Lower Extremity Motor Function Research Articles

Morphometric analysis of the spinal cord in patients undergoing posterior vertebral column subtraction osteotomy for recurrent tethered cord syndrome.

In posterior vertebral column subtraction osteotomy (PVCSO), a section of a thoracic or lumbar vertebra and the adjacent disc are resected to shorten the spinal column, aiming to permanently alleviate tension on the spinal cord in patients with recurrent tethered cord syndrome (TCS). The effects of this procedure on the spinal cord are not well characterized. This study investigated morphometric changes in the cord following PVCSO and assessed associated clinical outcomes in patients with recurrent TCS. A retrospective review of patients with recurrent TCS undergoing PVCSO with robotic assistance at the authors' tertiary care institution between 2019 and 2023 was performed. Clinical data were recorded from electronic medical records, and morphometric measurements, including T12-L2 sagittal height, intradural diameter, and the diameters, area, eccentricity, and positioning of the spinal cord, were collected from MRI. Spinal cord dimensions including anteroposterior and lateral diameters, area, eccentricity, positioning, and intradural diameter were compared before and after surgery. Six patients were included in this study. At 6-week follow-up, all patients had improvement on lower-extremity motor function examinations, 40% had improvement on lower-extremity sensory function examinations, and 83% had improved self-reported pain. Bladder and bowel incontinence were improved in 50% and 60%, respectively. PVCSO reduced the height of the spinal column by a mean of 18.1 ± 5.2 mm. PVCSO increased the mean spinal cord anteroposterior diameter by 0.8 ± 0.5 mm at T12 (p = 0.03) and the mean area by 0.4 ± 0.3 mm2 at T12 (p = 0.03). The mean eccentricity of the spinal cord decreased by 0.15 ± 0.15 at L1 (p = 0.05), indicating that the spinal cord became more circular after surgery. No major complications were reported, although 1 patient experienced atelectasis and pulmonary embolism postoperatively. This study provides novel insights into the morphometric changes induced by PVCSO and their correlation with clinical outcomes in patients with TCS. The procedure effectively increased spinal cord dimensions, alleviating tension and offering potential benefits in symptom relief. The study underscores the need for objective metrics to guide surgical decision-making and enhance the long-term success of PVCSO in the management of TCS.

Effect and optimal exercise prescription of robot-assisted gait training on lower extremity motor function in stroke patients: a network meta-analysis

Effect and optimal exercise prescription of robot-assisted gait training on lower extremity motor function in stroke patients: a network meta-analysis

Effects of motor imagery-based brain-computer interface-controlled electrical stimulation on lower limb function in hemiplegic patients in the acute phase of stroke: a randomized controlled study.

Lower limb motor dysfunction is one of the most serious consequences of stroke; however, there is insufficient evidence for optimal rehabilitation strategies. Improving lower limb motor function through effective rehabilitation strategies is a top priority for stroke patients. Neuroplasticity is a key factor in the recovery of motor function. The extent to which neuroplasticity-based rehabilitation therapy using brain-computer interface (BCI) is effective in treating lower limb motor dysfunction in acute ischemic stroke patients has not been extensively investigated. This study aimed to assess the impact of BCI rehabilitation on lower limb motor dysfunction in individuals with acute ischemic stroke by evaluating motor function, walking ability, and daily living activities. This study was conducted in a randomized controlled trial, involving 64 patients with acute ischemic stroke who experienced lower limb motor dysfunction. All patients were divided into two groups, with 32 patients assigned to the control group was given conventional rehabilitation once a day for 70 min, 5 times a week for 2 weeks, and the experimental group (n = 32) was given BCI rehabilitation on top of the conventional rehabilitation for 1 h a day, 30 min of therapy in the morning and an additional 30 min in the afternoon, for a total of 20 sessions over a two-week period. The primary outcome was lower extremity motor function, which was assessed using the lower extremity portion of the Fugl-Meyer Rating Scale (FMA-LE), and the secondary endpoints were the Functional Ambulation Scale (FAC), and the Modified Barthel index (MBI). After 20 sessions of treatment, both groups improved in motor function, walking function, and activities of daily living, and the improvements in FMA-LE scores (p < 0.001), FAC (p = 0.031), and MBI (p < 0.001) were more pronounced in the experimental group compared with the control group. Conventional rehabilitation therapy combined with BCI rehabilitation therapy can improve the lower limb motor function of hemiplegic patients with stroke, enhance the patient's ability to perform activities of daily living, and promote the improvement of walking function, this is an effective rehabilitation policy to promote recovery from lower extremity motor function disorders.

Analysis of electroencephalography characteristics during walking in stroke patients under different conditions: a cross-sectional study.

Aims/Background Backward walking is gaining traction in rehabilitation therapy, showing promise as an intervention for stroke patients with walking difficulties. However, the brain activity patterns (neurophysiological mechanisms) underlying backward walking in these patients remain unclear. This study investigated the neurophysiological mechanism in stroke patients within 1 year of their stroke. Methods Twenty-four subjects walked forward and backward for 5 min on an 8-m track while their electroencephalographic signals were collected. The power values of each frequency band were compared during forward and backward walking, and the delta to alpha power ratio (DAR) was calculated. Results The results showed a significant increase in α-band activity within the frontal cortex during backward walking (p < 0.05). This increase correlated positively with scores on the Fugl-Meyer lower extremity motor function assessment scale. Similarly, α-band activity showed significant enhancement within the right parietal cortex during backward walking (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences between forward and backward walking states in δ, θ, and β wavebands across the entire brain region (p > 0.05). Additionally, the DAR was significantly lower during backward walking than during forward walking (p < 0.05). Conclusion This study suggests that backward walking may more effectively activate neural activity in the prefrontal and right posterior parietal cortices. This finding supports the potential of backward walking to enhance motor execution and walking function in stroke patients, thereby supporting its application as a rehabilitation method.

Effectiveness of the A3 robot on lower extremity motor function in stroke patients: A prospective, randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND The results of existing lower extremity robotics studies are conflicting, and few relevant clinical trials have examined short-term efficacy. In addition, most of the outcome indicators in existing studies are scales, which are not objective enough. We used the combination of objective instrument measurement and scale to explore the short-term efficacy of the lower limb A3 robot, to provide a clinical reference. AIM To investigate the improvement of lower limb walking ability and balance in stroke treated by A3 lower limb robot. METHODS Sixty stroke patients were recruited prospectively in a hospital and randomized into the A3 group and the control group. They received 30 min of A3 robotics training and 30 min of floor walking training in addition to 30 min of regular rehabilitation training. The training was performed five times a week, once a day, for 2 wk. The t -test or non-parametric test was used to compare the three-dimensional gait parameters and balance between the two groups before and after treatment. RESULTS The scores of basic activities of daily living, Stroke-Specific Quality of Life Scale, FM balance meter, Fugl-Meyer Assessment scores, Rivermead Mobility Index, Stride speed, Stride length, and Time Up and Go test in the two groups were significantly better than before treatment (19.29 ± 12.15 vs 3.52 ± 4.34; 22.57 ± 17.99 vs 4.07 ± 2.51; 1.21 ± 0.83 vs 0.18 ± 0.40; 3.50 ± 3.80 vs 0.96 ± 2.08; 2.07 ± 1.21 vs 0.41 ± 0.57; 0.89 ± 0.63 vs 0.11 ± 0.32; 12.38 ± 9.00 vs 2.80 ± 3.43; 18.84 ± 11.24 vs 3.80 ± 10.83; 45.12 ± 69.41 vs 8.41 ± 10.20; 29.45 ± 16.62 vs 8.68 ± 10.74; P &lt; 0.05). All outcome indicators were significantly better in the A3 group than in the control group, except the area of the balance parameter. CONCLUSION For the short-term treatment of patients with subacute stroke, the addition of A3 robotic walking training to conventional physiotherapy appears to be more effective than the addition of ground-based walking training.

Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation with Body Weight-supported Treadmill Training Enhances Independent Walking of Individuals with Chronic Incomplete Spinal Cord Injury: A Pilot Randomized Clinical Trial.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) combined with body weight-support treadmill training (BWSTT) for improving walking function of individuals with chronic incomplete spinal cord injury (iSCI). A 4-week, double-blinded, randomized, sham-controlled pilot study involved 12 sessions of real (10Hz, 1800 pulses) or sham rTMS combined with BWSTT (15-20min, moderate intensity). Walking independence was assessed using the Walking Index for Spinal Cord Injury II (WISCI-II). Lower extremity motor function (lower extremity motor score [LEMS]) and spasticity, sensory function, functional independence (Spinal Cord Injury Measure III [SCIM-III]), and quality of life were also assessed. Walking independence (WISCI-II) after the 6th session was higher in the BWSTT/rTMS real (n = 7) (median change (IQR): 3 (1.5 to 3.5)) than in the sham group (n = 8) (median change (IQR): 0 (0 to 0.25), but there was no difference between groups after 12th session (BWSTT/rTMS real median change (IQR): 4 (2 to 5); BWSSTT/rTMS sham median change (IQR): 0 (0 to 3.25). Compared to baseline, LEMS and SCIM-III mobility scores were increased after 12 sessions in the BWSTT/rTMS real but not in the sham group. Within- and between-group sensory function, functional independence, and quality of life remained similar. This preliminary result suggests that combining BWSTT with rTMS could lead to earlier gait improvement in patients with chronic iSCI.

Evaluation of the effects of a gamified, fully immersive and stroke-specific virtual reality intervention for improving disability and quality of life in patients with stroke in the subacute phase: study protocol of the RESET randomised trial

Stroke is the leading cause of disability and the second cause of death worldwide. The increasing burden of stroke underscores the importance of optimising rehabilitation protocols. Virtual reality (VR) can...

The correlation of gait and muscle activation characteristics with locomotion dysfunction grade in elderly individuals.

To investigate the differences and regularity of gait and muscle activation characteristics parameters in the Locomotion Dysfunction Grade (LDG) scale assessment in elderly individuals, and analyse the correlation between objective parameters and scale grading. Thus, to propose a novel detection mode for elderly individuals, which combined the LDG scale with objective detection. It can not only provide quantitative data for intelligent evaluation and rehabilitation, but also provided more accurate reference for the classification of care levels in elderly care policies. Elderly individuals (n = 159) who underwent gait analysis and sEMG at the Chinese Rehabilitation Research Center from January 2019 to September 2023 were included. According to the LDG scale, the elderly individuals were divided into four groups, namely, the LDG4, LDG5, LDG6 groups and the healthy control group. Four indicators, namely, spatiotemporal, kinematic, dynamic gait parameters and muscle activation characteristics data, were collected. Changes in these characteristics of elderly individuals with lower extremity motor dysfunction were evaluated and analysed statistically. The spatiotemporal gait parameters were significantly lower in the LDG4, LDG5, LDG6 groups than in the healthy control group. The double support phase was positively correlated with the LDG, while the swing phase, step length and velocity were negatively correlated (P < 0.05). The movement angles of both hips, knees and ankles were significantly limited and negatively correlated with the LDG (P < 0.05). Compared with those in the healthy control group, the centre of pressure (COP) path length were greater, and the average COP velocity was significantly lower (P < 0.05) in the LDG4, LDG5, LDG6 groups. The regularity of muscle activation clearly changed. The root mean square of the gastrocnemius medialis was positively correlated with LDG (P < 0.05), while the tibialis anterior showed no regularity. As the LDG increased, the differences in spatiotemporal, kinematic and dynamic gait parameters between elderly individuals with motor dysfunction and the healthy individuals gradually increased. The muscle activation characteristics parameters showed an abnormal activation pattern. These parameters were correlated with the LDG, providing a more comprehensive and objective assessment of lower extremity motor function in elderly individuals, improve assessment accuracy, and help accurate rehabilitation.

Prenatal surgery in fetal myelomeningocele with severe ventriculomegaly.

Prenatal myelomeningocele (MMC) repair is performed to decrease risk for treatment of hydrocephalus after birth and to preserve motor function. Some centers may not consider patients candidates for surgery if severe ventriculomegaly is present and there is no expected benefit in decreased risk for hydrocephalus treatment. This study sought to compare postnatal outcomes of fetuses with MMC and severe ventriculomegaly (>15mm) who underwent prenatal repair, with fetuses with severe ventriculomegaly who underwent postnatal repair and fetuses with ventriculomegaly (<15mm) who underwent prenatal repair. This was a retrospective study of fetuses with MMC that underwent prenatal or postnatal repair between 2012 and 2021 at a single institution. The cohort was divided based on preoperative fetal ventricular size into two groups, those with severe ventriculomegaly (≥15 mm) and those without severe ventriculomegaly (<15 mm). Fetal ventricular size was measured by MRI prior to surgery using the standardized approach and the mean of the left and right ventricle was used for analysis. Motor function of lower extremities was assessed at the time of referral by ultrasound and if flexion-extension movements of the ankle were seen, it was considered as preserved S1 motor function. Postnatal outcomes including motor function of lower extremities assessed at birth and need for diversion procedure for hydrocephalus treatment during the first year of life were collected and compared between groups. Data was presented as median and range or number and percentages as appropriate. P value >0.05 was considered statistically significant. Multivariate regression analysis was used to adjust for potential confounders. 154 patients were included in this study: 145 patients underwent fetal surgery (101 fetoscopic and 44 open hysterotomy) and 9 patients with severe ventriculomegaly underwent postnatal repair. Among the 145 patients who underwent fetal surgery, 22 presented with severe ventriculomegaly. Prenatally repaired fetuses with severe ventriculomegaly at referral were at a significantly higher need for hydrocephalus treatment by 12 months than those without severe ventriculomegaly (62% vs. 29%, p<0.01). However, motor function assessment at birth was similar between both prenatally repaired groups (OR=0.92, 95% CI [0.33-2.59], p=0.88) adjusted for the anatomical level of the lesion. The prenatally repaired group with severe ventriculomegaly had better preserved motor function levels at birth compared to the postnatal repair group with severe ventriculomegaly (L3 with 11.1% S1 motor function; p=<0.01 and p=<0.01). Prenatally repaired patients with severe ventriculomegaly had an 18.9 times chance of having an intact motor function at birth [95% CI (1.2 - 290.1)] adjusted for ethnicity, presence of clubfeet at referral, and gestational age at delivery compared to postnatal repair. There was not a significant difference in the need for hydrocephalus treatment in the first year of life between prenatal and postnatal repair of patients with severe ventriculomegaly (61.9% vs 87.5%, p=0.18). Although fetuses with MMC and severe ventriculomegaly do not seem to benefit from fetal surgery in terms of postnatal hydrocephalus treatment, they benefit from increased chance of preserved motor function at birth. Results from this study highlight the benefits of having prenatal MMC repair for cases with severe ventriculomegaly at referral to preserve motor function. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Exoskeleton rehabilitation robot training for balance and lower limb function in sub-acute stroke patients: a pilot, randomized controlled trial

PurposeThis pilot study aimed to investigate the effects of REX exoskeleton rehabilitation robot training on the balance and lower limb function in patients with sub-acute stroke.MethodsThis was a pilot, single-blind, randomized controlled trial. Twenty-four patients with sub-acute stroke (with the course of disease ranging from 3 weeks to 3 months) were randomized into two groups, including a robot group and a control group. Patients in control group received upright bed rehabilitation (n = 12) and those in robot group received exoskeleton rehabilitation robot training (n = 12). The frequency of training in both groups was once a day (60 min each) for 5 days a week for a total of 4 weeks. Besides, the two groups were evaluated before, 2 weeks after and 4 weeks after the intervention, respectively. The primary assessment index was the Berg Balance Scale (BBS), whereas the secondary assessment indexes included the Fugl-Meyer Lower Extremity Motor Function Scale (FMA-LE), the Posture Assessment Scale for Stroke Patients (PASS), the Activities of Daily Living Scale (Modified Barthel Index, MBI), the Tecnobody Balance Tester, and lower extremity muscle surface electromyography (sEMG).ResultsThe robot group showed significant improvements (P < 0.05) in the primary efficacy index BBS, as well as the secondary efficacy indexes PASS, FMA-LE, MBI, Tecnobody Balance Tester, and sEMG of the lower limb muscles. Besides, there were a significant differences in BBS, PASS, static eye-opening area or dynamic stability limit evaluation indexes between the robotic and control groups (P < 0.05).ConclusionsThis is the first study to investigate the effectiveness of the REX exoskeleton rehabilitation robot in the rehabilitation of patients with stroke. According to our results, the REX exoskeleton rehabilitation robot demonstrated superior potential efficacy in promoting the early recovery of balance and motor functions in patients with sub-acute stroke. Future large-scale randomized controlled studies and follow-up assessments are needed to validate the current findings.Clinical trials registrationURL: https://www.chictr.org.cn/index.html.Unique identifier: ChiCTR2300068398.

141 Motor and Somatosensory Applications for Nerve Cuff Electrodes in Clinical Neuroprosthesis and Neurorehabilitation

INTRODUCTION: Surgically implanted neuroprosthetics aim to restore motor and somatosensory function by delivering controlled electrical impulses to paralyzed nerves. Recently, nerve cuff electrodes (NCEs) have been increasingly studied and may eventually offer the potential to recover somatomotor function in patients with neurologic injury. METHODS: The PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science databases were searched to identify relevant articles published between 2012 – 2022 describing use of neuroprosthetic NCEs for clinical somatomotor rehabilitation. Data from all relevant articles retrieved were collected and summarized. RESULTS: NCE-neural interfaces can restore both upper and lower extremity motor function in spinal cord injury patients and may provide a treatment modality superior to that of muscle-based electrodes. The search yielded 137 studies, and of those reviewed, 18 were original research articles that used peripheral nerve stimulation to elicit motor actions and/or somatosensory perceptions through NCEs. 10 studies looked at restoring motor function in patients with spinal cord injuries or stroke-related paralysis and 7 studies looked at somatosensory applications of NCEs in patients with amputations. Currently, sensory NCE interfacing can restore and improve multiple aspects of sensation in amputees. While there is room for further study in various applications, technological improvements and wider clinical adoption, NCEs have been demonstrated to provide a clinically acceptable option in reducing intraoperative duration and morbidity, while preserving long-term functional stability, threshold charge maintenance, and acceptable mechanical failure rates. CONCLUSIONS: NCEs appear to be a promising avenue for future research in the field of neuroprosthetics. As the translational avenue continues to mature and more clinical studies become avaiable, the utility of NCEs will be better understood.

Translation, reliability, and validation of the Lower Extremity Motor Function Test (LEMFT) in stroke survivors

Translation, reliability, and validation of the Lower Extremity Motor Function Test (LEMFT) in stroke survivors

Effects of early mobilization within 48 hours of injury in patients with incomplete cervical spinal cord injury

Objective To investigate the effects of early mobilization within 48 h of injury on motor function and walking ability in patients with incomplete cervical spinal cord injury (SCI). Design A retrospective observational study. Setting Intensive care unit or high care unit of a university hospital emergency center. Participants Of 224 patients with SCI having American Spinal Injury Association impairment scale grades C and D, 158 consecutive patients hospitalized for at least 3 weeks after injury were included. Interventions Patients were categorized into two groups: an early mobilization group in which patients were mobilized within 48 h of injury and a delayed mobilization group in which they were mobilized after 48 h of injury. Outcome measures The upper extremity motor score (UEMS), lower extremity motor score (LEMS), and Walking Index for Spinal Cord Injury II (WISCI II) were compared using propensity score matching analysis. Results Of the 158 patients who met the eligibility criteria, 32 were matched between the groups. There was a significant difference in the change in LEMS from the initial assessment to the assessment 2 weeks postoperatively in the early mobilization group (median 9 points vs. 3 points, p < 0.05). There were no significant differences in UEMS or WISCI II. Conclusion Early mobilization within 48 h may improve lower extremity motor function in patients with acute incomplete cervical SCI.

Effects of adding neuromuscular electrical stimulation to functional training on muscle recruitment, pain reduction, and knee joint function in patellofemoral pain syndrome patients.

Impaired lower extremity motor function and knee pain are common concerns in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS). It is essential to plan therapeutic techniques to therapy PFPS. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) combined with functional training on pain, lower extremity function and muscle recruitment in patients with PFPS. Twenty-four PFPS patients (male-13, female-11) were selected to conduct this study finally. Two groups were formed: the control group (n = 12) which included functional training only and the experimental group (n = 12) which functional training along with NMES-in both groups interventions were performed for 45 minutes/session, 3 days/weeks for 6 weeks. The functional training consisted of warm-up activities, strength training, balance training, and relaxation activities. All patients were evaluated with surface electromyography testing system for the root mean square and integrated electromyography of vastus medial oblique (VMO), vastus lateralis (VL), and VMO/VL ratio, visual analog scores (VAS) for pain, and Kujala functional score for knee joint function before and after 6 weeks. Normality was tested for all outcome variables using Shapiro-Wilk test. Nonparametric (Mann-Whitney U test and Wilcoxon signed-rank test) tests were used to analyze data. A 2-way analysis of variance with repeated measures (group*time) was applied to analyze the data. A significant increases (P < .001) root mean square and integrated electromyography of VMO, VMO/VL ratio, and Kujala score in both groups, For VAS scores, significant decreases was observed in both groups. When both groups were compared, greater improvement (P < .05) was observed in the experimental group in comparison the control group for both knee pain, lower extremity function and muscle recruitment. However, there was no difference in VL muscle recruitment between the 2 groups. Functional training and NMES combined with functional training are helpful to improve pain, knee function and muscle recruitment of PFPS patients. NMES combined with functional training was more effective compared to the control group. This may help clinical trialists to use different NMES to synchronize other interventions in future studies to enhance rehabilitation efficacy in PFPS patients through passive training versus active stimulation.

Effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on lower extremity motor function and optimal parameters in stroke patients with different stages of stroke: a systematic evaluation and meta-analysis.

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), as an emerging non-invasive neuromodulation technique, is now widely employed in rehabilitation therapy. The purpose of this paper is to comprehensively summarize existing evidence regarding rTMS intervention for lower limb motor function in patients at different stages of stroke. A systematic search was conducted to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the efficacy of rTMS for treating lower limb motor dysfunction after stroke. Multiple databases, including China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang Data Knowledge Service Platform, VIP Database, PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library, were searched. The search period extended from the inception of the libraries to June 2024. Literature information was extracted, and methodological quality was evaluated using the risk of bias assessment tool in the Cochrane Handbook. Meta-analysis was performed using Stata 17.0 software. Overall, 49 appropriate studies (including 3,558 stroke subjects) were found. Meta-analysis results demonstrated that rTMS effectively improved lower limb motor function across all stages of stroke. The intervention was particularly more effective in patients in the subacute stage than in the acute or chronic stages. Subgroup analysis revealed that, for acute-stage patients, low-frequency stimulation targeting the M1 or DLPFC brain regions on the unaffected side with 20-40 sessions significantly improved FMA-LE scores. In subacute-phase patients, low-frequency stimulation targeting the M1 brain regions on the unaffected side with 18 sessions significantly improved FMA-LE scores. The results demonstrated that HF-rTMS was more effective than LF-rTMS in improving walking speed, with the greatest efficacy observed at 20 sessions. While for enhancing gait balance in stroke patients, LF-rTMS with the best therapeutic effect was observed at a frequency of 20-40 treatments. This study demonstrates the efficacy of rTMS in improving lower limb motor function, balance, and walking speed in stroke patients at various stages. The findings provide a valuable reference for the development of optimized rTMS treatment plans in clinical practice.Systematic review registration: PROSPERO: CRD42023466094.

Evidence Based Case Study: Efektivitas Pemberian Vitamin D Selama Masa Perawatan pada Pasien Stroke

The administration of vitamin D in stroke patients has been associated with functional improvement because it helps modify various cardiovascular risk factors. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of vitamin D supplements to stroke patients. The design of this study used an evidence-based case study approach conducted in July 2023 by including an illustration case study along with several supporting research studies to strengthen the findings. The research studies were collected through PubMed, Proquest, and ScienceDirect based on the PICO framework. Seven studies were included to support the finding of the illustration case study related to the effectiveness of vitamin D administration. The results of the studies showed that there were variations in the effects of giving a single dose of vitamin D or with a combination of other nutritional elements including helping to reduce serum levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin 6 (IL-6), improving the patient's neurological function, and preventing the secondary hyperparathyroidism. The positive effects of giving vitamin D were also showed during the rehabilitation period of stroke patients including improving mood regulation and functional recovery as well as improving lower extremity motor function and ambulation. The administration of vitamin D to stroke patients gives many positive contributions to both the acute and rehabilitation phases through various physiological mechanisms of the body. Health professionals are expected to consider adding vitamin D to a patient's nutritional care plan to achieve optimal health status outcomes.

Effectiveness of Rehabilitative Interventions Beginning within the First Month of Stroke Onset in Improving Lower Extremity-related Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis

Reviews about early interventions, which are important in stroke rehabilitation due to significant neural plasticity, are relatively less. This study objective was to investigate the effectiveness of different interventions started within one-month post-stroke in improving lower extremity-related outcomes as compared to conventional rehabilitation and the corresponding effectiveness ranking. Cochrane Library, Ovid, PubMed, and Scopus were searched for articles dated up to 18 March 2022. Randomised controlled trials were included if they evaluated the effectiveness of two or more different non-drug, non-invasive, and non-surgical interventions which were started within one-month post-stroke on lower extremity-related outcomes. Network meta-analysis revealed that transcranial direct current stimulation, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, mirror therapy, cycling, transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation, neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES), combination of robot and NMES, and thermal stimulation were significantly more effective in improving lower extremity motor function than conventional rehabilitation. In improving mobility, mirror therapy, cycling, and thermal stimulation were significantly more effective. In enhancing balance, physio ball, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, cycling, thermal stimulation, and robot showed significantly higher effectiveness. Thermal stimulation scored the highest effectiveness ranking in improving lower extremity motor function and mobility whereas robot and backward walking achieved the highest effectiveness ranking in improving balance and gait speed respectively.

Mirror therapy combined with neuromuscular electrical stimulation for poststroke lower extremity motor function recovery: a systematic review and meta-analysis

The combination of mirror therapy (MT) and neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) has been devised as an intervention method in stroke rehabilitation; however, few studies have investigated its efficacy in lower extremity motor function recovery. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we examined the effectiveness of combined MT and NMES therapy in improving poststroke walking speed, spasticity, balance and other gait parameters. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were selected from PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, and Scopus databases. In total, six RCTs which involving 181 participants were included. Our findings indicate that MT combined with NMES elicits greater improvement relative to control group in walking speed (SMD = 0.67, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.26–1.07, P = 0.001), Berg Balance Scale (SMD = 0.72; 95% CI 0.31–1.13; P = 0.0007), cadence (SMD = 0.59, 95% CI 0.02–1.16, P = 0.04), step length (SMD = 0.94, 95% CI 0.35–1.53, P = 0.002), and stride length (SMD = 0.95, 95% CI 0.36–1.54, P = 0.002) but not in modified Ashworth scale (SMD = − 0.40, 95% CI − 1.05 to 0.26, P = 0.23). Our findings suggest that MT combined with NMES may be a suitable supplemental intervention to conventional therapy in stroke survivors.

Standardized measurement of balance and mobility post-stroke: Consensus-based core recommendations from the third Stroke Recovery and Rehabilitation Roundtable.

Mobility is a key priority for stroke survivors. Worldwide consensus of standardized outcome instruments for measuring mobility recovery after stroke is an essential milestone to optimize the quality of stroke rehabilitation and recovery studies and to enable data synthesis across trials. Using a standardized methodology, which involved convening of 13 worldwide experts in the field of mobility rehabilitation, consensus was established through an a priori defined survey-based approach followed by group discussions. The group agreed on balance- and mobility-related definitions and recommended a core set of outcome measure instruments for lower extremity motor function, balance and mobility, biomechanical metrics, and technologies for measuring quality of movement. Selected measures included the Fugl-Meyer Motor Assessment lower extremity subscale for motor function, the Trunk Impairment Scale for sitting balance, and the Mini Balance Evaluation System Test (Mini-BESTest) and Berg Balance Scale (BBS) for standing balance. The group recommended the Functional Ambulation Category (FAC, 0-5) for walking independence, the 10-meter Walk Test (10 mWT) for walking speed, the 6-Minute Walk Test (6 MWT) for walking endurance, and the Dynamic Gait Index (DGI) for complex walking. An FAC score of less than three should be used to determine the need for an additional standing test (FAC < 3, add BBS to Mini-BESTest) or the feasibility to assess walking (FAC < 3, 10 mWT, 6 MWT, and DGI are "not testable"). In addition, recommendations are given for prioritized kinetic and kinematic metrics to be investigated that measure recovery of movement quality of standing balance and walking, as well as for assessment protocols and preferred equipment to be used. The present recommendations of measures, metrics, technology, and protocols build on previous consensus meetings of the International Stroke Recovery and Rehabilitation Alliance to guide the research community to improve the validity and comparability between stroke recovery and rehabilitation studies as a prerequisite for building high-quality, standardized "big data" sets. Ultimately, these recommendations could lead to high-quality, participant-specific data sets to aid the progress toward precision medicine in stroke rehabilitation.

Standardized measurement of balance and mobility post-stroke: Consensus-based core recommendations from the third Stroke Recovery and Rehabilitation Roundtable.

Mobility is a key priority for stroke survivors. Worldwide consensus of standardized outcome instruments for measuring mobility recovery after stroke is an essential milestone to optimize the quality of stroke rehabilitation and recovery studies and to enable data synthesis across trials. Using a standardized methodology, which involved convening of 13 worldwide experts in the field of mobility rehabilitation, consensus was established through an a priori defined survey-based approach followed by group discussions. The group agreed on balance- and mobility-related definitions and recommended a core set of outcome measure instruments for lower extremity motor function, balance and mobility, biomechanical metrics, and technologies for measuring quality of movement. Selected measures included the Fugl-Meyer Motor Assessment lower extremity subscale for motor function, the Trunk Impairment Scale for sitting balance, and the Mini Balance Evaluation System Test (Mini-BESTest) and Berg Balance Scale (BBS) for standing balance. The group recommended the Functional Ambulation Category (FAC, 0-5) for walking independence, the 10-meter Walk Test (10 mWT) for walking speed, the 6-Minute Walk Test (6 MWT) for walking endurance, and the Dynamic Gait Index (DGI) for complex walking. An FAC score of less than three should be used to determine the need for an additional standing test (FAC < 3, add BBS to Mini-BESTest) or the feasibility to assess walking (FAC < 3, 10 mWT, 6 MWT, and DGI are "not testable"). In addition, recommendations are given for prioritized kinetic and kinematic metrics to be investigated that measure recovery of movement quality of standing balance and walking, as well as for assessment protocols and preferred equipment to be used. The present recommendations of measures, metrics, technology, and protocols build on previous consensus meetings of the International Stroke Recovery and Rehabilitation Alliance to guide the research community to improve the validity and comparability between stroke recovery and rehabilitation studies as a prerequisite for building high-quality, standardized "big data" sets. Ultimately, these recommendations could lead to high-quality, participant-specific data sets to aid the progress toward precision medicine in stroke rehabilitation.