Lower Crude Lipid Research Articles

Fermented aquatic weed meal (FAWM) as a protein source in Asian Catfish Clarias batrachus diets: Impacts on growth, blood chemistry profile, liver and gut morphology and economic efficiency

The global aquaculture industry is increasingly seeking sustainable alternatives to fishmeal (FM) due to its high price and shortfall in supply. In this context, fermented aquatic weed meal (FAWM) could emerge as a viable plant protein source for aquafeed. Four isoproteic diets [30 % crude protein (CP)] were formulated, incorporating 50 % total protein from FAWM comprising fermented Azolla diet (D1), Pistia diet (D2), and Eichhornia diet (D3). The control diet (D0) did not contain FAWM. At the end of the 90 days feeding trial, their growth performance, whole-body proximate composition, gut microbial load, haemato-biochemical indices, liver and gut health, and economic efficiency were determined. Fish fed with D0 had significantly (p < 0.05) improved growth performance and feed utilization compared to other treatment groups. Meanwhile, the fish supplemented with D1 diet exhibited significantly (p < 0.05) higher final weight (g), specific growth rate (%/day), weight gain (%), total biomass (g), and protein efficiency ratio among the FAWM dietary groups. The D1 group also demonstrated the significantly (p < 0.05) highest whole-body CP (64.27 ± 0.40 %) and lower crude lipid (8.24 ± 0.28 %) compared to other test diets. The total bacteria (TB) and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in the fish gut were found to be significantly (p < 0.05) higher in D1 group. Furthermore, most of the hemato-biochemical indices of fish were significantly (p < 0.05) affected by FAWM inclusions, with few exceptions. The histological findings indicated that amongst the FAWM groups, D1 fish exhibited improved intestinal health. Nonetheless, the gut of the control fish demonstrated substantially (p < 0.05) lower villi width and crypt depth than other treatments. The D1 and D2 diet groups had significantly improved liver health. Moreover, FAWM inclusion enhanced economic efficiency by considerably reducing farm feed cost (US$/kg) and increasing return on investment (%). In summary, dietary inclusion of fermented Azolla pinnata (D1) protein at 50 % in aquafeed promoted feed utilization, growth, health, and farm economics of Asian catfish fingerlings compared to other FAWM diets.

Nutritional and Biochemical Analysis of Locally Produced Wine from a Blend of Banana (Musa sapientum) and Date Palm Fruit (Phoenix dactylifera L.)

Background: Wine is a low-alcohol beverage made from fresh grapes or grape juice through partial or complete fermentation. Wine contains many nutrients necessary for the human body, such as sugar, vitamins, amino acids, mineral elements, polyphenols etc. Objective: This project aimed at analysing the nutritional and biochemical composition of locally produced wine from a blend of banana and dates palm fruit. The study includes determining the proximate, phytochemical, mineral, physicochemical, and amino acid profiles. Methods: The method involves heating a crucible dish to eliminate moisture, determining fat content, defatting the sample, determining ash, and determining crude protein. The phytochemical analysis includes tests for saponin, flavonoid, alkaloid, and tannin. Mineral analysis was carried using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer, while physicochemical analysis includes alcohol, pH, and temperature measurements as well as determination of amino acid profile analysis of banana-date palm wine. Results: The proximate analysis revealed high moisture content (97.87%), suggesting a good source of fruit wine production. The wine contains low crude fibre (1.01%), low crude protein (0.14%), Ash content (0.49%) and low crude lipid (0.58%). The wine also contains antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Physicochemical analysis revealed an average pH of 4.62 to 4.71, with sugar concentration decreasing daily over four days and two mineral elements were reveal which are potassium and phosphorus. The amino acid profile analysis of banana-date palm wine reveals that it contains both essential and non-essential amino acids. The essential amino acids include isoleucine, methionine, histidine, and phenylalanine, non-essential amino acids include glutamic acid, asparagine, proline, and cysteine. Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that a blend of Banana (musa sapientum) and date palm fruit (Phoenix dactyliferal) wine has a unique pleasant aroma, and may have the potential to provide both essential and non-essential amino acids, provide other nutrients that are important for normal physiological function of the body.

NUTRIENT PROFILE BLACK SOLDIER FLY LARVAE (HERMETIA ILLUCENS): EFFECT OF FEEDING SUBSTRATE AND HARVESTED TIME

The objective of this study was to asses the effect of different feeding substrates (FS), harvesting times (HT), and the interaction between FS and HT on the chemical composition of black soldier fly larvae (BSFL). The experiment used a 4 x 2 factorial arrangement with two main factors, FS (T1, T2, T3, T4), and HT (15-d and 20-d). Thus, there were eight treatment combinations, all together with five replications. The results show that there was no interaction (P&gt;0.05) between FS and HT on dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), crude lipid (CL), phosphorus (P), gross energy (GE), and amino acid contents. The ash content of BSFL grown on T2 media and harvested on day 15 was higher (P&lt;0.05) than those grown on T2 media and harvested on day 20. The calcium (Ca) content of BSFL grown on all media and harvested on day 20 was higher (P&lt;0.05) than those harvested on day 15. In conclusion, combining fruit wastes and tofu by-products produced BSFL with high CP content but low CL, ash, Ca, and P contents. In addition, BSFL grown on all substrates media and harvested on day 15 had better CP, Ca, and P contents. The dispensable amino acid of BSFLs fed with T3 diets was the best. The lowest body weight gain was produced by feeding a substrate containing a high percentage of rice bran. The findings indicate that the best nutrient composition of BSFL as animal feed would be achieved in early harvest time (15-d) and grown in heterogeneous feeding substrates.

Effects of Clostridium autoethanogenum protein inclusion levels and processing parameters on the physical properties of low-starch extruded floating feed

Clostridium autoethanogenum protein (CAP, RichMore®, China) is a safe and effective alternative protein source. However, the physicochemical properties of CAP and the effects of CAP inclusion on the physical properties of extruded fish feed are still unclear. The extrusion trials were performed to investigate the effects of graded CAP substitution levels (replacing 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of fishmeal in the diet), preconditioning moisture content (28% and 32%) and screw speed (200 rpm and 300 rpm) on the physical qualities of low-starch extruded floating feed. The results showed that CAP had high crude protein content (832 g/kg), low crude lipid content (19.0 g/kg) and low ash content (35.0 g/kg). The water-holding capacity, foaming capacity and foaming stability of CAP were significantly higher than those of low-temperature steam dried fish meal (LTFM) (P < 0.05). The floatability of all extruded feeds reached 100%. As the replacement level of CAP increased, the peak viscosity of the unprocessed diets increased significantly (P < 0.05), whereas the pasting temperature decreased significantly (P < 0.05). Specific mechanical energy significantly increased with the increase in CAP substitution level (P < 0.05) and decreased with the increase in screw speed and moisture content (P < 0.05). Dietary CAP inclusion significantly reduced the bulk density, water solubility index, water solubility and oil leakage (P < 0.05), significantly increased the expansion ratio, hardness, water absorption index and oil absorption (P < 0.05), and improved the microstructure of the feed. Moisture content and screw speed also had significant effects on the physical qualities of the extruded feed, and the recommended process parameters for the test diets are 28% moisture content and 300 rpm screw speed. Overall, CAP is a promising protein substitute in aquaculture, which can be used to manufacture high-quality low-starch extruded floating feed.

Potential of Gracilaria tenuistipitata var. liui grown in Nuniachara, Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh

During selection of Gracilaria tenuistipitata var. liui (red seaweed) growing naturally at Nuniachara sand-flat south-east of Moheshkhali channel, Cox’s Bazar local fishermen informed that Rakhaine and Chakma tribes of Cox’s Bazar and Bandarbon consume the seaweed. To ascertain the quality of the organism as “Seafood” analysis of its nutritional status was carried out using three replicates in many cases. Percentage composition of total crude protein, crude fiber, crude lipid, carbohydrates, ash and moisture were 25.55 ± 0.18, 5.65 ± 0.13, 0.16 ± 0.03, 45.93 ± 1.53, 10.61 ± 0.69 and 12.10 ± 0.25%, respectively. Mineral contents such as phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, iron and copper were 596.90 ± 10.4, 132.75 ± 3.4, 3.90 ± 1.2, 80.13 ± 2.45 and3.99 ± 1.2mg/100gdry wt., respectively. Heavy metals such as Pb, As, Cr and Cd were 0.031, 0.01, 0.06 and 0.02 mg/kg dry wt. respectively, which are below tolerance level. The seaweed contained 9.03% nine essential amino acids and 7.52% five non-essential amino acids. The quantity of total energy, β-carotene and vitamin C were 294.56 Kcal/100g, 11.54 ± 1.20 and 2.5 mg/100g, respectively. Presence of high crude protein, amino acid profiles, β-carotene, phosphorus and low crude lipid and heavy metals made Gracilaria tenuistipitata var. liui to be considered as a good human food supplement.&#x0D; Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res.56(1), 39-46, 2021

Effects of the defattedSchizochytriumsp. on growth performance, fatty acid composition, histomorphology and antioxidant status of juvenile mirror carp (Cyprinus carpiovar.specularis)

Defatted Schizochytrium sp. (DS) is a by-product of algae oil, which is rich in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). In this study, five DS-supplemented diets, including 0 (DS0), 30 (DS3), 60 (DS6), 90 (DS9) and 120 (DS12) g/kg, were used to evaluate the effects of dietary DS on juvenile mirror carp (Cyprinus carpio var. specularis). A total of 270 fish juvenile mirror carp (8.55 g/tail, eighteen fish per cage) were fed with five isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets for 8 weeks. The results showed that final body weight (FBW), weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) first increased in DS6 group (p > 0.05) and then significantly decreased in DS12 group (p < 0.05). There were significantly higher crude protein (CP) and lower crude lipid (CL) levels in whole body and hepatopancreas of fish fed with DS6 and DS9 diets than those with DS0 and DS3 diets (p < 0.05). The level of DHA in the muscle, hepatopancreas and whole body was significantly increased by higher DS-supplemented diets (DS6, DS9 and DS12) than that of the control group (p < 0.05). The atherogenic index (AI) and thrombosis index (TI) in the muscle of all treatment groups were significantly lower than those of the control group, while the hypocholesterolaemic/hypercholesterolaemic fatty acid ratio (h / H) index of treatment groups was significantly higher than that of the control group (p < 0.05).The height of fore-intestinal villi of DS3 and DS6 groups was significantly higher than that in the control group (p < 0.05). Moreover, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity of the serum and hepatopancreas in DS6, DS9 and DS12 groups was significantly higher than that in the control group (p < 0.05). Analyses based on the special growth rate and antioxidant status index revealed that the suitable DS range was 4.18%–6.00% (41.08–60 g/kg), which could improve the growth performance and health status of mirror carp.

The effects of seaweed, Sargassum sp. meal dosages in the artificial diet on growth, feed intake, feed efficiency, protein efficiency ratio, and nutritional body composition of Rabbitfish, Siganus guttatus

Sargassum sp. meal is a plant ingredient that has not been used properly, and its potential has not fully realized as an herbivorous fish diet. This experiment aims to determine the potential use of sargassum meal in the grow-out of the rabbitfish diet. Rabbitfish (initial weight of 51.76 ± 0.11 g ind−1) those were cultivated in fifteen floating net cages sized 1×1×1.5 m3 at 20 fish cage−1 stocking density lasted for 90 days. This experiment was designed as Completely Randomized Design with five treatments of sargassum meal dosages in diets, which were 0.0, 7.5, 15.0, 22.5, and 30.0%, with three replications each. The results showed that no significant effect (P>0.05) of different sargassum meal dosages on the specific growth rate and survival rate of rabbitfish. However, feed intake increased with increasing sargassum meal, where the highest was obtained at 22.5% (275.6±9.2 g fish−1) and 30.0% (270.8±8.4 g fish−1) dosages which were significantly higher (P<0.05) than the other dosages. At the same time, sargassum meal dosages were significantly different (P<0.05) on feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio, where they both seem to decrease with the increase of sargassum meal. The highest feed efficiency was obtained at the dosage of 0.0% (68.6±3.6%) that had no significant effect (P>0.05) with 7.5% (63.7±2.2%) and for protein efficiency ratio was obtained at 0.0% (2.29±0.12) that had no significant effect (P>0.05) with 7.5% (2.20±0.08) and 15.0% (2.12±0.05) dosages. The use of sargassum meal as much as 30.0% caused a lower crude lipid and higher crude protein contents in the nutritional body composition of rabbitfish, and was significantly different (P<0.05) compared to 0.0% dosage. Based on the growth rate of fish, the optimum dosage of sargassum meal in rabbitfish grow-out diet was estimated at 19.46%, but only 7.5% of sargassum meal could be used in the diet based on feed efficiency.

Effect of long-term moderate exercise on muscle cellularity and texture, antioxidant activities, tissue composition, freshness indicators and flavor characteristics in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides)

Fish fillet is heavily influenced by swimming exercise and other factors leading to a great change in fish physiology. During the present study, muscle cellularity, texture and composition, antioxidant activities and flavor characteristics were assessed and compared between non-exercised (N-EXF) and long-term exercised Largemouth bass. Exercised fish (EXF) showed improve in muscle cellularity and texture with high protein, hydroxyproline, collagen and low crude lipid compared to N-EXF. In addition, EXF showed Higher INOS, T-AOC, CAT and lower MDA, indicating high antioxidant activities in EXF compared to N-EXF. Furthermore, EXF showed lower hydrocarbons and alcohols content but higher in carboxylic acid, esters and aromatic compounds content compared N-EXF. EXF also showed lower TMAO, TMA, HX and high IMP content, indicating better freshness. Generally, EXF largemouth bass should be preferred depends on its high nutrition value, better flesh and freshness quality; and pleasant flavor.

Nutrient Content of Four Lesser – Known Green Leafy Vegetables Consumed by Efik and Ibibio People in Nigeria

Leaves of four lesser – known leafy vegetable species ( Heinsiacrinita, Lasiantheraafricana, Colocasiaesculenta and Ipomeabatatas ) used for traditional food preparations by the Efik and Ibibio ethnic groups in Nigeria were analyzed for proximate composition, amino acid profile and mineral contents. The leaves were washed, cut (2-3mm width) and dried in a conventional oven at 50 o C prior to analysis. Crude protein, crude lipid, ash, crude fibre, available carbohydrate and caloric value ranged from 17.15 – 20.73%, 3.67 – 4.66%, 11.50 – 13.75%, 17.98 – 19.36%, 43.78 – 47.23% and 289.62 – 299.98 kcal/100g, respectively. The total amino acids, total essential amino acids and percentage total essential amino acid to total amino acid ranged from 59.58 – 72.24g/100g protein, 27.52 – 31.01g/100 protein and 41.36 – 46.19%, respectively. The K, Ca, Na, Mg, Fe and Zn contents in the leaves ranged from 62.55 – 395.26mg/100g, 127.38 – 763.90mg/100g, 25.59 – 75.69mg/100g, 102.38 – 140.68mg/100g, 7.36 – 18.59mg/100g and 57.65 – 65.35mg/100g, respectively. The result of the study reveals that the four vegetable species contained appreciable levels of crude protein, mineral and crude fibre but low crude lipid. The high crude fibre content suggests that the vegetables may be used in the management of diabetes, obesity and gastrointestinal disorders. Keywords : Heinsiacrinita, Lasiantheraafricana, Colocasiaesculenta, Ipomeabatatas , proximate composition, amino acids.

Trapa bispinosaRoxb.: A Review on Nutritional and Pharmacological Aspects

Trapa bispinosa Roxb. which belongs to the family Trapaceae is a small herb well known for its medicinal properties and is widely used worldwide. Trapa bispinosa or Trapa natans is an important plant of Indian Ayurvedic system of medicine which is used in the problems of stomach, genitourinary system, liver, kidney, and spleen. It is bitter, astringent, stomachic, diuretic, febrifuge, and antiseptic. The whole plant is used in gonorrhea, menorrhagia, and other genital affections. It is useful in diarrhea, dysentery, ophthalmopathy, ulcers, and wounds. These are used in the validated conditions in pitta, burning sensation, dipsia, dyspepsia, hemorrhage, hemoptysis, diarrhea, dysentery, strangely, intermittent fever, leprosy, fatigue, inflammation, urethrorrhea, fractures, erysipelas, lumbago, pharyngitis, bronchitis and general debility, and suppressing stomach and heart burning. Maybe it is due to photochemical content of Trapa bispinosa having high quantity of minerals, ions, namely, Ca, K, Na, Zn, and vitamins; saponins, phenols, alkaloids, H-donation, flavonoids are reported in the plants. Nutritional and biochemical analyses of fruits of Trapa bispinosa in 100 g showed 22.30 and 71.55% carbohydrate, protein contents were 4.40% and 10.80%, a percentage of moisture, fiber, ash, and fat contents were 70.35 and 7.30, 2.05 and 6.35, 2.30 and 8.50, and 0.65 and 1.85, mineral contents of the seeds were 32 mg and 102.85 mg calcium, 1.4 and 3.8 mg Iron, and 121 and 325 mg phosphorus in 100 g, and seeds of Trapa bispinosa produced 115.52 and 354.85 Kcal of energy, in fresh and dry fruits, respectively. Chemical analysis of the fruit and fresh nuts having considerable water content citric acid and fresh fruit which substantiates its importance as dietary food also reported low crude lipid, and major mineral present with confirming good amount of minerals as an iron and manganese potassium were contained in the fruit. Crude fiber, total protein content of the water chestnut kernel, Trapa bispinosa are reported. In this paper, the recent reports on nutritional, phytochemical, and pharmacological aspects of Trapa bispinosa Roxb, as a medicinal and nutritional food, are reviewed.

Peningkatan Kualitas Limbah Bulu Ayam melalui Fermentasi dengan Efektif Mikroorganisme 4 (EM4)

The aims of the present experiment were to study the effect of substrate composition and time period of incubation on the nutrient composition of chicken feather meal fermented with EM4. The experiment using completely: randomized design was aranged in 3 x 3 factorial designs with there replicates. The treatment were substrate composition (A) (A1 100% feather meal + 0% rice bran, A2 90% feather meal + 10% rice bran, A3 80% feather meal + 20% rice bran), and time of incubation (B) (9,12 and 15 days). Parameters observed were crude protein, crude fiber, crude lipid and BETN. Results showed that there was no interaction (P&gt;0,05) between substrate composition and time of fermentation on crude protein, crude fiber, crude lipid and BETN, substrate composition and time of incubation gave significantly (P&lt;0,05) effect on crude protein, crude fiber, crude lipid and BETN of the fermented products. It was concluded that the optimum substrate composition and incubation time was found by using 80% feather meal + 20% rice brand and 15 days of incubation time, which gave the highest crude protein of 56,37% and low crude lipid of 23,95 % and crude fiber of 3,4 %.

Growth and Feed Utilization of Captive Wild Subadult Black Sea Bass Centropristis striata Fed Practical Diets in a Recirculating System

AbstractThe effects of four practical diets on growth, feed utilization, and body composition of wild‐caught juvenile and subadult black sea bass Centropristis striata (316 ± 113 g =±± SD) were compared for 221 d in a recirculating tank system consisting of 12 2,660‐L tanks. Salinity averaged 33.5 ppt and temperature averaged 20.9 C but vaned from 12 to 27.1 C. Diets differed in crude protein (CP) and crude lipid (CL) as follows: 1) low CP (44.0%), low CL (11.4%) trout diet; 2) low CP (44.8%), high CL (15.0%) trout diet; 3) midlevel CP (47.9%), midlevel CL (12.8%) Bounder diet; and 4) high CP (53.9%), high CL (15.1%) marine finfish diet. Energy: protein ratios (E: P) were 44.6, 45.3, 41.8, and 39.1 W/g.Survival to 221 d on all diets was 100%. Significant (P &lt; 0.05) differences in growth rates were observed among diets. Final weights were higher for midlevel and high CP diets 3 and 4 (1,051 and 1,013 g) than for low CP diet 1 (873 g). Relative growth rate (RGR, % total increase in weight), specific growth rate (SGR, % increase in body weight/d), and daily weight gain (DWG, g/d) were higher for higher CP diets 3 and 4 (RGR = 223 and 221; SGR = 0.53; DWG = 3.28 and 3.16), than for low CP diet 1 (RGR = 181; SGR = 0.47; DWG = 2.54). There were no significant differences between initial and final whole body protein and fiber content among diets. Lipid and gross energy levels significantly increased (P &lt; 0.0001) in all treatments while moisture levels significantly decreased (P &lt; 0.001).Although these differences were not significant, feed conversion ratio (FCR = dry weight fed/wet weight gain) was lower for fish given midlevel CP diet 3 (1.49) and high CP diet 4 (1.52) than for those fed low CP diets 1 and 2 (1.60 and 1.62). Protein efficiency ratios (PER = weight gain/weight protein fed) (1.43 to 1.24), apparent net protein retention (ANPR = weight protein gain/weight protein fed) (20 to 25%), and apparent net energy retention (ANER = energy gain/energy fed) (53.3 to 56.8%) were not significantly different among treatments. The midlevel CP (50%), midlevel CL (12%) diet maximized growth rates and was also significantly less expensive per kg fish weight produced ($1.40) than the high CP diet ($1.94) which produced the second highest growth rates. These results demonstrated that wild‐caught black sea bass can be successfully reared in recirculating tanks from juvenile to marketable sizes with high survival and with good feed conversion and growth on commercially prepared diets with a wide range of protein and lipid levels.

Growth and Feed Utilization of Hatchery-Reared Juvenile Nassau Grouper Fed Four Practical Diets

Abstract The effects of four practical diets, formulated for carnivorous marine finfish, on growth, feed utilization, and body composition of hatchery-reared juvenile Nassau grouper Epinephelus striatus (mean weight ± SD = 2.37 ± 0.75 g) were compared for 56 d in 145-L flowthrough seawater (36–38 ‰) aquaria. Diets differed in crude protein (CP) and crude lipid (CL) content as follows: low CP (43.5%), low CL (5.91 %) trout grower (LP–LL); midlevel CP (52.7%), high CL (15.2%) salmon grower (MP–HL); midlevel CP (55.6%), low CL (7.79%) Japanese formulation for carnivorous fish (MP–LL); and a high CP (61.8%), high CL (14.2%) research diet for dolphin (mahimahi) Coryphaena hippurus (HP–HL). Energy : protein ratios (E:P) of these diets were 35.2, 32.0, 28.3 and 28.9 kJ/g, respectively. Relative growth rate (RGR, % increase in weight) and specific growth rate (SGR, % increase in body weight/day) were strongly correlated (P < 0.0005) to dietary CP and E:P ratio and were higher (P < 0.05) for fish fed the MP–LL and HP–HL diets (RGR = 454–502%; SGR = 3.05–3.19%/d) than in the LP–LL and MP–HL diets (RGR = 68.6–160%; SGR = 0.93–1.71%). Feed utilization, including conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), apparent net protein retention (ANPR), and apparent net energy retention (ANER) were also highly correlated (P < 0.0005) to dietary CP and E:P ratio. These parameters were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the MP–LL diet than in the other diets. No clear relationships between dietary nutrient levels and proximate body composition were observed. Results indicated that cultured juvenile Nassau grouper require a dietary protein level above 55% and an E:P ratio below 28.9 kJ/g for optimum growth.