Low Trustworthiness Research Articles

How users make online privacy decisions in work and personal contexts of use

With the rising usage of contactless work options since COVID-19, users increasingly share their personal data in digital tools at work. Using an experimental online vignette study (N = 93), we examined users’ willingness to use a video conferencing tool, while systematically varying the context of use (personal vs. low trustworthiness work vs. high trustworthiness work) and the type of information shared (low vs. medium vs. high sensitivity). We also assessed users’ perceived responsibility in work and personal contexts of use and their self-assessed digital competence. Our results highlight employer trustworthiness as an important factor in the willingness to use a third-party video conferencing tool, with increased willingness to use these tools in work contexts of use with high trustworthiness compared to those with low trustworthiness. This effect seems to be reduced when the data to be shared is of high sensitivity, compared to medium and low sensitivity data. Furthermore, despite reduced responsibility for data protection in work compared to personal contexts of use, the willingness to use a video conferencing tool did not decrease between trustworthy work and personal contexts of use. We discuss our findings and their methodological implications for future research and derive implications for privacy decisions at work.

Implicit bias and experience influence overall but not relative trustworthiness judgment of other-race faces

Impressions of trustworthiness are formed quickly from faces. To what extent are these impressions shared among observers of the same or different races? Although high consensus of trustworthiness evaluation has been consistently reported, recent studies suggested substantial individual differences. For instance, negative implicit racial bias and low contact experience towards individuals of the other race have been shown to be related to low trustworthiness judgments for other-race faces. This pre-registered study further examined the effects of implicit social bias and experience on trustworthiness judgments of other-race faces. A relatively large sample of White (N = 338) and Black (N = 299) participants completed three tasks: a trustworthiness rating task of faces, a race implicit association test, and a questionnaire of experience. Each participant rated trustworthiness of 100 White faces and 100 Black faces. We found that the overall trustworthiness ratings for other-race faces were influenced by both implicit bias and experience with individuals of the other-race. Nonetheless, when comparing to the own-race baseline ratings, high correlations were observed for the relative differences in trustworthiness ratings of other-race faces for participants with varied levels of implicit bias and experience. These results suggest differential impact of social concepts (e.g., implicit bias, experience) vs. instinct (e.g., decision of approach-vs-avoid) on trustworthiness impressions, as revealed by overall vs. relative ratings on other-race faces.

Do the Directorate of Health’s guidelines adhere to international standards for trustworthy clinical practice?

The Norwegian Directorate of Health produces national clinical guidelines for the health service, and the development of guidelines must follow international standards for trustworthy clinical practice. We investigated whether the standards are being adhered to. We used the National Guideline Clearinghouse Extent Adherence to Trustworthy Standards Instrument (NEATS) as the scoring tool and assessed a randomly selected chapter from national clinical guidelines that were published or updated during the period 2013 to January 2022. NEATS has 15 domain items; three are assessed with the response alternatives Yes/No/Not known, and twelve are assessed on a Likert scale from 1 to 5, where 1 corresponds to very low trustworthiness and 5 to very high trustworthiness. The assessments were made individually by two authors. Inter-rater reliability was assessed with exact or close reliability, and Cohen's kappa coefficient. We included 60 relevant guidelines. For nine of the twelve NEATS domain items assessed using the Likert scale, there was very low or low adherence to standards for trustworthy clinical guidelines (median score 1 or 2). The domain items with the lowest score (median score 1) were 'The study selection', 'Description of the studies and the results', 'Rating the strength of recommendations' and 'External review'. The domain item with the highest score was 'Specific and unambiguous articulation of recommendations' (median score 4). The majority of the national clinical guidelines had low adherence to the standards for trustworthy clinical guidelines assessed using the NEATS scoring tool.

A generic framework for qualifications of digital twins in maintenance

Digital twins have emerged as a promising technology for maintenance applications, enabling organizations to simulate and monitor physical assets to improve their performance. In Operation and Maintenance (O&M), digital twin facilitates the diagnosis and prognosis of critical assets, forming the basis for smart maintenance planning and reducing downtime. However, there is a lack of standardized approaches for the qualifications of digital twins in maintenance, leading to low trustworthiness and limiting its application. This paper proposes a novel framework for the qualifications of digital twins in maintenance based on five pillars, namely fidelity, smartness, timeliness, integration, and standard compliance. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the framework through two case studies, showing how it can be implemented on digital twins for preventive maintenance and condition-based maintenance. Our proposed framework can help organizations across different industrial domains develop and implement digital twins in maintenance more effectively and efficiently, leading to significant benefits in terms of cost reduction, performance improvement, and sustainability.

A blockchain-enabled framework for reverse supply chain management of power batteries

The production and sales of electric vehicles in China are continuously increasing, and a massive wave of scrap batteries is about to emerge. However, there are many challenges in the power battery recycling, such as a disorganized recycling system, a lack of standards, and low efficiency. In addition, the power battery recycling supply chain faces issues such as a lack of transparency, inadequate data management, low trustworthiness, and counterfeit products. Therefore, it's crucial to establish an efficient and sustainable power battery supply chain recycling system. Blockchain technology can provide solutions in decentralized data management, privacy protection, and anti-counterfeiting traceability. It addresses existing problems and improves the Power Batteries Reverse Supply Chain (PBRSC) ecosystem. Thus, this paper proposes a blockchain-based PBRSC management integration framework. Firstly, a four-layer blockchain power battery recycling platform is designed. Secondly, based on the proposed PBRSC framework, this paper studies three key component technologies: double-chain structure and its storage mechanism, information tracing module, and smart contract enabled battery trading management. Then, the validity and feasibility of the double-chain structure was demonstrated experimentally. Finally, the above architecture and key technologies are implemented in the system, the main functional modules are displayed on the interface, and the effectiveness of the framework is explained in cooperation with related enterprises.

Factors driving consumer attitude to online shopping hate

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to empirically investigate the determinants and consequences of psychological reactance in the online shopping context. Leveraging the psychological reactance and self-congruity theories, functional and symbolic discrepancies enhance the psychological reactance toward online shopping. In addition, trustworthiness moderates the impact of online customers attitude ambivalence on their psychological reactance.Design/methodology/approachThe authors conduct an empirical study on online customer cognitive factors. In this research paper, the postpositivism research view is used. The Smart PLS-SEM is used to analyze the data.FindingsThe current study findings reveal that self-concept and operational incongruence (i.e. symbolic and functional) are the main factors that lead to psychological reactance and resulting in online shopping hate. Poor website quality and other matters are so significant they create functional incongruence. Moreover, low trustworthiness strengthens psychological reactance in the online shopping hate context.Originality/valueThis study extends the psychological reactance and self-congruence theories to online shopping. Previously, literature has extensively studied the social commerce intention.

The Usage and Trustworthiness of Various Health Information Sources in the United Arab Emirates: An Online National Cross-Sectional Survey.

Background: The increase in the quality and availability of health information as well as the accessibility of Internet-based sources, has driven growing demand for online health information. Information preferences are influenced by many factors, including information needs, intentions, trustworthiness, and socioeconomic variables. Hence, understanding the interplay of these factors helps stakeholders provide current and relevant health information sources to assist consumers in assessing their healthcare options and making informed medical decisions. Aims: To assess the different sources of health information sought by the UAE population and to investigate the level of trustworthiness of each source. Methods: The study adopted a descriptive online cross-sectional design. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data from UAE residents aged 18 years or above between July 2021 and September 2021. Health information sources, their trustworthiness, and health-oriented beliefs were explored through univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analysis in Python. Results: A total of 1083 responses were collected, out of which 683 (63%) were females. Doctors were the first source of health information (67.41%) before COVID-19, whereas websites were the first source (67.22%) during the pandemic. Other sources, such as pharmacists, social media, and friends and family, were not prioritized as primary sources. Overall, doctors had a high trustworthiness of 82.73%, followed by pharmacists with a high trustworthiness of 59.8%. The Internet had a partial trustworthiness of 58.4%. Social media and friends and family had a low trustworthiness of 32.78% and 23.73%, respectively. Age, marital status, occupation, and degree obtained were all significant predictors of Internet usage for health information. Conclusions: The population in the UAE commonly obtains health information from doctors who have been shown to have the highest trustworthiness; this is despite it not being the most common source used.

Unmanned Ground Vehicle Platooning Under Cyber Attacks: A Human-Robot Interaction Framework

In this paper, we propose a human-robot interaction (HRI) framework to reduce the vulnerability of an unmanned ground vehicle (UGV) platoon under cyber attacks. An observer-based autonomous resilient control strategy is first designed to mitigate the effects of vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) cyber attacks. Rigorous proof of the safety conditions of the platoon under V2V cyber attacks is derived. Next, to facilitate human supervision in emergencies and uncertainties, a decision-making aid system is developed, which consists of an anomaly reporting system (ARS), a trust-based information management system (TIMS), and a graphical user interface (GUI). ARS is designed to detect the abnormality of the neighbor UGVs based on the model-based residual generation and analysis. TIMS is developed to rule out information with low trustworthiness, which is fulfilled by a Bayesian-based information pre-processor followed by an enhanced median filter with trustworthiness regulation. It is rigorously proved that TIMS can recover the tempered information under the mild cyber attack scenario autonomously. To deal with unexpected severe vehicle-to-cloud (V2C) cyber attacks, human observations can also be leveraged to bolster the resilience of the TIMS. Representative simulation and humans-in-the-loop experiment (fulfilled by the designed GUI) demonstrate that the proposed framework can effectively guide human operators when working with UGV platoons under cyber attacks. On average, compared to a multi-screen surveillance benchmark approach, the proposed framework can achieve 78.4% decrements of platoon vulnerability and 39.0% decrements in human workload.

Perception regarding health and barriers to seeking healthcare services among rural rickshaw pullers in Bangladesh: A qualitative exploration

BackgroundUnderstanding health in daily life can vary from person to person. The concept of health arises from the perspective of an individual's experience. People face several kinds of barriers while seeking healthcare services, where rickshaw pullers are one of the most vulnerable groups to meet their basic health needs. This study aimed to investigate Bangladeshi rural rickshaw pullers’ perception regarding health and what obstacles they face while seeking healthcare services. MethodsThis study followed a qualitative approach conducted in-depth interviews involving 20 rickshaw pullers in rural Bangladesh from 4th to 15th December 2020. Participants were selected through purposive and snowball sampling techniques. The verbatim transcription was performed, and the thematic analysis was done through manual coding and NVivo version 12. ResultsAccording to the study’s findings, participants’ perception regarding health were mainly based on physical, nutritional, and social points of view. The financial hardship to convey medical costs, long waiting time in receiving healthcare services, social class inequality, low trustworthiness on diagnostic services, and mastery of broker in the hospital setting were acknowledged as prevailing barriers to seeking healthcare services. ConclusionSeveral health perceptions existed among the rural rickshaw pullers. They faced different kinds of barriers while seeking healthcare services, and those obstacles made them hopeless and worried about getting quality healthcare services. Concerned authorities, including government and private organizations, should take effective strategies to ensure that healthcare services are available, reliable, and affordable.

Policing Child Protection: Motivational Postures of Contesting Third Parties

Child protection reform has been difficult, despite evidence that practice should be more child-centred, respectful and responsively inclusive of family and communities. An Australian survey of 387 third parties working with statutory child protection authorities revealed widespread support for reform, but significant opposition to child protection authorities. Only police aligned themselves with child protection authorities. Welfare and family workers were most likely to have defiant postures of resistance and disengagement and to criticize child protection authorities for their bureaucratic ritualism, poor accountability, low trustworthiness and social exclusion. Lawyers and special service providers shared some of these criticisms, while health and educational professionals remained neutral. System reform is likely to grind to a halt when essential third parties are adopting oppositional positions. Principle-led communities of practice that are multidisciplinary and community-inclusive may offer the best hope for cutting through reform gridlock and broadening and deepening capabilities.

Towards trustworthy machine fault diagnosis: A probabilistic Bayesian deep learning framework

Fault diagnosis is efficient to improve the safety, reliability, and cost-effectiveness of industrial machinery. Deep learning has been extensively investigated in fault diagnosis, exhibiting state-of-the-art performance. However, since deep learning is inherently uninterpretable, the low trustworthiness of the diagnostic results given by these black-boxes has always been a limiting factor in industrial applications. Specially, the monitoring data under unforeseen domains will be easily misdiagnosed without any symptoms. To address this issue, this paper explores the fault diagnosis in a probabilistic Bayesian deep learning framework by exploiting an uncertainty-aware model to understand the unknown fault information and identify the inputs from unseen domains, ultimately achieving trustworthy diagnosis. Moreover, the diagnostic uncertainty is decomposed in two aspects: (1) epistemic uncertainty, reflecting the discrepancy of test input relative to the training data, and (2) aleatoric uncertainty, referring to the noise originating from the input, offering a deep understanding of the unknowns in the diagnostic model. The proposed framework not only can accurately identify the faults belonging to a known distribution, but also provides insights into uncertainty and avoid the erroneous decision-making. Last, but not least, comprehensive diagnostic experiments considering unseen scenarios are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of proposed framework, providing competitive results.

Mindfulness and Executive Functioning in Preadolescents and Adolescents: A Scoping Review

Abstract Date Presented Accepted for AOTA INSPIRE 2021 but unable to be presented due to online event limitations. Executive functions, including attention and regulation, are relevant to successful participation in complex occupations. A scoping review was conducted to summarize and evaluate current evidence for the impact of mindfulness on the attention and regulation skills of preadolescents and adolescents. Findings suggest early promise of mindfulness interventions in improving these skills in the target population. However, firm conclusions cannot be drawn due to low trustworthiness of the evidence. Primary Author and Speaker: Rebecca Mariel Rutta Additional Authors and Speakers: Shamta Kumar, Varada Pisharody, and Kaitlyn Cecilia Irwin Contributing Authors: Nancy Baker, Elizabeth Marfeo, and Margaret Morris

A matter of flexibility: Changing outgroup attitudes through messages with negations.

Attitudes toward outgroups are an important determinant of peaceful coexistence in diverse societies, but it is difficult to improve them. The current research studies the impact of messages with negations on outgroup attitudes, more specifically on outgroup trust. All studies were preregistered. Using different target groups, Studies 1 and 2 provide evidence for the prediction that communicating negations (e.g., "they are not deceptive") enhances outgroup trust (more so than affirmations, such as "they are reliable," and no messages) among people who are initially low in outgroup trust. Three additional studies (Studies 3a, 3b, and 4), using both a causal chain approach and (moderated) mediation analysis, demonstrate that negations promote cognitive flexibility which in turn enhances outgroup trust among those initially low in outgroup trust. One final study suggests that these findings generalize to outgroup attitude change per se by showing that communicating negations also results in more moderate attitudes when the dominant initial attitude is positive (Study 5: high warmth) rather than negative (Studies 1-4: low trustworthiness). As such, communication that negates people's initial outgroup attitudes could be an effective (previously discounted) intervention to reduce prejudice in intergroup settings. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

How about the quality of information concerning periodontal diseases our patients are finding online?

OBJECTIVE: Analyze the websites returned by Google and Bing on periodontal disease by the JAMA criteria and the HONCode, and to evaluate the quality of the websites’ content. MATERIALS AND METHODS: “Gum disease” was searched in Brazilian Google and Bing in May 2017. The first 200 websites were analyzed by the Journal of the American Medical Association ( JAMA) criteria and the Health On the Net Foundation (HONCode) certification. The websites’ content was analyzed according to an instrument previously described in the literature. RESULTS: The JAMA scores of websites returned by Google and Bing were similar (median, 2; IQR [1, 3]). The proportion of websites with a JAMA score ≥3 was significantly higher for Google than for Bing (41% versus 29.7%, P=0.03). Journalism websites showed the highest scores in both platforms, while Dental Practices websites scored the lowest. Comparing the first 10 results of Google and Bing with the rest of the websites, there was no significant difference in the JAMA score for both platforms. Google’s content analysis showed a mean score of 34.3±18.4, while in Bing it was 39.1±18.5 (P=0.83). CONCLUSION: The online information concerning periodontal diseases in Brazilian Portuguese present low trustworthiness and low quality of disease-specific content. This issue deserves attention not only from the researchers but also from government entities and specialized institutions in order to ensure access to safe, sound and readable oral health information to Brazilian’s citizens.

Manager narcissism and employee silence: A socio‐analytic theory perspective

Employee silence is detrimental to organizations, and managers high in narcissism may create conditions that indirectly promote employee silence. Drawing on socio‐analytic theory, in three samples (Ns = 79, 125, and 119), we investigated whether employees’ perceptions of manager trustworthiness mediated the relation between manager trait narcissism and employee silence, and whether this mediation was moderated by a social skill, apparent sincerity. We found that the three samples largely supported our research model. Manager narcissism lowered employees’ perceptions of manager trustworthiness, which were in turn related to increased employee silence. Whereas the effect of narcissism on trustworthiness perceptions and, indirectly, on employee silence were stronger for managers lower in apparent sincerity, these effects of narcissism were absent for managers high in apparent sincerity.Practitioner points Perceptions of manager trustworthiness are a key relational process in dyadic, leader–follower relationships; for example, as our studies show, low trustworthiness predicts employee silence about important issues that may be hampering work/organizational functioning. Furthermore, our studies show that manager trait narcissism drives employees’ perceptions of their manager’s trustworthiness, and indirectly, employee silence. The findings highlight the downsides of manager narcissism in dyadic relationships with employees, which prompts guarding against hiring and promoting individuals who are high in trait narcissism to management positions. Moreover, we find that high narcissism managers who seek to appear sincere, may be successful at mitigating the impact of their narcissism on trustworthiness and silence. The findings lead us to recommend managers to improve their sincerity impression management skills – not doing so may be particularly detrimental among those who are more narcissistic.

Perceptions and barriers regarding telemedicine services among Bangladeshi young adults in the COVID-19 pandemic: A qualitative exploration

The present study aimed to explore perceptions and barriers regarding telemedicine services among Bangladeshi young adults. This qualitative study was performed through telephonic interviews where 20 young adults (cases) were taken for in-depth interviews, using a purposive sampling technique from July 1 to July 20, 2020. The verbatim transcriptions was used, and the thematic analysis was performed through manual coding. The findings of this study revealed that the majority of participants perceived telemedicine as it is a system through which we are able to get healthcare services by using the internet, mobile application, or just a phone call from health care providers. Participants had positive attitudes toward telemedicine. Low trustworthiness, difficulties in getting access to emergency diagnostic services, significant anxieties on the use of telemedicine complexity and observability, shortage of network and power supply, as well as financial complexities were acknowledged as significant barriers in terms of receiving telemedicine services during the COVID-19 outbreak. Concerned authorities, including governmental and private organizations, should take effective measures to make telemedicine services available, reliable, and affordable for all across the country.

Impacts of Leader Humility Between Authority and Trustworthiness on Compliance: Tests of Three-Way Interaction.

This study aims to examine how leader humility affects the relationship between authority and trustworthiness, and its effect on subordinate compliance. This study further addresses the reliability and validity issue to advance the measurement of humility; 300 participants consisting of leader-subordinate dyads of 50 leaders and 250 subordinates contributed to the data collections. This study found that both trustworthiness and authority have impact on subordinate compliance. Through three-way moderating analysis, this study further revealed that a leader's high humility, along with high trustworthiness under high authority results in the highest compliance, whereas a leader's high humility combined with low trustworthiness under low authority leads to the lowest compliance. Moreover, although a leader's personal background showed no relationship with the degree of leader humility, divergent combinations of leader-subordinate backgrounds were found to affect the degree of humility. Based on our findings, we propose that to effectively increase compliance, leader humility must be viewed as a strength when combined with high trustworthiness in high authority situations. This study may prompt future research in exploring humility in the context of virtue versus power, and the effects of humility in leadership. The implications of these findings for both theory and practice are also discussed.

Recognizing and Trusting Persuasion Agents: Attitudes Bias Trustworthiness Judgments, but not Persuasion Detection.

People rely on intuitive knowledge about persuasion to cope with persuasion attempts motivated by self-interest. Because this knowledge associates persuasive intent with low trustworthiness, identifying the communicator as an agent with ulterior motives tends to reduce trust in the communicator. Three studies suggest that the extent to which people call on this association to assess a persuasion agent depends on whether the agent's message challenges or reinforces their prior attitudes. Challenged attitudes motivate people to use the negative association between persuasive intent and trustworthiness, whereas reinforced attitudes lead people to neglect it. However, prior attitudes do not affect people's capacity to detect cues of ulterior motives and develop an awareness of the persuasive intent. Thus, recipients of persuasive messages that support their prior beliefs trust persuasion agents despite being aware of the agents' ulterior motives. This seems to be a byproduct of people's motivation to preserve a sense of self-integrity.

Testing the Economic Consequences of Mistrust in News: An Incentivized Experiment on Housing Market Expectations

We introduce a novel experimental protocol for studying the economic effects of growing mistrust in traditional news media. In a preregistered experiment, participants first read news articles on trends in the Australian housing market from sources with either high or low trustworthiness and either with or without visible brand information. They then predicted selling prices of apartments for a monetary reward. As hypothesized, (1) reading news on declining house price trends lowered expectations about house prices, and (2) news from a trustworthy source had stronger effect on economic expectations when source brand was made visible.

Institutions, Opportunism and Prosocial Behavior: Some Experimental Evidence

Formal or informal institutions have long been adopted by societies to protect against opportunistic behavior. However, we know very little about how these institutions are chosen and their impact on behavior. We experimentally investigate the demand for different levels of institutions that provide low to high levels of insurance and its subsequent impact on prosocial behavior. We conduct a large-scale online experiment where we add the possibility of purchasing insurance to safeguard against low reciprocity to the standard trust game. We compare two different mechanisms, the private (purchase) and the social (voting) choice of institutions. Whether voted or purchased, we find that there is demand for institutions in low trustworthiness groups, while high trustworthiness groups always demand lower levels of institutions. Lower levels of institutions are demanded when those who can benefit from opportunistic behavior, i.e. low trustworthiness individuals, can also vote for them. Importantly, the presence of insurance crowds out civic spirit even when subjects can choose the no insurance option: trustworthiness when formal institutions are available is lower than in their absence.