Low Critical Micellar Concentration Research Articles

Sugar-Based Surfactants: Effects of Structural Features on the Physicochemical Properties of Sugar Esters and Their Comparison to Commercial Octyl Glycosides.

Two series of sugar esters with alkyl chain lengths varying from 5 to 12 carbon atoms, and with a head group consisting of glucose or galactose moieties, were synthesized. Equilibrium surface tension isotherms were measured, yielding critical micellar concentration (CMC) surface tensions at CMC (γcmc) and minimum areas at the air-water interface (Amin). In addition, Krafft temperatures (Tks) were measured to characterize the ability of molecules to dissolve in water, which is essential in numerous applications. As a comparison to widely used commercial sugar-based surfactants, those measurements were also carried out for four octyl d-glycosides. Impacts of the linkages between polar and lipophilic moieties, alkyl chain lengths, and the nature of the sugar head group on the measured properties were highlighted. Higher Tk and, thus, lower dissolution ability, were found for methyl 6-O-acyl-d-glucopyranosides. CMC and γcmc decreased with the alkyl chain lengths in both cases, but Amin did not appear to be influenced. Both γcmc and Amin appeared independent of the ester group orientation. Notably, alkyl (methyl α-d-glucopyranosid)uronates were found to result in noticeably lower CMC, possibly due to a closer distance between the carbonyl function and the head group.

Colloidal and Biological Characterization of Dual Drug-Loaded Smart Micellar Systems.

Smart polymeric micelles (PMs) are of great interest in drug delivery owing to their low critical micellar concentration and sizes. In the present study, two different pH-sensitive poly(2-vinyl pyridine)-b-poly(ethylene oxide) (P2VP-b-PEO) copolymer samples were used for the encapsulation of paclitaxel (PTX), ursolic acid (UA), and dual loading of PTX and UA. Based on the molecular features of copolymers, spherical PMs with sizes of around 35 nm and 140 nm were obtained by dialysis for P2VP55-b-PEO284 and P2VP274-b-PEO1406 samples, respectively. The micellar sizes increased after loading of both drugs. Moreover, drug encapsulation and loading efficiencies varied from 53 to 94% and from 3.2 to 18.7% as a function of the copolymer/drug ratio, molar mass of copolymer sample, and drug type. By FT-IR spectroscopy, it was possible to demonstrate the drug loading and the presence of some interactions between the polymer matrix and loaded drugs. In vitro viability was studied on 4T1 mammary carcinoma mouse cells as a function of time and concentration of drug-loaded PMs. UA-PMs and free PMs alone were not effective in inhibiting the tumor cell growth whereas a viability of 40% was determined for cells treated with both PTX- and PTX/UA-loaded PMs. A synergic effect was noticed for PTX/UA-loaded PMs.

Effectiveness of the hydrophobic core of pyridine tethered N-acyl glycine micelles in improving chromenoquinoline synthesis in water

The organic transformations in water are considered a safe, non-toxic, economical, and eco-friendly alternative. A new series of amphiphile, N-acyl-N-(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)glycine (PyNAG) with variable hydrophobicity was successfully synthesized from glycine. The self-assembly properties were characterized by critical micellar concentration (CMC), aggregation number (Nagg), and diameter (DH). The PyNAG with N- stearoyl moiety showed lower CMC, higher Nagg, and larger DH compared to PyNAG with N- lauryl moiety. Molecular dynamics simulation reveals that the micelle structure is compact and non-bonded energy contribution arises from electrostatic, and van der Walls forces contribute to perfect packing and micelle formation. The ability of the PyNAG micelles to execute important organic transformations in water was demonstrated through synthesizing chromenoquinoline via the Povarov reaction. Micelles with varying diameters were used to conduct the Povarov reaction in order to better understand the functions of the hydrophobicity core of the micellar environment in organic reactions. The results reveal that the Povarov reaction produces a good yield in N-stearoyl-N-(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)glycine (PyN18G) micelles, better than organic solvent and commercial surfactant. Moreover, a linear correlation between the yield and the hydrophobicity of the PyNAG was observed. The findings demonstrate that the micellar interior significantly affects the reactivity of the substrate, which should be taken into consideration while creating new media for metal-catalyzed green synthesis.

Stepwise and Microemulsions Epoxidation of Limonene by Dimethyldioxirane: A Comparative Study.

Limonene dioxide is recognized as a green monomer for the synthesis of a wide variety of polymers such as polycarbonates, epoxy resins, and nonisocyanate polyurethanes (NIPU). The developed green technologies for its synthesis over heterogeneous catalysts present a challenge in that the selectivity of limonene dioxide is rather low. Homogeneous epoxidation in the presence of dimethyldioxirane for limonene dioxide synthesis is a promising technology. This study reports the epoxidation of limonene by dimethyldioxirane (DMDO) using two approaches. The isolated synthesis of DMDO solution in acetone was followed by epoxidation of limonene in another reactor in 100% organic phase (stepwise epoxidation). Following this procedure, limonene dioxide could be produced with almost 100% conversion and yield. A second approach allowed using in situ generated in aqueous-phase DMDO to epoxidize the limonene forming a microemulsion with a solubilized surfactant in the absence of any organic solvent. The surfactants tested were hydrosulfate (CTAHS), bromide (CTAB), and chloride (CTAC) cetyltrimethylammonium. All these surfactants showed good stability of microemulsions at aqueous surfactant concentrations above their critical micellar concentrations (CMC). Stability is obtained at the lowest concentration when using CTAHS because of its very low CMC compared to CTAB and CTAC. The major advantages of epoxidation in microemulsions compared to DMDO stepwise epoxidation are the absence of an organic solvent (favoring a low reaction volume) and the very high oxygen yield of 60 to 70% versus 5% in a stepwise approach. The epoxides formed are easily separated from the aqueous medium and the surfactant by liquid–liquid extraction. Therefore, the developed in situ epoxidation process is a green technology conducted under mild conditions and convenient for large-scale applications.

Investigation of micellar‐enhanced ultrafiltration (MEUF) using rhamnolipid for heavy metal removal from desalter effluent

AbstractThe removal of heavy metals from desalter effluent is an important issue due to the toxicity of these pollutants. In this study, micellar‐enhanced ultrafiltration (MEUF) is applied for the removal of heavy metals from synthetic desalter effluent. MEUF is a process in which surfactants above their critical micellar concentration (CMC) form micelles. Micelles bind compounds with low molecular weight; then, these are rejected by a semi‐permeable membrane. Rhamnolipid is an anionic biosurfactant that has advantages such as biodegradability and low CMC. Rhamnolipid complexation with synthetic desalter effluent demonstrates high efficiency for heavy metal removal. The highest overall removal efficiency was reached at a rhamnolipid concentration of 300 mg/L with 94.07%, 81.93%, 99.81%, 76.00%, and 41.91% for Zn+2, Mg+2, Cu+2, Mn+2, and Na+, respectively. Additionally, loading capacity on rhamnolipid micelles was evaluated to have better selectivity for Mn+2 > Cu+2 > Zn+2 > Mg+2 > Na+. Also, the results showed that phenol has a significant effect on heavy metal removal, decreasing CMC, which increases micelles. Finally, the permeate flux decreases after increasing the rhamnolipid concentration due to the formation of the gel layer, creating an additional resistance to the permeate flux that goes through the membrane. This work shows that MEUF with rhamnolipid is a reliable method for heavy metal removal from desalter effluent.

Highlights on polymeric micelles as versatile nanocarriers for drug transporting

Polymeric micelles are nanoscale core-shell structures formed by amphiphilic (block or graft) copolymers, that can self-aggregate in an aqueous medium. PMs characterized by small size, spherical shape, lower critical micellar concentration, which gave higher
 stability for PMs over conventional surfactant micelles. The core/shell structure permits polymeric micelle to entrap poor soluble drugs and can improve their solubility and permeability. The preparation of PMs tends to be relatively easy as compared to other novel drug delivery systems. This review focus on the general properties, types, types of copolymer utilized, formation mechanism, preparation methods, characterization techniques, and the applications on PMs.

Optimization of the slaughterhouse water treatment rate by a new Marinobacter carbonoclasticus SF and its biosurfactant

The aim of this study consists of the production of a bio-surfactant from a new bacterial strain, Marinobacter hydrocarbono clasticus SF (96.76 % similarity) isolated from soil contaminated by hydrocarbons in Hassi-Messaoud (Southern Algeria) to treat liquid effluent from slaughterhouse water. The characteristics of organic matter biodegradation tests were discussed. Despite the high pollutant load and the unfavorable physicochemical composition of the effluent, the specific growth rate of the isolated strain after 10 days of incubation in the range of 0?30 g L-1 of NaCl was at neutral pH 7.4 and temperature of 45?C. The best bio-surfactant production yield was obtained after 72 h of incubation and under the optimal production conditions such as diesel as carbon source, ammonium chloride as nitrogen source, and a C/N ratio of 5. The bio-surfactant produced is of glycolipid type with a low critical micellar concentration (CMC), good emulsifying power, and chemical and functional stability. Significant pollutant removal efficiency was obtained using the bacterial strain (up to 82 %) and the bio-surfactant (up to 96 %). Several anions, such as nitrates, phosphates, ammonium, and suspended solids, were measured.

Design and Properties of a Novel Family of Nonionic Biobased Furanic Hydroxyester and Amide Surfactants

A series of original amphiphiles prepared by Morita–Baylis–Hillman (MBH) coupling biobased furanic aldehydes with hydrophobic alkenes is explored. Structural variations result from the level of polarity on the furanic substrate, the type of activated alkenes (ester of amide), the alkyl chain length, and the presence of an unsaturation. The physicochemical properties such as the Krafft point, critical micellar concentration (CMC), and hydrophilic lipophilic behavior determined with the PIT-slope method have been explored. The glucosyloxymethyl furfural (GMF) derivatives exhibit higher water solubility than the succinyl hydroxymethyl furfural (SMF) and the HMF-derived ones. Saturation of the acrylic linkage results in slightly lower CMC for GMF-derived compounds by the enhanced solvation of the unsaturation. As expected, increasing the alkyl chain length diminishes the water solubility, the CMC, and the hydrophilicity. The decreasing hydrophilic behavior of surfactants is as follows: Gi > GiH > HSi. For the shorter HMF amphiphiles, the order is HiN > Hi ≈ HiH. These surfactants cover a wide range of HLB values. The dodecyl GMF─G12─is as hydrophilic as C12E6, and the hexadecyl SMF─HS16─is much more hydrophobic than SPAN 40. Formation of stable emulsions with two cosmetic oils of different polarity is very encouraging for a possible application of this new family of biobased surfactants.

Hybrid Fluorocarbon-Hydrocarbon Surfactants: Synthesis and Colloidal Characterization.

Four double-tailed hybrid fluorocarbon-hydrocarbon (F-H) surfactants with a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) polar headgroup were synthesized. The hydrophobic scaffold consists of an amino acid core, onto which were grafted both fluorocarbon and hydrocarbon chains of different lengths. The PEG polar head was connected to the hydrophobic scaffold through a copper(I)-mediated click reaction. The four derivatives exhibit aqueous solubility >100 g/L and self-assemble into micellar aggregates with micromolar critical micellar concentration (CMC) values, as demonstrated by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), surface tension (ST) measurements, and steady-state fluorescence spectroscopy. The CMC value decreased by a factor of ∼6 for each additional pair of CH2 groups, whereas a decrease by a factor of ∼2.5 was observed when the size of the PEG polar head was reduced from 2000 to 750 g/mol. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) showed unimodal micelle populations with hydrodynamic diameters of 10-15 nm, in agreement with results obtained from size-exclusion chromatography (SEC). The aggregation number increased with the hydrocarbon chain length but decreased with increasing PEG chain lengths. The combination in one molecular design of both low CMC and high water solubility makes these new surfactants promising systems for novel drug-delivery systems.

Soybean-Oil-Based CO2-Switchable Surfactants with Multiple Heads.

Oligomeric surfactants display the novel properties of low surface activity, low critical micellar concentration and enhanced viscosity, but no CO2 switchable oligomeric surfactants have been developed so far. The introduction of CO2 can convert tertiary amine reversibly to quaternary ammonium salt, which causes switchable surface activity. In this study, epoxidized soybean oil was selected as a raw material to synthesize a CO2-responsive oligomeric surfactant. After addition and removal of CO2, the conductivity analyzing proves that the oligomeric surfactant had a good response to CO2 stimulation. The viscosity of the oligomeric surfactant solution increased obviously after sparging CO2, but returned to its initial low viscosity in the absence of CO2. This work is expected to open a new window for the study of bio-based CO2-stimulated oligomeric surfactants.

Effect of dicationic ionic liquids on cloud points of tergitol surfactant and the formation of aqueous micellar two-phase systems

A cloud point evaluation was performed for the nonionic surfactant Tergitol 15-S-7 in aqueous solutions of McIlvaine buffer (pH 7.0). Cloud point temperatures of the selected nonionic surfactant were studied in relation to the effect that the addition of dicationic ionic liquids (ILs) had on the systems. The dicationic ILs with different alkyl spacer lengths were derived from 1, n-bis(3-methylimidazolium-1-yl)alkane bromide ([BisAlk(MIM)2][2Br]) — in which Alk = But, Hex, Oct, and Dec. The dicationic ILs with longer alkyl spacer chains (Alk ≥ 6) led to an increase in the Tergitol’s cloud point values, due to their ability to fold their structures in solution, which increase the interactions of ILs with tergitol in the mixed micelles. This increase was even more pronounced when the concentration of the dicationic ILs was increased. Furthermore, the addition of dicationic ILs increased the micelles size; however, the hydrodynamic diameter of mixed micelles did not depend on the length of the ILs’ alkyl spacer chains. The Tergitol/IL systems with lower critical micellar concentration values will result in higher cloud point values, due to the greater colloidal dispersion stability.

Kinetic stability of the oil-in-water emulsions and dynamic interfacial properties of mixtures of sucrose esters and polysaccharides

This article presents a study of the interfacial properties of oil-in-water emulsions containing sugar esters and polysaccharides. Sucrose fatty acid esters were synthesized using immobilized Candida antarctica lipase B. A yield of 53.4% was obtained using 2-methyl-2-butanol and 1:3 M ratio of sucrose:stearic acid. Equilibrium surface tension was 45 mN/m and low critical micellar concentration (CMC) value was obtained (ca. 10 mg/mL), characteristic of non-ionic surfactant. The interfacial properties of mixtures of sucrose esters and polysaccharides, at the oil–water interface were determined using a pendant drop tensiometer. Addition of polysaccharides increased the interfacial tension. Studies of interfacial viscoelasticity showed that the films were predominantly elastic. The presence of polysaccharides in emulsions resulted in flocculated droplets. All the emulsions presented great stability along 28 days with no creaming formation.

Biosurfactant production from newly isolated Rhodotorula sp.YBR and its great potential in enhanced removal of hydrocarbons from contaminated soils.

One of the very promising methods in the field of bioremediation of hydrocarbons is the application of biosurfactant- producing microorganisms based on the use of wastewater as renewable substrates of culture media, contributing to the reduction of costs. With this aim, the production, characterization and properties of the yeast strain YBR producing a biosurfactant newly isolated from an oilfield in Algeria, using wastewater from olive oil mills (OOMW) as a substrate for a low-cost and effective production, have been investigated. Screening of biosurfactant production was carried out with different tests, including emulsification index test (E24), drop collapse test, oil spreading technique and measurement of surface tension (ST). The isolated yeast strain was found to be a potent biosurfactant producer with E24 = 69% and a significant reduction in ST from 72 to 35 mN m-1. The study of the cultural, biochemical, physiological and genetic characteristics of the isolate allowed us to identify it as Rhodotorula sp. strain YBR. Fermentation was carried out in a 2.5 L Minifors Bioreactor using crude OOMW as culture medium, the E24 value reached 90% and a reduction of 72 to 35 mN m-1 in ST. A biosurfactant yield = 10.08 ± 0.38 g L-1 was recorded. The characterization by semi-purification and thin layer chromatography (TLC) of the crude extract of biosurfactant showed the presence of peptides, carbohydrates and lipids in its structure. The crude biosurfactant exhibited interesting properties such as: low critical micellar concentration (CMC), significant reduction in ST and strong emulsifying activity. In addition, it has shown stability over a wide range of pH (2-12), temperature (4-100 °C) and salinity (1-10%). More interestingly, the produced biosurfactant has proven to be of great potential application in the remobilization of hydrocarbons from polluted soil with a removal rate of greater than 95%.

Influence of Hydrogen Bonding on Low Critical Micellar Concentration Value and Formation of Giant Vesicle of Triazole‐Contained Amphiphile

AbstractAn amphiphile molecule consisting of triazole moiety has been thoroughly investigated using different approaches in its aqueous condition. The studies have discovered the explicit function of its heteroaromatic ability in molecular self‐assembling. From the fluorescence evidence, the triazole‐based amphiphile has shown that the aggregation‐induced emission behavior is mainly due to the triazolyl. It suggests that the triazole is directly involved in the self‐assembling mechanism through an intermolecular interaction. This interaction can be verified by the shifting of proton frequency of the triazole, which is clearly shown by the constant frequency of the proton above the critical micellar concentration (CMC) value. The frequency suggests the establishing hydrogen bond that occurred between the hydrogen and the second nitrogen of the adjacent triazole. These results are consistent with the micellization of the molecule which was determined at a very low CMC value (0.1 mM). The absorbance and optical polarizing microscopy results also support the evidence of the growth of giant vesicles produced from the neutralization of the amphiphile. The formation of stable giant vesicles at neutral pH demonstrates the immediate strong hydrogen bonding connections within the triazoles layer in the bilayer. The discovery reveals that internal hydrogen bonds formed from a heteroaromatic with the appropriate molecular arrangement can promote self‐aggregation and enhance overall stability.

Polymeric micelles based on amphiphilic oleic acid modified carboxymethyl chitosan for oral drug delivery of bcs class iv compound: Intestinal permeability and pharmacokinetic evaluation

Chemical modification of chitosan derivatives with hydrophobic fatty acids to enhance their self-aggregation behavior is well established. Previously our group reported low molecular weight carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) which showed enhancement in apparent permeability of hydrophobic drug, tamoxifen. Further extension to this work, herein we synthesize a new polymer of oleic acid grafted low molecular weight carboxymethyl chitosan (OA-CMCS) for maneuvering biopharmaceutical performance of poorly water soluble drugs. This polymer was designed and synthesized via amidation reaction and well characterized by analytical tools like 1H-NMR and FT-IR spectroscopy. OA-CMCS conjugate easily self-organized into micelles like structure in an aqueous medium and showed a low critical micellar concentration of 1 µg/mL. Poorly water-soluble drug, docetaxel (DTX) was used as a model drug in this study. Optimization of variables resulted in the formation of spherical DTX loaded OA-CMCS micelles in the size range of 213.4 ± 9.6 nm with an entrapment efficiency of 57.26 ± 1.25%. DTX loaded OA-CMCS micelles showed slow and sustained DTX release behavior in simulated body fluid during in vitro release study. The permeability of DTX loaded OA-CMCS micelles across the gastrointestinal tract were investigated by in vitro Caco-2 cells model. The apparent permeability of DTX loaded OA-CMCS micelles improved up to 6.57-fold in comparison to free DTX suspension which indicates the increase in paracellular absorption of DTX. Additionally, in vivo pharmacokinetic study demonstrates an increase in Cmax (1.97-fold) and AUC (2.62-fold) for DTX loaded OA-CMCS micelles compared to free DTX suspension. Hence, we propose OA-CMCS as a promising cargo to incorporate drugs for enhancement of biopharmaceutical performance.

High-drug-loading capacity of redox-activated biodegradable nanoplatform for active targeted delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs

Challenges associated with low-drug-loading capacity, lack of active targeting of tumor cells and unspecific drug release of nanocarriers synchronously plague the success of cancer therapy. Herein, we constructed active-targeting, redox-activated polymeric micelles (HPGssML) self-assembled aptamer-decorated, amphiphilic biodegradable poly (benzyl malolactonate-co-ε-caprolactone) copolymer with disulfide linkage and π-conjugated moieties. HPGssML with a homogenous spherical shape and nanosized diameter (∼150 nm) formed a low critical micellar concentration (10−3 mg/mL), suggesting good stability of polymeric micelles. The anticancer drug, doxorubicin (DOX), can be efficiently loaded into the core of micelles with high-drug-loading content via strong π–π interaction, which was verified by a decrease in fluorescence intensity and redshift in UV adsorption of DOX in micelles. The redox sensitivity of polymeric micelles was confirmed by size change and in vitro drug release in a reducing environment. Confocal microscopy and flow cytometry assay demonstrated that conjugating aptamers could enhance specific uptake of HPGssML by cancer cells. An in vitro cytotoxicity study showed that the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of DOX-loaded HPGssML was two times lower than that of the control group, demonstrating improved antitumor efficacy. Therefore, the multifunctional biodegradable polymeric micelles can be exploited as a desirable drug carrier for effective cancer treatment.

Dynamic Surface Tension of Surfactants in the Presence of High Salt Concentrations

We study the influence of high NaCl concentrations on the equilibrium and dynamic surface tensions of ionic (CTAB) and nonionic (Tween 80) surfactant solutions. Equilibrium surface tension measurements show that NaCl significantly reduces the critical micellar concentration (CMC) of CTAB but has no effect on the CMC of Tween 80. Dynamic surface tension measurements allow comparing the surface tension as a function of time for pure surfactant solutions and in the presence of NaCl. For the ionic surfactant, the dynamics agree with the usual diffusion-limited interfacial adsorption kinetics; however, the kinetics become orders of magnitude slower when NaCl is present. Sum-frequency generation spectroscopy experiments and the equilibrium adsorption measurements show that the presence of NaCl in CTAB solution leads to the formation of ion pairs at the surface, thereby neutralizing the charge of the head group of CTAB. This change, however, is not able to account for the slowing down of adsorption dynamics; we find that it is rather the decreases in the monomer concentration (CMC) in the presence of salt which has the major influence. For the nonionic surfactant, the kinetics of interfacial tension is seen to be already very slow, and the addition of salt does not influence it further. This also correlates very well to the very low CMC of Tween 80.

Co-Administration of Tretinoin Enhances the Anti-Cancer Efficacy of Etoposide via Tumor-Targeted Green Nano-Micelles

Herein we report promoted anti-cancer activity via a combination strategy of synergistic chemotherapy/retinoid-based breast cancer therapy with shell-stabilized micellar green nanomedicine. Amphiphilic zein-chondroitin sulfate (ChS)-based copolymeric micelles (PMs) were successfully developed via carbodiimide coupling for concomitant delivery of etoposide (ETP) and all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) to breast cancer. The micelles exhibited low critical micellar concentration (CMC) of 0.008 mg/mL with high encapsulation efficiencies of ETP and ATRA (61.2 and 84.29%, respectively). Calcium-mediated crosslinking of the anionic ChS micellar shell resulted in prolonged drug release with small micellar size of 222.7 nm. The micelles exhibited augmented internalization into MCF-7 breast cancer cells by virtue of ChS binding affinity to CD44 receptors overexpressed by cancer cells. Consequently, the ETP/ATRA-loaded micelles exhibited synergistic cytotoxicity against breast cancer cells as revealed by their significantly lower IC50, combination index (CI), and higherdose reduction index (DRI) in comparison to the free ETP and free ATRA or their combination. Micelles displayed superiority in reducing tumor volume, decreasing proliferation, and promoting necrosis in mice bearing Ehrlich Ascites Tumor (EAT) upon comparison to free ETP and free ATRA or their combination. Overall, the developed green zein-ChS micelles offer a promising platform for tumor-targeted delivery of hydrophobic therapeutic agents.

BODIPY-Based Fluorescent Surfactant for Cell Membrane Imaging and Photodynamic Therapy.

Fluorescent dyes are widely used in chemical, biological, and environmental science. However, the π-π stacking among the large π-conjugated groups of the dye molecules normally leads to the hydrophobicity and aggregation, resulting in quenching the fluorescence intensity. In the present work, a kind of BODIPY-based fluorescent surfactant C8BCOONa has been synthesized, and its self-assembly and performances in cell membrane imaging and photodynamic therapy have been studied. This fluorescent surfactant exhibits low critical micellar concentration (CMC) in aqueous solution and forms vesicles above the CMC. The fluorescence intensity of C8BCOONa significantly increases with aggregating into the DOPC vesicles, in which C8BCOONa inserts into the bilayer of DOPC vesicles through hydrophobic interaction and the intramolecular rotation of C8BCOONa is restrained in the aggregates. The fluorescent surfactant of low concentration displays negligible dark- and photocytotoxicity to MCF-7 cells and HeLa cells and can effectively stain the living cell membrane with a long retention time. Meanwhile, a large amount of reactive oxygen species is generated by higher concentration C8BCOONa under white light and brings obvious photocytotoxicity to the two types of cancer cells. Therefore, this kind of fluorescent surfactant shows a great potential in targeted bioimaging and efficient photodynamic therapy.

Characteristic and Application of Anionic Dimeric Surfactants: A Review

AbstractAnionic dimeric surfactants have attracted much interest compared to the conventional monomeric surfactants. These surfactants have low critical micellar concentrations and an excellent ability in reducing the surface tension of water than conventional surfactants. Therewith, they also show better solubilizing and foaming properties, and a magnificent mildness to the skin. These special features may make them potentially attractive in several applications, for example, laundry detergents, cosmetics and personal care. This article describes the micellization and mixed micellization properties, performance properties, application and biodegradability of anionic dimeric surfactants.