Lower Viscosity Values Research Articles

A comparative study of blood viscometers of 3 different types.

The greater the viscosity of the blood, the more difficult its flow becomes, leading to an increased incidence of diseases caused by blood circulation disorders. These diseases are commonly associated with the cardiovascular and cerebrovascular systems. High blood viscosity is a primary cause of circulatory system diseases. Studies have shown that accurately measuring blood viscosity and applying this data in clinical trials can help prevent circulatory system diseases. Viscosity data can vary depending on the measurement methods used, even when these methods are based on hydrodynamic principles. Despite using approved blood viscometers, the results often differ depending on the type of viscometer used, potentially causing confusion within the medical field. Informing the medical community about these differences and the level of error associated with each measurement method can help reduce this confusion. To our knowledge, the degree of difference in viscosity measurement results due to different measurement methods and the reasons for these differences have not yet been thoroughly explored. In this study, we selected three blood viscosity measurement methods registered with the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety of Korea to analyze the same canine blood. The viscosity measurements were carried out using each device and compared. The parallel plate and scanning capillary methods yielded similar viscosity values, while the cone plate method showed lower viscosity values. The viscosity of blood, as measured by the three viscometers, differed, indicating that more experimental data must be accumulated to evaluate the cause of these differences. In this paper, we identified several causes of inconsistency and suggested measures to avoid this confusion. However, confirming that the test results show systematic differences is expected to assist clinicians who diagnose and prescribe treatments based on blood viscosity results. The findings of this comparative study are anticipated to serve as a starting point for establishing guidelines or standards for blood viscosity measurement methods.

Comparative Study of Interfacial and Conventional Techniques for Nanosilica Incorporation in Natural Rubber Latex-Based Composites with Varied TEOS Content

This study investigates the preparation of natural rubber latex (NRL) composites with varying nanosilica contents of 5, 15, 30, and 45 phr, using both interfacial and conventional mixing techniques. Analysis focused on viscosity, plasticity, morphology, and FTIR spectra to evaluate the impact of these methods on composite properties. The interfacial techniquemaintained lower viscosity values, indicating better latex stability, and achieved higher silica yields and conversion rates (94 - 99%) at elevated TEOS contents. Plasticity analysis revealed that the interfacial method produced more uniform and stable plasticity values, suggesting improved resistance to oxidation and enhanced mechanical properties. SEM and FTIR analyses confirmed superior dispersion with the interfacial technique, especially at higher silica contents. These findings highlight the efficacy of the interfacial technique in optimizing the properties of NRL composites, making it a promising approach for advanced material applications. HIGHLIGHTS Analysis of interfacial and conventional mixing techniques reveals their impact on NRL composite properties, demonstrating the interfacial method's superior stability, silica dispersion, and enhanced mechanical properties. The interfacial method maintains lower, stable viscosity, prevents latex destabilization, achieves higher silica yields, and ensures economic and sustainable production of high-quality composites. SEM and FTIR analyses confirm better silica dispersion and morphology with the interfacial method, enhancing composite performance, durability, and informing industrial applications and future research directions. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Formulation of complementary flours from pretreated pumpkin pulp, soybeans and spinach leaves: Nutritional, functional and sensory characterization

One of the major causes of the high prevalence of young children suffering from malnutrition in developed countries is inadequate complementary feeding practices, and especially the low quality of homemade complementary foods. The present study aimed to use available local plant foods to formulate a complementary flour Which can be able to meet energy and nutrients requirements of children aged from 6 to 23 months. To achieve this goal, pumpkin was fermented, soybean soaked and roasted, and spinach steamed. The pre-treated ingredients were ground to obtain individual flours, which were blended in various proportions to obtain four complementary flours (PSS1, PSS2, PSS3, PSS4). The proximate and micronutrient composition, and the energy value of the blends were determined, and based on the results, two of them, that is; (PSS1 [Pumpkin 70 %/Soybean 25 %/Spinach 5 %], and PSS2 [Pumpkin 65 %/Soybean 25 %/Spinach 10 %]) were selected to pursue the Study. The functional properties (water absorption capacity, water solubility index, bulk density) and pasting properties of these two flours were then evaluated. Gruels were prepared from the flours and their energy densities, physical as well as sensory properties were evaluated. Moisture, ash, protein, fat, and sugar contents of PSS1 and PSS2 met the FAO/WHO standards. Fiber content in both flours was higher than the recommendation. Vitamin A and iron were sufficient in PSS2, while PSS1 had low iron content. Calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium content of PSS1 and PSS2 were significantly higher than the standards. PSS1 and PSS2 had good water absorption capacity and solubility index, with low viscosity values (213 and 173 cP respectively), interesting functional properties for complementary flours. The gruels prepared with PSS1 and PSS2 flours had good fluidity and energy densities. They were fairly appreciated based on their organoleptic characteristics, with scores of 5.96 and 5.75 for overall acceptability. PSS2 could be recommended as infant flour rich in iron, vitamin A, and protein, with good nutritional values and functional properties.

Rapid Spreading of Yield-Stress Liquids.

When a liquid drop makes initial contact with any surface, an unbalanced surface tension force drives the contact line, causing spreading. For Newtonian liquids, either liquid inertia or viscosity dictates these early regimes of spreading, albeit with different power-law behaviors of the evolution of the dynamic spreading radius. In this work, we investigate the early regimes of spreading for yield-stress liquids. We conducted spreading experiments with hydrogels and blood with varying degrees of yield stress. We observe that for yield-stress liquids, the early regime of spreading is primarily dictated by their high shear rate viscosity. For yield-stress liquids with low values of high shear rate viscosity, the spreading dynamics mimics that of Newtonian liquids like water, i.e., an inertia-capillary regime exhibited by a power-law evolution of spreading radius with exponent 1/2. With increasing high shear rate viscosity, we observe that a deceptively similar, although slower, power-law spreading regime is obeyed. The observed regime is in fact a viscous-capillary where viscous dissipation dominates over inertia. The present findings can provide valuable insights into how to efficiently control moving contact lines of biomaterial inks, which often exhibit yield-stress behavior and operate at high print speeds, to achieve desired print resolution.

Synthesis and emulsification properties of polyglyceryl estolides prepared from fatty acids

Abstract Polyglyceryl polyricinoleate (PGPR) is an emulsifier produced by esterification of polyricinoleic acid and polyglycerol. Polyricinoleic acid is derived from ricinoleic acid, which is expensive compared to other fatty acids. Therefore, analogues of polyricinoleic acid should be made from less expensive fatty acids, such as oleic acid. Therefore, oleic acid was converted to polyhydroxy estolide (PE) by a reaction with hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid. The PE was used as a substitute for polyricinoleic acid to produce PGPR analogues by direct esterification with polyglycerol and various fatty acids. The direct reaction between polyglycerol and PE produced a polyglyceryl estolide (PGE) with high viscosity and hydroxyl value, which limited its suitability as an emulsifier for the isopropyl myristate (IPM) and water system. Conversely, PGE prepared from lauric acid, polyglycerol and PE showed lower viscosity and hydroxyl value, resulting in a broad region of emulsion stability on a phase diagram when evaluated as a water-in-oil emulsifier for the IPM/water system. Similarly, other PGE made with oleic acid also displayed good emulsion stability for systems with higher IPM concentrations. In contrast, PGE prepared with stearic acid was a semi-solid at room temperature. Most of the prepared PGEs showed promising potential as emulsifiers for water-in-oil emulsions.

Does dispersed phase inertia affect the shape of sheared emulsion droplets?

Inertial effects on sheared emulsion droplets are a topic of scientific and industrial interest for several applications from processing to microfluidics. Most of the literature have addressed so far the role of inertia of the continuous phase, which is known to affect shear-induced droplet deformation and migration at values of the Reynolds number of the external fluid Rec > 1. However, less attention has been paid to the case of inertial effects inside the droplets, corresponding to values of the Reynolds number of the droplet fluid Red > 1. Such a case is especially relevant when the viscosity ratio λ between the droplet and the external fluid is ≪ 1, which is typical of water-in-oil emulsions where the low values of droplet viscosity can result in Red > 1, while Rec < 1 due to the larger oil viscosity. Here, we focus on the effect of droplet inertia under shear flow at λ ≪ 1 by high-speed video microscopy experiments in a microcapillary and by numerical simulations based on a front-tracking finite-difference method. The results unveil the droplet's three-dimensional shape under shear flow at low viscosity ratios and show that droplet inertia tends to increase droplet deformation and orientation along the flow direction and to form two vortices inside the droplets even at small Rec. The latter findings are at variance with the case of external fluid inertia, where droplets become more aligned with the velocity gradient direction.

Rheological Behavior of a New Amorphous Alloy (Al74Cu16Mg10)99,7Zr0.3

A new amorphous alloy (Al74Cu16Mg10)99,7Zr0.3 was prepared the applying a melt-spinning technique. Temperature dependence of viscosity of the alloy was determined using data from a PerkinElmer TMS2 thermo-mechanical analyzer processed according to a methodology based on the Free Volume Model (FVM). The strength of the alloy was calculated according to the Yang equation and the glass-forming ability was calculated according to the values of the Angell index mA. The activation energy of crystallization and the activation energy of the glass transition were computed using data from differential scanning calorimetry and thermomechanical experiments respectively. The activation energy of crystallization Еx = 168 ± 3.7 kJ/mol, was found to be higher than the activation energy of the glass transition Еg = 156 ± 1.4 kJ/mol, which means a dominant contribution of the atomic transport barrier, compared to the nucleation barrier. The relatively high temperature interval of the supercooled melt state Tx-Tg = 32 K and the low viscosity values in the same range ƞ(Тg) = 3.40E + 11 Pa.s and ƞ(Тx) = 1.87E + 10 Pa.s would allow thermomechanical treatment of the alloy in the temperature range of supercooled melt.

Almond flour a by‐product of oil extraction: nutritional characterisation and impact on rheological properties of premixes for bakery products

SummaryThe press cake of almond oil extraction contains macro‐ and micronutrients of high nutritional quality. From the milling of this press cake, almond flour (AF) is obtained. The objectives of this work were to evaluate the nutritional and techno‐functional properties of AF and the impact of AF (10%, 20% and 30%) addition on rheological and techno‐functional properties of wheat flour, and maize and potato starches. AF presented a high level of lipids (43.56%), oleic acid being the major one. However, AF presented a long estimated shelf life (18 months). Also, AF was a good source of Mg, P, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn. Moreover, AF added to wheat flour reduced water absorption and dough farinograph stability. Besides, AF caused a reduction of starch swelling and retrogradation, evidenced by lower peak viscosity and setback values in the viscoamylograph curves of wheat flour; maize and potato starches. This study showed the potential impact of AF use for the development of new bakery products.

Double H-bonds multimer absorbent design for H2S absorption

A double H-bonds multimer absorbent for hydrogen sulfide (H2S) absorption was designed via intermolecular self-assembly using 1,8-Diazabicyclo-[5.4.0]-undec-7-ene (DBU) and ethylene glycol (EG) under the guidance of quantum chemical calculation (QCC). The formation mechanisms of multimer absorbents and the absorption mechanisms between those absorbents and H2S were explored by QCC and experiments. It was found that the formed multimer absorbent at the DBU/EG molar ratio of 1:2 has two intermolecular H-bonds with different strengths between DBU and EG, which can combine with H2S via strong intermolecular forces. Furthermore, the characteristics analysis of multimer absorbents and complexes confirmed the above mechanisms. Experimental results indicated that the DBU-2EG has a higher H2S solubility of 5.8 mol/kg multimer absorbent with a low viscosity value of 15.12 mPa·s at 25 °C and better regeneration performance. The multimer absorbent exhibits great potential in the H2S capture process.

Kinematic viscosity prediction of jet fuels and alternative blending components via comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography, partial least squares, and Yeo-Johnson transformation.

This work presents an accurate yet simplified partial least squares model to predict the kinematic viscosity of conventional and alternative jet fuels at -20°C using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to a flame ionization detector (GC×GC/FID). Three different normalization methods (mean-centering, logarithmic, and Yeo-Johnson) were evaluated to identify their impact in the prediction of middle distillates' physical properties. Results using Yeo-Johnson transformation exhibited improved viscosity prediction capabilities over the validation set with a mean absolute percentage error of 5.3%, a root-mean-squared error of 0.23, and a coefficient of determination (R2 ) of 0.9404 using only 10 latent variables. Unlike previously reported correlations, this model allowed the identification of specific hydrocarbon groups and carbon numbers that drive jet fuel viscosity at low temperatures. The presence of even small amounts of large branched-alkanes (C15 -C17 ), dicyclic-alkanes (C10 ), and cycloaromatics (C11 ) have the potential to strongly increase the kinematic viscosity of jet fuels. Contrastingly, light monocycloalkanes and branched-alkanes (≤ C10 ) were associated with lower viscosity values. Novelly, this model suggests the implementation of Yeo-Johnson transformations to predict the physical properties of middle distillates to further improve the performance metrics of partial least squares models based on GC data.

Comparison of Effect of Conventional Fuel with Newly Developed Biofuel in Operation and Emission Conditions of Piston Combustion Engine

Abstract The present paper deals with the evaluation of the impact of newly developed biofuels together with a comparison with conventionally produced fuel, diesel, in terms of their impact on the technical and emission condition of a studied vehicle. The main energy and emission parameters of the internal combustion diesel engine were evaluated. For laboratory experiments, a discrete test method was used for comprehensive assessment, the procedure of which is described in the methodology of the paper together with a description of the measurement chain designed to achieve the determined results. The paper deals with the evaluation of the measured results of power, torque, consumption, and emissions such as CO2 and absorption coefficient. Among the technical parameters, the power and torque drop were observed for each biofuel. The decrease is attributed to lower values of calorific value, viscosity, and density. A positive effect was observed for the CO2 and absorption coefficient emission parameters, i.e., a decrease for each of the newly developed biofuels studied.

Small-scale computational fluid dynamics modelling of the wave induced ice floe-grease ice interaction in the Antarctic marginal ice zone

Computational sea ice models have been developed to simulate sea ice formation, melt and motion characteristics on a regional scale. However, the highly dynamic sea ice behaviour in the Antarctic marginal ice zone (MIZ), the area where sea ice and ocean waves interact, still eludes reliable prediction. This is due to the complex sea ice composition consisting of relatively small and mobile ice floes governed by collision and fracture mechanisms. To improve the accuracy of sea ice models, the realistic sea ice distribution needs to be accounted for at a high resolution so that key aspects defining the interplay of ice motion and wave propagation can be suitably distinguished. In this work a computational fluid dynamics model based on the small-scale continuum approach has been developed to simulate the dynamics of a heterogeneous sea ice cover. The model makes use of a realistic sea ice layout and studies the mechanical behaviour of sea ice as affected by wave forcing and the specific material properties of ice floes and grease ice. Taking advantage of the continuum approach paired with a heterogeneous sea ice cover, the floe-grease ice interaction is elucidated by discussing detailed temporal and spatial distributions of the mechanical response of sea ice. Results show that the interplay between waves and the ice floe collision behaviour is directly controlled by sea ice inertia, where the frequency and severity of ice floe collisions increase with the wave period. Furthermore, the interaction of grease ice with ice floes through form drag at the interface leads to high localised grease ice strain rate gradients and low viscosity values due its shear thinning characteristics.

Effects of whole quinoa flour addition on the pasting property, dough rheology, and steam bread textural property of wheat flour

Addition of whole quinoa flour (WQF) into wheat flour is a promising approach to make quinoa food efficient, but the amount of WQF addition has a great influence on the quality of the quinoa food. The water-soluble index, swelling power, pasting property, dough rheological properties, and steam bread textural property of wheat flour containing 10 - 50% (w/w) WQF were investigated in the present work. Results showed that water soluble index and swelling power of mixed flour decreased gradually as the WQF content increased. Mixed flour containing higher WQF content (30 - 50%) had a lower peak viscosity, breakdown, and setback value than mixed flour containing lower content WQF (10 - 20%). Doughs containing 30 - 50% WQF had a weaker dough stability, less dough development time, but an increased water absorption and softening degree than the doughs containing 10 - 20% WQF. Dough’s extension resistance increased and then decreased with the addition of WQF. Dough energy and extensibility of the mixed flour decreased with increasing level of WQF (10 - 50%). In addition, hardness and chewiness of steam bread made by mixed flour increased with increasing amount of WQF (10 - 50%). In view of the practical point, the maximum addition level of WQF was 20% when making a quinoa-wheat steam bread without any food additives.

Determination of the Effect of the Addition of Second-Generation Biodiesel BBuE to Diesel Fuel on Selected Parameters of “B” Fuels

Progressive and increasingly noticeable climate change is forcing the search for new energy sources to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, especially carbon dioxide. One way to reduce greenhouse gas emissions is by gradually replacing fossil fuels with biofuels. The authors of this work addressed the production of second-generation biofuel. The purpose of this study was to produce second-generation biodiesel from babassu palm oil (BBuE) and first-generation biodiesel from rapeseed oil (RME), to study their properties, and to determine the effect of the addition of these biodiesels to diesel fuel on selected properties of “B” fuels that affect the fuel–air mixture formation process and the combustion process. Biodiesel from babassu oil was produced because it is non-edible and has a different composition than canola oil. Then, fuels were prepared that were mixtures of diesel oil and biodiesel containing from 10 to 40% (v/v) BBuE or RME (B10, B20, B30, and B40).Tests were conducted on selected physicochemical properties of the obtained fuels. “B” fuels prepared with BBuE and DF were shown to have more favorable fuel properties than those obtained from RME and DF. Fuels that are blends of BBuE and DF have slightly higher heating values, higher cetane number values, a more favorable distillation curve, lower dynamic viscosity values as a function of temperature, and marginally lower flash point values compared to the corresponding blends of RME and DF. Esters with shorter molecules have been shown to have more favorable fuel properties.

Standard diesel production from mixed waste plastics through thermal pyrolysis and vacuum distillation

Plastic pyrolysis oil (PPO) was produced in a pilot-scale batch pyrolysis reactor at 540 °C from mixed waste plastic (MWP) (high-density polyethylene (HDPE), polypropylene (PP) and polystyrene (PS)). The produced PPO was then distilled in a vacuum distillation unit and diesel was obtained at temperatures between 170 and 380 °C along with light petrol (<170 °C) and heavy residue (>380 °C). This study found that MWP can produce over 80% liquid oils without operational problems or wax formation. Distilled PPO produces 49.5–53% diesel, 39 – 46.5% petrol and residue 1.5 – 8% by weight. Although PPO has calorific value ranging from 43.85 to 45.26 MJ/kg like commercial diesel however, PPO is not suitable for direct use in diesel engine for low kinematic viscosity (KV) and density values at 1.1–1.26 mm2/s and 0.78 – 0.83 gm/cm3 respectively. For the distilled diesel cut (DC), KV, density, higher heating value (HHV), cetane index (CI), aromatic hydrocarbon (AH) and poli-aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) were found 1.95–2.15 mm2/s, 0.81 – 0.85 gm/cm3, 44.92–46.36 MJ/kg, 46 – 58, 18.81 – 35.1% and 4.81 – 11.9% respectively indicating better option for direct use as automobile diesel with significant effect of HDPE amount present in feedstock.

Constraining the gas distribution in the PDS 70 disc as a method to assess the effect of planet-disc interactions

Context. Embedded planets are potentially the cause of substructures, such as gaps and cavities, observed in the continuum images of several protoplanetary discs. Likewise, gas distribution is expected to change in the presence of one or several planets, and the effect can be detected with current observational facilities. Thus, the properties of the substructures observed in the continuum as well as in line emission encode information about the presence of planets in a system and how they interact with the natal disc. The pre-transitional disc around the star PDS 70 is the first case of two young planets being imaged within a dust-depleted gap that was likely carved by the planets themselves. Aims. We aim to determine the spatial distribution of the gas and dust components in the PDS 70 disc. The axisymmetric substructures observed in the resulting profiles are interpreted in the context of planet-disc interactions. Methods. We developed a thermo-chemical forward model for an axisymmetric disc to explain a subset of the Atacama Large Millimeter/Submillimeter Array (ALMA) band 6 observations of three CO isotopologues plus the continuum towards PDS 70. The model accounts for the continuum radiative transfer, steady-state chemistry, and gas thermal balance in a self-consistent way and produces synthetic observables via ray tracing. Results. We demonstrate that the combination of a homogeneous dust size distribution across the disc and relatively low values of viscosity (α ≲ 5 × 10−3) can explain the band 6 continuum observations. For the gas phase, analysis of the synthetic observables points to a gas density peak value of ~0.1 g cm−2 located at 75 au and a minimum of ~10−3 g cm−2 at 20 au. The location of the minimum matches the semi-major axis of the innermost planet PDS 70 b. Combining the gas and dust distributions, the model results in a variable gas-to-dust ratio profile throughout the disc that spans two orders of magnitude within the first 130 au and shows a step gradient towards the outer disc, which is consistent with the presence of a pressure maxima driven by planet-disc interactions. Particularly, the mean gas-to-dust ratio within the dust gap between 16 and 41 au is found to be ~630. We find a gas density drop factor of ~19 at the location of the planet PDS 70 c with respect to the peak gas density at 75 au. Combining this value with results from the literature on the hydrodynamics of planet-disc interactions, we find this gas gap depth to be consistent with independent planet mass estimates from infrared observations. Our findings point towards gas stirring processes taking place in the common gap due to the gravitational perturbation of the two planets. Conclusions. The distribution of gas and dust in the PDS 70 disc can be constrained by forward modelling the spatially resolved observations from high-resolution and high-sensitivity instruments like ALMA. This information is a key piece in the qualitative and quantitative interpretation of the observable signatures of planet-disc interactions.

Development and Study of Antibacterial &lt;i&gt;In situ&lt;/i&gt; Coatings for Processing Implants

Introduction. Periprosthetic infections are a major problem in orthopedic surgery. The most optimal way to influence the bacterial film is to suppress the early stages of its formation. The use of hydrogel coatings for the prevention of periprosthetic infections is an effective measure, while the process of coating the implant can be simplified due to the use of in situ systems.Aim. The purpose of the research is to develop and study antibacterial in situ coatings for preoperative treatment of implants.Materials and methods. In the experiment we used poloxamers Kolliphor® P 407 and Kolliphor® P 188 (BASF, Germany), hyaluronic acid high-molecular PrincipHYAL® (1400–1800 kDa), low-molecular PrincipHYAL® (400–600 kDa), mixture of high, medium and low-molecular acids PrincipHYAL® Cube3 (ROELMI HPC Srl, Italy). As screening methods for identifying the optimal composition, we used gelation temperature measurements, pH measurements, studies of rheological properties, and microbiological tests.Results and discussion. During the experiment, we found the optimal concentration of hyaluronic acid 1400–1800 kDa – 0.5 %, at which the studied composition at a temperature of 4.5 ± 0.5 °C was a homogeneous liquid, and it made a sol-gel transition when heated. It was revealed that hyaluronic acid had no significant effect on the gelling temperature, so we added poloxamer 188. We also established the influence of the hyaluronic acid molecular weight on the in situ systems characteristics. High molecular weight hyaluronic acid stabilized the viscosity values and improved the adhesive properties of the system, samples with medium and low molecular weight hyaluronic acid showed lower dynamic viscosity values at the phase gel-sol transition end. We tested the optimal composition (containing 18.0 % poloxamer 407, 2 % poloxamer 188, and 0.5 % hyaluronic acid (1400–1800 kDa) adhesion to the titanium plate. When exposed to the paddle stirrer (rotation speed 20 rpm) for 15 minutes and stored in the thermostat (37,0 ± 0,5 °C) for a week, the analyzed composition showed adhesion strength, which makes it possible to use it for coating.Conclusion. By multistage screening a sample was selected for introduction of a model antibacterial component representing a cocktail of bacteriophages Klebsiella pneumonia, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli. Microbiological studies showed good compatibility of the immunobiological substance with excipients, which indicated the prospects for further preclinical studies.

Effect of whey protein isolate addition on set-type camel milk yogurt: Rheological properties and biological activities of the bioaccessible fraction

The manufacture of camel milk (CM) yogurt has been associated with several challenges, such as the weak structure and watery texture, thereby decreasing its acceptability. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of whey protein isolate (WPI) addition on the health-promoting benefits, texture profile, and rheological properties of CM yogurt after 1 and 15 d of storage. Yogurt was prepared from CM supplemented with 0, 3, and 5% of WPI and compared with bovine milk yogurt. The results show that the water holding capacity was affected by WPI addition representing 31.3%, 56.8%, 64.7%, and 45.1% for yogurt from CM containing 0, 3 or 5% WPI, and bovine milk yogurt, respectively, after 15 d. The addition of WPI increased yogurt hardness, adhesiveness, and decreased the resilience. CM yogurt without WPI showed lower apparent viscosity, storage modulus, and loss modulus values compared with other samples. The supplementation of CM with WPI improved the rheological properties of the obtained yogurt. Furthermore, the antioxidant activities of yogurt before and after in vitro digestion varied among yogurt treatments, which significantly increased after digestion except the superoxide anion scavenging and lipid oxidation inhibition. After in vitro digestion at d 1, the superoxide anion scavenging of the 4 yogurt treatments respectively decreased from 83.7%, 83.0%, 79.1%, and 87.4% to 36.7%, 38.3%, 44.6%, and 41.3%. The inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition, cholesterol removal, and degree of hydrolysis exhibited different values before and after in vitro digestion.

Revealing the microstructures and seepage characteristics in the uncured rubber-cord composites using micro-computed tomography and lattice Boltzmann approach

The internal microstructure distribution of cord-rubber-air during the processing of uncured rubber-cord composites (URCs) determines the finished product's performance. For the first time, we used computed tomography (CT) and the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) to establish a geometrical representation model of the real microscopic pore-fracture structures of URCs and investigate the seepage law of fluid in porous URCs, where the reinforced rubber formula was originally designed to reduce CT artifacts of cord. The results showed that the average porosity and pore radius of the original cord (0.2711 and 15.53 μm, respectively) were considerably larger than those of the URCs (0.0509 and 4.46 μm, respectively); the pore number of the cord was the largest when the pore radius was 5–10 μm, accounting for 29.36% of the total number; however, the pore number accounted for 31.36% of the total number of the URCs when the pore radius was 2–3 μm. Moreover, the characteristics of the pore/throat surface area and pore volume/throat length exhibited perfect consistent patterns with those of the pore radius. Furthermore, the fluid flow velocity increased in both cord and URCs as the displacement differential pressure increased, but decreased dramatically as the fluid kinematic viscosity increased. The critical values of displacement differential pressure and kinematic viscosity were different in the cord and URCs samples, presenting 11.1209 Pa/1.3696 × 10−3 m2/s and 14.2984 Pa/2.8869 × 10−4 m2/s, respectively. This phenomenon should be attributed that when the uncured rubber was injected into the original cord sample, its porosity decreased, its pore radius decreased, the number of micro-scale pores increased, and flow resistance became larger, resulting in a higher critical value of displacement differential pressure and a lower critical value of kinematic viscosity.

EVALUATION OF pH AND VISCOSITY OF JUICE OF Zingiber officinale var. officinale MOUTHWASH FORMULATION

Zingiber officinale var. officinale juice has many benefits. It can be used as a mixture of mouthwash. To analyse the difference of Zingiber officinale var. officinale mouthwashes 3,125%, 6,25%, and 12,5% on pH and viscosity values on day 0,14,28,42, and 56. Zingiber officinale var. officinale 3,125%, 6,25%, and 12,5% is mixed with propylene glycol, PEG-40 hydrogenated castor oil, oleum menthae, benzoic acid, sodium benzoate, calcium lactate, sorbitol 70% and calcium thiocyanate. The formulation has measured with pHmeter (Jenway, United Kingdom) and viscometer (Brookfield, Massachusetts) for 56 days. The pH data is analyzed using GLM Repeated Measures ANOVA and One-Way ANOVA (p&lt;0,05). Viscosity data is analyzed using GLM Repeated Measured ANOVA and Kruskal Wallis (p&lt;0,05). The pH value of 3,125% formulation shows significant difference for 56 days in range 5,50-5,61. The viscosity value shows no significant difference for 56 days in range 3,03-3,09 cP. The pH and viscosity values of 6,25% formulation shows no significantly different for 56 days with 5,78-5,83 pH value, while the viscosity is 3,12-3,13 cP. The pH and viscosity values of the 12,5% formulation shows no significantly different for 56 days with 4,90-4,97 pH value, while the viscosity is 3,43-3,50 cP. Zingiber officinale var. Officinale mouthwash formulations 3,125% has been unstable, but it has the lowest viscosity value and has been stabled for 56 days. The pH and viscosity values of 6,25% and 12,5% formulations have been stabled for 56 days. The highest pH value is in the formulation of 6,25%.