Lower Bavaria Research Articles

A contribution to research on the knapped lithic assemblage from the Late Neolithic site of Altheim in Lower Bavaria

The lithic artefacts from Altheim, being regarded as essential for the interpretation of the site, have for a verylong time attracted attention. Here we concentrate on the discoveries made during the excavation of sections of ditches in 2013-2020. Certain earlier observations were confirmed by the latest excavations, namely the high proportion of arrowheads among the flaked stone tools. A large number of the arrowheads were burnt. Many of them have broken tips, and all the analysed arrowheads with broken tips bear diagnostic impact fractures: stepterminating bending fractures or spin-off fractures specifically in the shape of small fractures on the edge between one surface of the arrowhead and the surface of the fracture of the tip. These suggest an angle of impact of the arrow into a hard surface of about 60°-70°. Broken and burnt arrowheads were found in the solid context of the structures. The context suggest that these arrowheads can be connected with conflict.

Riparian buffer strips promote biomass, species richness and abundance of flying insects in agricultural landscapes

Agricultural intensification is debated as one of the major drivers for the decline of insect biodiversity. Agri-environmental schemes (AES) are a common measure to promote biodiversity in agriculture by granting compensational payments to farmers for environmentally friendly practices. In this study we examined the effect of buffer strips of at least 5 m width, adjacent to small watercourses and drainage ditches, on insect biomass and insect species richness in agricultural landscapes. We selected ten arable fields in each of four regions in lower and upper Bavaria, Southern Germany. 25 out of 40 sites had a buffer strip between arable crops and watercourse. Insects were sampled at three time periods (May/June, June/July and August/September) for two weeks each. In each period two samples were collected (one per week). On each site Malaise traps were set up in 5 and 80 m distance to the embankment of the watercourse. Half of the samples was then subjected to metabarcoding and the other half was classified into different insect groups by morphological identification and the number of the individuals for each group was counted. For hoverflies (Syrphidae), individuals were identified at species-level. Data on vegetation structure (cover of grasses and herbs) in the studied riparian buffer strips was collected and correlated with number of species, abundances and biomass of flying insects. The five taxonomic orders with the highest species richness and individual numbers were: Diptera, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera and Hemiptera. Diptera dominated hereby with 34% of all species and 81% of all individuals. On average, mixed models indicated 31% higher insect biomass, 15% higher species richness and 29% higher individual numbers of flying insects in buffer strips at 5 m distance to the watercourse compared to sites with no buffer strip. The effect was even stronger for butterflies (32% higher species species richness, 70% more individuals) and hoverflies (24% higher species richness, 51% more individuals). In the presence of a buffer strip significantly higher numbers were found for total individuals, Diptera, Hymenoptera and Coleoptera. In 80 m distance to the watercourse, the samples of flying insects were not significantly influenced by a riparian buffer strip. This study highlights the importance of buffer strips in agricultural regions and their multifunctional potential in fostering biodiversity additionally to their acknowledged use for water protection. Ideally, buffer strips are rich in herbs and inflorescences and are therefore beneficial for the insect fauna by serving as valuable habitat with high potential connectivity at landscape level.

The complex intervention day hospice — a quality-assured study on the implementation, realization, and benefits with model character for Germany (IMPULS) using the example of “Day hospice Adiuvantes”

BackgroundCurrently, a conclusive experience on the uniform implementation and benefits of day hospice structures and interventions is lacking in Germany. The following questions should be clarified: (1) Which structural conditions and interventional measures should be established in day hospices from the point of view of patients, relatives, and specialist staff?; (2) Are the planned structures or interventions feasible and implementable under real conditions and accepted by patients, relatives, and staff?; (3) How can a final implementation and intervention catalog for day hospices be designed?; (4) Is this final catalog of services feasible, reasonable, economical, and effective under everyday conditions in day hospices?MethodsWe planned to perform a multistage investigation, guided by the Medical Research Council Framework for the development and evaluation of complex interventions. In Stage 1, an initial theoretical construct on structures and interventions will be established through an extensive literature and guideline review on day hospices and through qualitative interviews. In a nominal group process, we will create a catalog of offers. In Stage 2, feasibility testing is conducted in a single-day hospice under real-life conditions using quantitative quality indicators and qualitative interviews. Structures and interventions can be adapted here if necessary. In a second nominal group process, a final structure and offer catalog is created, which is then implemented in Stage 3 in the day hospice under investigation and evaluated under real daily conditions through a process and effectiveness test. For this purpose, qualitative and quantitative quality indicators will be used and a comparative cohort of patients who are not cared for in the day hospice – but in the same network structure (oncology–palliative care network Lower Bavaria) – is examined.DiscussionFinally, the initial statements on the reasonable and realizable structures or interventions in day hospices and their benefits in daily real-life conditions as well as possible optimization processes shall be made.Trial registrationThe study was retrospectively registered in the German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS-ID DRKS00031613, registration date April 04, 2023) and the display portal of the Center for Clinical Trials of the University Hospital Regensburg (Z-2022-1734-6, registration date July 01, 2023).

Forecasting changes of the flow regime at deep geothermal wells based on high resolution sensor data and low resolution chemical analyses

Abstract. Geothermal waters provide a great resource to generate clean energy, however, there is a notorious lack of high quality data on these waters. The scarcity of deep geothermal aquifer information is largely due to inaccessibility and high analysis costs. However, multiple operators use geothermal wells in Lower Bavaria and Upper Austria for balneological (medical and wellness) applications as well as for heat mining purposes. The state of the art sampling strategy budgets for a sampling frequency of 1 year. Previous studies have shown that robust groundwater data requires sampling intervals of 1–3 months, however, these studies are based on shallow aquifers which are more likely to be influenced by seasonal changes in meteorological conditions. This study set out to assess whether yearly sampling adequately represents sub-yearly hydrochemical fluctuations in the aquifer by comparing yearly with quasi-continuous hydrochemical data at two wells in southeast Germany by assessing mean, trend and seasonality detection among the high and low temporal resolution data sets. Furthermore, the ability to produce reliable forecasts based on yearly data was examined. In order to test the applicability of virtual sensors to elevate the information content of yearly data, correlations between the individual parameters were assessed. The results of this study show that seasonal hydrochemical variations take place in deep aquifers, and are not adequately represented by yearly data points, as they are typically gathered at similar production states of the well and do not show varying states throughout the year. Forecasting on the basis of yearly data does not represent the data range of currently measured continuous data. The limited data availability did not allow for strong correlations to be determined. We found that annual measurements, if taken at regular intervals and roughly the same production rates, represent only a snapshot of the possible hydrochemical compositions. Neither mean values, trends nor seasonality was accurately captured by yearly data. This could lead to a violation of stability criteria for mineral water, or to problems in the geothermal operation (scalings, degassing). We thus recommend a new testing regime of at least 3 samples a year. While not a replacement for the detailed analyses, under the right circumstances, and when trained with more substantial data sets, viertual sensors provide a robust method in this setting to trigger further actions.

The Milky Way: Mobility and Economy at the Turn of the 3rd Millennium in Southern Central Europe

In the light of discussions surrounding the social changes attributed to the arrival of the Corded Ware culture in central Europe, here we investigate the economic strategies of one of the cultural complexes of the immediately preceding Late Neolithic. The Cham culture of southern Bavaria is characterised by a variety of economic choices but problems remain in synthesising and combining archaeozoological and archaeobotanical evidence. Using lipid residue analysis from Cham culture pottery excavated at the unenclosed settlement of Riedling, Lower Bavaria, we succeed in identifying a dairying economy at this time. Compound-specific lipid radiocarbon dates are then combined with other samples to provide a formal estimate for the duration of activity at Riedling and the first Bayesian chronological model for the Cham culture as a whole. Although data are currently not fine-grained enough to distinguish between competing models for site permanence, we suggest that the Cham culture pattern fits into a wider central European trend of greater mobility and economic flexibility in the pre-Corded Ware horizon, concluding that key economic strategies previously associated with ‘steppe invasions’ were already present in the preceding centuries. Finally, the demonstrated use of cups for milk-based products, as opposed to alcoholic drinks as previously suggested, leads us to propose possible alternative uses and users for these items.

Rubus lentianus, a new species from Austria and Germany—another piece of the puzzle from a European hotspot of Rubus series Radula

A new nemophilous tetraploid bramble species, Rubus lentianus of the series Radula, occurring in Central Europe (Upper Austria and Lower Bavaria), is described. Deeply incised terminal leaflets of primocane leaves and a long, abruptly narrowing apex separate it from species of this series. An identification key, a distribution map, a list of revised specimens, a scan of the type specimen, pen drawings and photographs of living specimens are provided.

Fascioloides magna and other liver parasites in cloven-hoofed game from northeastern Bavaria, Germany: occurrence and pathological findings with special emphasis on red deer (Cervus elaphus)

The first detection of Fascioloides (F.) magna in northeastern Bavaria in 2011 was presumably correlated to natural migration movements of free ranging wild ruminants originating from the neighboring Czech Republic, where high infection rates have been reported frequently. To gain more data on the continuing spreading and current occurrence of the giant liver fluke in surrounding regions, 700 livers of cloven-hoofed game originating from eleven different northeastern Bavarian counties were investigated for the presence of F. magna and accompanying liver parasites in the hunting season 2019–2020. Macroscopically altered liver tissue was further investigated by pathohistological and parasitological examination. F. magna was detected in 5.9% (38/640) of livers from red deer (0.7% < 1 year, 9.8% > 1 year; p < 0.05) whereas none of the investigated livers of wild boar, roe, and fallow deer was infected (n=60). Mild pathological alterations of the liver tissue were documented in 15, moderate in 14, and major in 9 of all F. magna-positive cases. Histologically, the fluke-specific pigment haematin, large trematode eggs, and periportal fibrosis were detected in the liver tissue of infected animals. In 9% of all investigated livers, parasitic stages of other parasites, i.e., Dicrocoelium dendriticum (6.0%), Fasciola hepatica (0.3%), Taenia spp. (1.7%), and Echinococcus multilocularis (1.0%), were found. According to the results of this study, F. magna is not restricted to formerly known affected regions of Upper Franconia, but is also present in the military training ground Grafenwöhr, Upper Palatinate, and the Bavarian Forest National Park, Lower Bavaria, with estimated prevalences of 3.6 and 16.4%, respectively, and thus seems to spread in suitable habitats in northeastern Bavaria.

COVID-19-Impfstrategien für Beschäftigte deutscher Kliniken: Ergebnisse einer Befragung von Leitungen der (Krankenhaus‑)Hygiene im Rahmen des B-FAST-Projektes

ZusammenfassungHintergrund und ZielZu Beginn der COVID-19-Impfkampagne in Deutschland wurden Beschäftigte in medizinischen Einrichtungen aufgrund des hohen Expositionsrisikos und des Kontakts mit vulnerablen Gruppen priorisiert gegen SARS-CoV‑2 geimpft. Die Krankenhäuser waren angehalten die Impfungen ihrer Beschäftigten möglichst schnell zu organisieren und durchzuführen. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es, die Impfstrategie für die Mitarbeitenden deutscher Kliniken zu erfassen.MethodenIn einer Querschnittstudie mit selbstentwickeltem Fragebogen wurden die Leitungen der (Krankenhaus‑)Hygiene aller deutschen Universitätskliniken sowie der Nicht-Universitätskliniken in Niedersachsen und Bayern im März 2021 befragt. Die Daten wurden nach den beiden Versorgungsstufen stratifiziert.Ergebnisse100 von 416 versendeten Fragebögen wurden vollständig ausgefüllt (Universitätsklinik: 33, Nicht-Universitätsklinik: 67). Universitätskliniken berichteten von einer größeren Impfkapazität als Nicht-Universitätskliniken, ein begrenzender Faktor waren die ungewissen Impfstofflieferungen. 89 % der Kliniken planten Informationskampagnen zum Thema Impfung oder hatten diese bereits durchgeführt. 70 % gaben an, keine Antikörpertests bei geimpften Beschäftigten durchführen zu wollen. Eine Nachverfolgung geimpfter Beschäftigter zur Detektion möglicher SARS-CoV-2-Infektionen mittels Erregernachweis durch PCR wurde von 41 % geplant. Im Falle des Nachweises einer SARS-CoV-2-Infektion bei geimpften Beschäftigten hatten 72 % weitere Diagnostik geplant.DiskussionAlle Krankenhäuser konnten eine schnelle Umsetzung der COVID-19-Vakzinierung ihrer Beschäftigten erreichen. Zum Zeitpunkt der Befragung gab es große Unsicherheit bezüglich des Umgangs mit Durchbruchsinfektionen und der Notwendigkeit von Auffrischimpfungen.

UAV magnetometer survey in low‐level flight for archaeology: Case study of a Second World War airfield at Ganacker (Lower Bavaria, Germany)

AbstractUnmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)‐based magnetometer systems became more and more attractive for large‐scale archaeological prospection in recent years. Although their sensors exhibit the same sensitivity than the ground‐based prospecting systems, UAV prospecting is seriously handicapped by the magnetic and mechanical disturbances of the drone and by limitations of a low‐level flight. To minimize these disturbances, scalar magnetometers are attached only on a tether 2.5–10 m beneath the drone to be flown as close as possible above the ground. First, test measurements with UAV‐fixed fluxgate magnetometers provide more accurate results than the scalar magnetometers in any configuration but have to overcome disturbance by vibrations. Here, we present a case study choosing the compact set‐up of the Sensys MagDrone R4. The high sampling rate of 200 Hz of the three axis fluxgate sensors of the R4 allows sufficient filtering of the interferences generated by the UAV and external disturbances. High‐precision flight control of the drone allows operating the sensors by radar‐controlled flight height ∼1 m above the ground, which is a fundamental and indispensable prerequisite for archaeological prospecting. For our test, we choose the site Ganacker (southern Bavaria), where we expected a large range of archaeological structures and features with high magnetic contrast. We compare and verify the magnetogram with historical and recent geodata. Our results show that the R4 system offers an outstanding step forward regarding a successful application for archaeological prospection. Already now, the system is well suited for the fast mapping of large areas and archaeological sites with intense magnetic anomalies.

Everywhere the same? Competitiveness of two regional vegetable production clusters in Southern Germany

German vegetable production is characterized by its pronounced variety of cultivated vegetable crops. There are also large differences among distinct production regions in terms of climate conditions, farm structures and marketing infrastructure. Two of the most important vegetable production regions in Southern Germany are the so-called ‘Knoblauchsland’ (Garlic Country) in Middle Franconia and the open-field production region in Lower Bavaria. Although these two vegetable production regions are geographically not far apart, they show distinct differences in size of the region, their historical development, and different scope of production. This paper analyzes the competitiveness of the two vegetable production regions following Porter’s definition of industry clusters and his Diamond model. Applying this approach, competitiveness is specified by four bundles of determinants, namely factor conditions, local demand conditions, available supporting industries, and type of rivalry and strategies. The cluster concept emphasizes the importance of the interplay of the different determinant bundles and, in addition to the existing networks and competitiveness, it also helps identify possible options for improvements of the framework conditions. Thus, practical implications have been derived on how cluster stakeholders can mitigate weaknesses such as unfavorable conditions, and further combine their strengths to increase competitiveness in the long term.

Rediscovery of the extremely rare running crab spider Philodromus (Artanes) poecilus (Thorell, 1872) in Bavaria, Germany, after 141 years (Araneae, Philodromidae)

Philodromus poecilus (Thorell, 1872) is a Transeurasian species reported from most parts of Europe except the British Isles and the Iberian Peninsula. Although widely distributed, this species is extremely rarely recorded in Germany and neighbouring countries. In Bavaria, it has not been found since the time of Ludwig Koch (1825&amp;ndash;1908). Recently, sev-eral specimens were collected from urban plane trees in Deggendorf (Lower Bavaria), proving that the species is still present in Bavaria. Additionally, images of the copulatory organs and of living and preserved specimens are presented, as is a compilation of records in Germany and neighbouring countries.

Challenging and Interlinking Quality of Life with Social Sustainability in European Cross-Border Suburban Regions: An Empirical Survey in Bratislava-Lower Austria and Burgenland, and Salzburg-Bavaria

The relatively dynamic population growth in suburban municipalities in some European border regions caused by cross-border suburbanization poses challenges for maintaining and promoting the quality of life of residents and the social sustainability of municipalities. The aim of this paper is to provide insights into these issues based on our own empirical research conducted in the border regions of Lower Austria, Burgenland, and Bavaria, which are affected by the cross-border suburbanization of Bratislava and Salzburg. Empirical results illustrate a “cherry-picking strategy” of a high proportion of residents, i.e., choosing selectively the best options of both worlds to improve or maintain their quality of life. These strategies refer to housing decisions, satisfaction with the social neighborhood and the environment, functional patterns of daily activities, and local engagement. Although most respondents rated community relations positively, the coexistence of different social groups would benefit from their deeper integration into the community life. Residential satisfaction in terms of quality of life can foster a sense of belonging and thus contribute to the social sustainability of cross-border suburban regions.

Energy Cell Simulation for Sector Coupling with Power-to-Methane: A Case Study in Lower Bavaria

In this study, the possibility of sector coupling with biological Power-to-Methane to support and stabilize the energy transition of the three major sectors of electricity, heat, and gas was addressed. For this purpose, the energy cell simulation methodology and the Calliope tool were utilized for energy system optimization. This combination provides detailed insights into the existing dependencies of consumers and fossil and renewable energy suppliers on a local scale. In this context, Power-to-Methane represents an efficient technology for quickly and effectively exploiting unused electricity potential for various sectors and consumers. It was found that, even in regions with low wind levels, this surplus electricity potential already exists and depends on various influencing factors in very different ways. The solar influence on these potentials was considered in connection with gas-fired cogeneration plants for district heating. It was found that the current heat demand for district heating produces a large amount of electricity and can generate surplus electricity in the winter. However, in the summer, large amounts of usable waste heat are dissipated into the environment, owing to the low consumption of district heat. This problem in the heat sector could be reduced by the expansion of photovoltaics, but this would require further expansion of storage or conversion systems in the electricity sector. This demonstrates that the consideration of several sectors is necessary to reflect the complexity of the sector coupling with Power-to-Methane properly.

The Bavarian Midwives Bonus - A Contribution to Monitoring Freelance Midwifery Care in Bavaria

Supply bottlenecks in midwifery care could intensify due to increasing birth rates in Bavaria. Midwives are already fully booked and can only take care of pregnant women by increasing their working hours. The situation of self-employed midwives is particularly precarious. Bavaria has been supporting self-employed midwives by granting the Bavarian midwife bonus of up to € 1,000 per year since September 2018. This analysis aims to describe the current status of the unique Bavarian midwife bonus scheme and to describe current programmes to improve care in obstetrics in Bavaria. All midwives who were self-employed, had their primary residence in Bavaria and had cared for at least four births in the application year were eligible for the Bavarian midwife bonus. We used data from application years 2017 and 2018 to describe the number of applications per year and the socio-demographic characteristics of the applicants and analyzed the regional distribution of the midwives and the regional supply density. In 2017, a total of 723 midwives received the bonus, in 2018 already 852 midwives. The average age of the applicants, who were exclusively female, was 44 years in the application year 2018. In 2018, 37 midwives per 100,000 women aged 15-44 were self-employed in obstetrics in Bavaria. A regional comparison showed an above-average supply density in the Upper Palatinate (52) and Lower Bavaria (54) and a below-average supply density in the Upper Franconia (13). The analysis of the Bavarian midwifery bonus enables a glance, albeit limited, into the supply situation of self-employed midwives in Bavaria. Whether the political instruments can improve the supply situation in Bavaria have to be evaluated using newly generated representative data. Central registration of midwives in Bavaria could be useful.

Reading Mark’s Gospel as a Text From Collective Memory

Reading Mark’s Gospel as a Text From Collective Memory

Use of symptom-focused oncological cancer therapies in hospices: a retrospective analysis

BackgroundThere is controversy regarding the practical implementation of symptom-focused oncological cancer therapies to hospice residents. In this study, we aim to analyse the use and indication of supportive-oncological cancer therapies in hospices.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective survey of all residents of two hospice centres in the government district of Lower Bavaria, Germany. Hospice 1 (H1) was a member of an oncological–palliative medical network, and hospice 2 (H2) was independently organized. The evaluation period was the first 40 months after the opening of the respective hospice care centre. Demographical and epidemiological data as well as indications and type of supportive-oncological cancer therapies were recorded. A descriptive analysis and statistical tests were performed.ResultsOf the 706 residents, 645 had an underlying malignant disease. The average age was 72 years and the mean residence time was 28 days. The most frequent cancer types were gastrointestinal cancers, gynaecological cancers and bronchial carcinomas. Overall 39 residents (33 in H1 and 6 in H2, p < 0.01) received symptom-focused oncological cancer therapy. The average age of these residents was 68 years, and the mean residence time was 55 days. The most common therapeutic indications were dyspnoea and pain. The most common symptom-focused oncological cancer therapies were bisphosphonates, transfusions (erythrocyte- and platelet- concentrates), radiotherapy and anti-proliferative drugs (chemotherapy, anti-hormonal- and targeted- therapies). Patients with therapy lived significantly longer than patients without therapy (p < 0.01).ConclusionsSymptom-focused oncological cancer therapies can be implemented in hospices; however, their implementation seems to require certain structural and organizational prerequisites as well as careful patient selection. As a palliative medical approach, the focus is to ameliorate the symptoms and not prolong life. Symptom-focused oncology treatment could be a further and important part for the therapy of hospice patients in the future.

Prioritizing the Chicken or Egg? Electric Vehicle Purchase and Charging Infrastructure Subsidies in Germany

To meet current targets for greenhouse gas emissions in Europe, emissions, especially those originating from the road transport sector, need to be reduced. Plans are to achieve this goal by substituting fossil fuel vehicles with electric vehicles (EVs). This article first discusses conceptually the impact of an increasing share of EVs on the electricity grid and suitable locations for charging stations with examples from a Case Study in Lower Bavaria. Secondly, the impact of purchase subsidies on EV purchases in Germany, a high-income country characterized by an important automotive industry and an increasing share of private vehicles is examined. To achieve this, yearly information on EV purchases were analyzed by applying the Synthetic Control Method. Combining data from different sources including the European Alternative Fuels Observatory, Eurostat, and the European Automobile Manufacturers' Association, an overall picture was developed. Results indicate a difference between private, semi-public, and public charging infrastructures. Its spatial distribution does not correspond to a specific development strategy. Moreover, EV subsidies have a limited effect in Germany when controlling for market size. Limiting the discussion to a trade-off between subsidizing infrastructures or EV purchases obviates the multidimensionality of the problem as neither of them may be sufficient to accelerate the transition per se. Furthermore, if electricity provided for EVs comes mainly from fossil carriers, the changes in the road transport sector will not yield the expected emission reductions. The transition towards renewables is directly intertwined with the effects of EVs on emission reductions in the road transport sector.

Prevalence of tick-borne encephalitis virus and Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in Ixodes ricinus ticks in Lower Bavaria and Upper Palatinate, Germany

Lyme borreliosis and tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) are the most common tick-borne diseases in Germany. We collected Ixodes ricinus ticks from 16 high-risk and four low-risk sites distributed in Lower Bavaria and Upper Palatinate based on the number of human TBE cases recorded at the Robert Koch Institute from 2001 to 2009. A total of 8805 questing ticks (8203 nymphs, 602 adults) were collected in 2010 and examined in pools for the presence of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) using real-time RT–PCR. Overall TBEV prevalence evaluated as the minimum infection rate (MIR) was 0.26 % (23 positive pools/8805 ticks in 1029 pools). TBEV was detected at seven of the 16 high-risk sites, where MIR ranged from 0.16 to 2.86 %. A total of 3969 ticks were examined by PCR for infection with Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.) targeting the 5 S–23 S rRNA intergenic spacer (IGS) region. IGS nucleotide sequences were used to determine genospecies. Selected positive Borrelia samples were subjected to PCR and sequencing targeting the OspA gene, providing 46 sequences for molecular phylogenetic analysis. Of the 3969 questing ticks, 506 (12.7 %) were positive for B. burgdorferi s.l. Seven B. burgdorferi s.l. genospecies were identified: B. afzelii (41.3 %), B. garinii (19 %), B. valaisiana (13.8 %), B. burgdorferi sensu stricto (11.1 %), B. spielmanii (0.4 %), B. lusitaniae (0.2 %), and Candidatus B. finlandensis (0.6 %). Mixed infections were identified in 13.6 % of the ticks. The rate of infection in questing ticks varied among sites from 5.6 % (72 examined, four positive) to 29.5 % (88 examined, 26 positive). B. burgdorferi s.l. occurred at all 20 sites, whereas TBEV was detected only at the high-risk sites where more human TBE cases were reported compared to low-risk sites.

Between Worlds. The Enclosed Settlement of the Münchshöfen Culture at Riedling (Lower Bavaria)

Between Worlds. The Enclosed Settlement of the Münchshöfen Culture at Riedling (Lower Bavaria)

The Magdalenian occupation of lower Bavaria.

The Magdalenian occupation of lower Bavaria.