Low Power Wind Research Articles

Optimal Bidding Strategies for Wind-Thermal Power Generation Rights Trading: A Game-Theoretic Approach Integrating Carbon Trading and Green Certificate Trading

In response to the challenges of low wind power consumption and high pollution emissions from thermal power, the implementation of wind-thermal power generation rights trading is a proactive attempt to reduce wind power curtailment and promote its consumption. This study first regards the alternating bidding process between the two parties as a dynamic game, using the Rubinstein bargaining game model to determine the incremental profit allocation and optimal bidding for both parties in power generation rights trading. Secondly, an energy conservation and emission reduction model is constructed to analyze the benefits from the perspectives of standard coal consumption saving and the carbon emission reduction caused by power generation rights trading. Finally, a combined trading revenue model is established to analyze the final profit of both parties involved in the trading. The results show that the combined trading of wind-thermal power generation rights, incorporating carbon trading and green certificate trading, can effectively promote coal consumption savings in thermal power units and reduce the carbon emissions of the power industry. Moreover, it significantly increases the final profit for both parties, stimulating the enthusiasm of generators for participating in power generation rights trading, and ultimately promoting wind power consumption.

Integration of Price Data in Wind Power Sales Systems Using Association Rule Mining Combined with Deep Learning Algorithms

With the growing attention of the global population towards renewable energy sources such as wind power derived from natural resources such as Solar, Geothermal, and Wind energy, there is a growing need for genuine estimation of wind energy. Wind energy is important in the supply of electricity in the global energy markets because of its enormous importance in the delivery of renewable energy. As such, it is crucial for accurate appreciation of the power of the wind to ably respond to issues that relate to the trading of power while at the same time addressing issues to do with planning, scheduling and strategic positioning of wind power generation. Therefore, the present work aims to develop a new model known as the Association Rule with DL-based Wind Power Generation and Price Prediction (ARDL-WPGPP). It utilizes two datasets: An Energy dataset includes various columns like tie, wind onshore forecast, and price actual, whereas the weather features dataset includes only wind speed. These datasets are combined to create a dataset where each transaction represents 2 hours of wind generation. A data mining approach is employed to uncover hidden patterns, rules, concepts, and correlations within these datasets, operating on various types of data including quantitative, textual, and multimedia formats. To efficiently extract rules from the dataset, an improved Apriori algorithm is introduced. Subsequently, the generated rules incorporating wind speed are passed into an improved LSTM model, which learns by comparing the label data. The price actual value serves as the label data, assigning labels to data points based on their actual price value. High price actual values indicate high wind power prices, while low values indicate low wind power prices.

Design, Simulation, and Experimental Validation of a New Fuzzy Logic-Based Maximal Power Point Tracking Strategy for Low Power Wind Turbines

Design, Simulation, and Experimental Validation of a New Fuzzy Logic-Based Maximal Power Point Tracking Strategy for Low Power Wind Turbines

Scenarios on future electricity storage requirements in the Austrian electricity system with high shares of variable renewables

This paper presents three scenarios (policy, renewables and electrification and efficiency) for transitioning to a 100 % renewable electricity sector in Austria, based predominantly on wind and photovoltaics, alongside sector-specific electrification. Considering renewable expansion targets and three distinctive weather years from an overall system perspective, the core objective is to minimize variable costs of electricity storage and dispatchable power plants. The model developed determines their optimal dispatch for meeting the underlying electricity demand each hour. Within the scenarios for renewable expansion, a special focus lies on integrating short-duration (batteries), medium-duration (pumped storage hydro) and long-duration (hydrogen) energy storage. Our analysis reveals the significant impact of weather patterns on renewable electricity generation, particularly the differences between winter and summer generation quantities. This necessitates seasonal balancing and the mitigation of extremes like low wind power events, which require corresponding backup capacities. This contrast is particularly evident when comparing the years 2030–2050, wherein in the latter, certain dispatchable generators are only utilized in one of the three underlying weather years during extreme weather conditions. In our paper, we demonstrate how, especially for hydrogen production and storage, weather conditions influence production levels and the re-electrification demand. The results indicate the feasibility of achieving a fully decarbonized energy system in Austria through suitable policy measures and expanded renewable generation, with long-duration storage playing a crucial role in seasonal balance and compensating for the absence of fossil fuel generation. Strategic planning is essential to aligning the expansion of renewable energy generation with the necessary flexibility.

Development of Active Wind Vane for Low-Power Wind Turbines

This paper proposes the development of an active control system to control the power output of a low-power horizontal-axis wind turbine (HAWT) when operating at wind speeds above the rated wind speed. The system is composed of an active articulated vane (AAV) in charge of the orientation of the wind turbine, which is driven by an electric actuator that changes the angle of the AAV to maintain a constant power output. Compared with the passive power regulation systems most often used in low-power HAWTs, active systems allow for better control and, therefore, greater stability of the delivered power, which reduces the structural stresses and allows for controlled braking in any wind condition or during system failures. The control system was designed and simulated using MATLAB R2022b software, and then built and evaluated under laboratory conditions. For the control design, the transfer function (TF) between the pulse width modulation (PWM) and the AAV angle (θ) was determined via laboratory tests using MATLAB’s PIDTurner tool. For the simulation, the relationship between the power output and the AAV angle was determined using the vector decomposition of the wind speed and wind rotor area. Wind speed step and ramp response tests were performed for proportional–integral–derivative (PID) control. The results obtained demonstrate the technical feasibility of this type of control, obtaining settling times (ts) of 6.7 s in the step response and 2.8 s in the ramp response.

The impact of future UK offshore wind farm distribution and climate change on generation performance and variability

The UK plans to significantly increase offshore wind generation capacity as part of the effort to achieve net zero targets. Current installation is densely located in a few areas, particularly off the east coast of England, and although current siting proposals include new offshore regions, significant volumes of wind generation capacity are yet to be located to meet 2050 installation targets. This paper uses a recent dataset of multi-decadal offshore wind power capacity factor timeseries to assess how UK offshore wind generation is likely to be affected by both the spatial distribution of future wind farms, and by the impacts of near-future (2020–2050) climate change. We determine that a wider geographic spread of offshore capacity results in a much-improved and less-variable UK-aggregated power generation profile, with substantial reductions in periods of low generation and extreme wind power ramping events, without negatively impacting mean or peak generation outputs. The impact of near-term climate change appears to be minor, slightly reducing overall generation and possibly resulting in an underestimation of future installation requirements, but this climate signal is outweighed by the effects of spatial distribution, and even more so by inherent hourly to inter-annual wind speed variability. This study implies that the intermittency of wind generation can be partly mitigated through increasing the spatial diversity of the existing wind farm distribution. Alongside a more in depth investigation of future climate change, and a holistic assessment of relevant geospatial factors such as Levelised Cost of Energy, infrastructure, and environmental constraints, this study could be used for optimisation of future offshore wind siting.

Use possibility analysis for wind energy in autonomous car interior heating

Introduction. When driving cars in winter on intercity routes, problems may arise if the highways are covered with snow as a result of heavy snowfalls, which can last for several days or more, and movement during this period becomes impossible. An analysis of statistical data on weather events in winter has shown that in many regions, the closure of trails as a result of prolonged snowfalls can reach up to fifteen percent. In this case, an autonomous energy source, which it receives through the use of environmental properties, can provide significant assistance in improving the situation and increasing safety. The paper considers the technical solution and carries out a theoretical analysis of its characteristics aimed at solving the problem of autonomous power supply of the car interior in severe weather conditions.Materials and methods. The paper presents a technical solution and a theoretical analysis of its characteristics aimed at solving the problem of autonomous power supply of the car interior in severe weather conditions.Results. Based on the results of the information search, the design of a compact low-power wind power plant is proposed. The calculation of the heat loss of the car interior, the characteristics of a compact wind power plant was performed and the generated power required to heat the car interior in an extreme situation was determined.Discussion and conclusions. It has been established that the presented design of a low-power wind power plant can be used as a prototype for the development of an industrial design of an autonomous energy source for heating a car in extreme conditions. Similar installations can be used in other industries, for example, tourism, agriculture, and geological exploration.

Assessment of the Economic Viability of Low Power Wind Farms in Mexico

Assessment of the Economic Viability of Low Power Wind Farms in Mexico

Angle Calculus-Based Thrust Force Determination on the Blades of a 10 kW Wind Turbine

In this article, the behavior of the thrust force on the blades of a 10 kW wind turbine was obtained by considering the characteristic wind speed of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. Analyzing mechanical forces is essential to efficiently and safely design the different elements that make up the wind turbine because the thrust forces are related to the location point and the blade rotation. For this reason, the thrust force generated in each of the three blades of a low-power wind turbine was analyzed. The angular position (θ) of each blade varied from 0° to 120°, the blades were segmented (r), and different wind speeds were tested, such as cutting, design, average, and maximum. The results demonstrate that the thrust force increases proportionally with increasing wind speed and height, but it behaves differently on each blade segment and each angular position. This method determines the angular position and the exact blade segment where the smallest and the most considerable thrust force occurred. Blade 1, positioned at an angular position of 90°, is the blade most affected by the thrust force on P15. When the blade rotates 180°, the thrust force decreases by 9.09 N; this represents a 66.74% decrease. In addition, this study allows the designers to know the blade deflection caused by the thrust force. This information can be used to avoid collision with the tower. The thrust forces caused blade deflections of 10% to 13% concerning the rotor radius used in this study. These results guarantee the operation of the tested generator under their working conditions.

Synchronization Techniques Comparison for Sensorless Control applied to PMSG

This paper encompasses a comparative study of techniques for position and speed estimation applied to permanent magnet synchronous generators (PMSG), connected to the distribution grid by means of a back to back converter. In the context of low and medium power wind energy conversion systems, the robustness of the sensorless techniques are studied taking into account the tolerance of the PMSG parameters.

Lab Model for a Low Power Wind Turbine System

Paper presents a lab low power wind turbine of 2.5 kW. The driving propeller is modeled with an assembly of variable frequency converter, three-phase induction motor and speed reducer. Thus the motor's speed can be easily driven in the range of (300 – 1500) rpm and its size is little. The speed reducer lowers the speed 5 times so that the generator will spin in the range (60 – 300) rpm. This range is usual for the propellers of wind turbines. In the end the trials of the system are presented using a specific data acquisition system.

Stand-Alone Wind Power System Operating with a Specific Storage Structure

In this paper we analyze a low power wind system operating in autonomous mode. We present a control structure that ensures the maximization of wind energy conversion and the balance between required and produced power. We have studied two stand alone wind system structures based on the capacitor voltage control and the buffer battery operation. The simulation results have been obtained in Matlab/Simulink environment, using PowerSim toolbox.

Characterization of a low power wind turbine prototype for interconnection to the grid

Characterization of a low power wind turbine prototype for interconnection to the grid

Use of an optical profilometer to measure the aerodynamic shape and the twist of a wind turbine blade

This study introduces a metrological approach to measure the aerodynamic shape and the twist of a wind turbine blade. The optical profilometer measurement technique used is laser triangulation. A camera records the image of a line projected onto a section of the blade and, by reconstructing the airfoil shape, the twist angular position of the profile with respect to the axial line of the blade is determined. This methodology is applied to test different sections of a Wortmann FX 63-137 airfoil with a length of 1700 mm. The results of the aerodynamic shape and twist angle are quantitatively verified by comparing them with the ideal or design values. The reconstruction process achieved a resolution of 0.06 mm, and measurement errors in the twist angular position were less than 0.1°. The presented method is efficient, accurate, and low cost to evaluate the blade profiles of low-power wind turbines. However, due to its easy implementation, it is expected to be able to measure any full-scale wind blade profile up to several meters in length.

Extreme value analysis of wind droughts in Great Britain

Due to the growing proportion of wind energy in Great Britain’s energy mix, prolonged periods of low wind power generation have become a significant challenge for decarbonising the electricity system. As such, characterising drought severity and duration is important for ensuring the reliability of the electricity system. Employing concepts derived from hydrology, an extreme value analysis was carried out on wind drought events in Great Britain based on 72 years of ERA5 reanalysis data. The application of pooling procedures was found to be beneficial in robustly identifying wind droughts in cases where the capacity factor is not constantly below an arbitrary threshold. The sequent peak algorithm pooling was found to have particular relevance for electricity systems where energy storage technologies are used to compensate for low wind power generation. The Pearson-III distribution was identified as a suitable model to represent extreme wind droughts, while the Lognormal and Generalised Pareto distributions are also viable alternatives. Sustained periods of low wind power generation with a duration of 14 days were estimated to have a return period of five years and the longest event on record of approximately 26 days is expected to occur once every 100 years. The investigation of these wind droughts from a hydrological perspective has thus shown that they may not be particularly rare occurrences.

High and low frequency wind power prediction based on Transformer and BiGRU-Attention

An accurate and reliable wind power prediction model has important significance for the operation of power systems and large-scale grid connection. This paper proposes a hybrid deep learning model, CEEMDAN-SE-TR-BiGRU-Attention, for high and low frequency wind power prediction by combining complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition with adaptive noise (CEEMDAN), sample entropy (SE), Transformer (TR) and bidirectional gated recurrent unit with attention mechanism (BiGRU-Attention). Firstly, the CEEMDAN decomposes the original wind power sequence into multiple sub-modes and a residual, and the sample entropy of each sub-sequence is calculated by restructuring the sequence, which can effectively alleviate the impact of the original non-stationary series on the accuracy and computational complexity. Next, the reconstructed sequences are further divided into high and low frequency sequences according to the sample entropy value of the original sequence. The Transformer and BiGRU-Attention models are respectively applied to the prediction of high frequency and low frequency sequences according to the characteristics of each sequence. Finally, the predicted values of all components are superimposed to obtain the final prediction results. Experiments are carried out on four datasets with different seasons, and different models are compared to illustrate the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed model. The experimental results show that the proposed model achieves better prediction accuracy.

Investigation on grid-following and grid-forming control schemes of cascaded hybrid converter for wind power integrated with weak grids

The conventional line commutated converter based high voltage direct current (LCC-HVDC) system is no longer suitable for transmitting wind power integrated with weak grids. Therefore, a cascaded hybrid converter consisting of LCC and modular multilevel converter (MMC) connected in series is considered as a promising solution in this paper. And a grid-following (GFL) control scheme and a grid-forming (GFM) control scheme are designed for the cascaded hybrid converter. To investigate the stability performances of the proposed two control schemes, this paper develops a small-signal model of the cascaded hybrid HVDC system for wind power integrated with weak grids. Then, based on the eigenvalue analysis method, several issues of concern are investigated for the proposed GFL and GFM control schemes, including their tolerance to a weak grid and a low wind power output, significant participants and sensitivity to parameter detuning. Based on the analysis results, one of the two that is more suitable for weak grids is recommended. The time-domain simulations implemented in PSCAD/EMTDC confirm the validity of the model and analysis results.Index Terms—Cascaded hybrid converter, grid-following, grid-forming, wind power, weak grids.

Research and Justification of the Parameters of the Wind Wheel of a Low-power Wind Power Plant for Various Purposes

The implementation of small wind turbine projects will increase the volume of commissioning of RES electrical capacities, an indicator of the National project «Sustainable economic growth aimed at improving the welfare of Kazakhstanis». In this paper, the efficiency of a low-power wind power plant is investigated. The aim of the work is to study the parameters of the wind wheel of a low power wind turbine with the smallest hub diameter. The main tasks set in this study are: conducting a study of the dependence of the torque of rotational speed and power developed by the wind wheel on its design parameters. A comparative analysis of the efficiency of wind turbines for generating electrical energy and lifting water has been carried out. The study was carried out on a laboratory model of a wind turbine. This article draws a number of conclusions on the use of the design parameters of the wind wheel, depending on the purpose of the wind turbine

Evaluation of magnetic gear parameters for autonomous wind installation with changing wind speed

Purpose. To evaluate the parameters and characteristics of the magnetic gearbox at constant and variable wind speed as part of an autonomous wind power plant. Methodology. Analysis of existing methods of mathematical modeling of magnetic gearboxes. Numerical methods of mathematical modeling based on finite elements. Numerical methods of processing the obtained results. Findings. A two-dimensional field mathematical model has been developed to estimate the parameters and characteristics of the magnetic gearbox at variable and constant wind speed. With the help of the developed model, the electromagnetic field, parameters and characteristics of the magnetic gearbox were analyzed both at a constant and at a variable speed of rotation. In particular, it was found that the magnetic system of the reducer does not reach saturation, while the average values of magnetic induction in the structural elements of the reducer remain within the permissible values for the used materials and grades of steel. The obtained data on the average values of the electromagnetic moments of the outer (high-speed) rotor and the inner rotor make it possible to understand the relationship between them and their influence on the operation of the system. A conclusion was made about the uneven distribution of induction along the middle line in the air gap, which is caused by the presence of a modulator in the design of the reducer. In addition, according to the obtained results, the change in wind speed affects the speed of rotation of the magnetic gearbox and the magnitude of the electromagnetic moments of the high-speed and low-speed rotors. Such information helps to understand the dynamics of system operation under different environmental conditions. The results obtained in the study are important for further improvement of the magnetic reducer design and ensuring more efficient operation of the low-power wind turbine. They can be used to optimize the structure and increase its productivity, which will contribute to the development of wind energy and the green energy industry in general. The average value of the electromagnetic moment of the outer (high-speed) rotor is about 7.4 N∙m, while for the inner rotor the value of the electromagnetic moment is about 66 N∙m. The ratio of the moments of the outer and inner rotors is 8.92, which correlates with the reduction factor of the gear under study. Originality. A two-dimensional field mathematical model has been developed, which takes into account the change in the parameters and characteristics of the magnetic gearbox when the wind speed changes and the random rotation speed of the wind generator rotor. Practical value. The results of the research of the magnetic reducer for a low-power wind turbine have an important contribution to the development of wind energy, contribute to increasing the efficiency and reliability of energy production, and contribute to the creation of a more sustainable and environmentally friendly energy complex.

Dimensioning and optimization of multi-source offshore renewable energy parks

Multi-source offshore renewable energy parks, consisting of wind, solar and wave converters, can utilize the available offshore area much more efficiently than single source wind parks. They can also produce power with a higher capacity factor than single source parks, utilizing the available grid connection more efficiently. Dimensioning and financial optimization of such parks will be driven by geographic constraints like available area, water depths, shipping lanes, exclusion zones etc., but also by the available resources of wind, solar and wave power. Another major driver in the optimization will be the electricity price. With the raising share of weather dependent renewables in the electricity mix, the electricity price will become more volatile. Therefore, an optimized design process of a multi-source park should also incorporate a pricing mechanism that can produce hourly electricity prices based on actual weather conditions. The paper will present the results of a numerical model that can integrate solar and wave power in a wind park area as well as optimize the export cable capacity. Battery storage can be added to this multi-source park to shift part of the production to hours with higher electricity prices. A case study has been performed for the planned offshore wind park TNW, North of the Dutch Waddeneilanden. Since such a multi-source park will have an expected lifetime of about 30 years, it will even reach the year 2050, in which weather dependent renewable energy will be much more dominant than today, with far stronger electricity price volatility. For the electricity price calculation, assumptions are made for the installed base of solar, wind and wave power in the whole of The Netherlands, as well as the geographic spread of this installed base over the land area and the offshore exclusive economic zone in the North Sea. This installed base is simplified by concentrating it in about ten locations divided over this area. Other necessary assumptions are the future electricity demand pattern, the future capacity of the interconnections with the surrounding countries and the capacity of the flexible load that will be available at that time (electric cars, electric heaters etc.). From literature, the cost of conventional power fueled by natural gas and/or hydrogen is derived which serves as back up power for hours with low wind, solar and wave power production. Based on all these assumptions, a pricing curve is constructed reaching from sub zero at abundant renewable supply to a maximum value at zero renewable supply. With the model, scenarios of future developments in installed wind, solar and wave power, but also in e.g. electric cars, electric heaters and other flexible loads, can be examined and the sensitivity of the optimization of the multi-source park design can be determined. The relevance of wave power can be determined from the average price per MWh that wave power can earn compared to wind and solar.