation. The purpose of this study was to establish an efficient approach of musculoskeletal simulation of ski jumping take-off considering aerodynamic forces and to analyze the muscle function and activity. Methods: Camera-based marker-less motion capture was implemented to measure the take-off kinematics of eight professional jumpers. A suitable full-body musculoskeletal model was constructed for the simulation. A method based on inverse dynamics iteration was developed and validated to estimate the take-off ground reaction force. The aerodynamic forces, which were calculated based on body kinematics and computational fluid dynamics simulations, were exerted on the musculoskeletal model as external forces. The activation and joint torque contributions of lower extremity muscles were calculated through static optimization. Results: The estimated take-off ground reaction forces show similar trend with the results from past studies. Although overall inconsistencies between simulated muscle activation and EMG from previous studies were observed, it is worth noting that the activation of the tibialis anterior, gluteus maximus, and long head of the biceps femoris was similar to specific EMG results. Among lower extremity extensors, soleus, vastus lateralis, biceps femoris long head, gluteus maximus, and semimembranosus showed high levels of activation and joint extension torque contribution. Discussion: Results of this study advanced the understanding of muscle action during ski jumping take-off. The simulation approach we developed may help guide the physical training of jumpers for improved take-off performance and can also be extended to other phases of ski jumping.

The Effect of Elastic Tape on Lower Extremity Muscle Activity in Squats of Young Female Adults: A Cross-sectional Pilot Study

The Effect of Elastic Tape on Lower Extremity Muscle Activity in Squats of Young Female Adults: A Cross-sectional Pilot Study

The Effects of Whole-Body Vibration Training with Blood Flow Restriction on Lower Extremity Muscle Activity and Hemodynamic Variables

The Effects of Whole-Body Vibration Training with Blood Flow Restriction on Lower Extremity Muscle Activity and Hemodynamic Variables