Low Trait Anger Research Articles

Kindness or Intelligence? Angry Men are Perceived as Less Intelligent by Their Female Romantic Partners.

We were interested in how people in a romantic relationship would perceive the intelligence of their partners who have high or low trait anger. Specifically, we referred to the tension between compassion (low anger) and competence (high intelligence) in mate choice. Some evolutionary theories suggest that mating might be considered a bargaining process between these two higher-order attributes. Our study involved 148 heterosexual couples in romantic relationships. We measured the relationship between relationship satisfaction, trait anger, objective intelligence, self-assessed intelligence, and subjectively assessed partners' intelligence. We found that angrier men were less satisfied in their romantic relationship than those men who were less angry, and their partners were also less satisfied in the relationship. Additionally, women perceived angrier men as less intelligent, an effect that remained after controlling for men's objective intelligence. Lastly, we found that women's perception of their partner's intelligence mediated the link between men's anger and relationship satisfaction for both sexes. Our findings suggest that both anger and intelligence play important roles in romantic relationship functioning, consistent with evolutionary theories that emphasize the value of competence (i.e., intelligence) and compassion (i.e., low anger) in romantic partners. Furthermore, our study highlights the importance of women's perception of their partner's intelligence in determining the quality of the relationship.

Nature of Anger, Life Event Stress, Conflict and Defense Mechanism Among Individuals Having Peptic Ulcer: A Comparative Study

Peptic ulcer occurs due to the erosive action of the acid gastric juice upon an area of mucous membrane that may be presumed to have become devitalized in some way and thus to have lost its normal powers of resistance to its own enzymes. Being a psychosomatic illness various psychological factors have been found to be associated with the occurrence and/or persistence of the disease. The present study deals with the nature of anger, life event stress, conflict and defense mechanism of 30 peptic ulcer patients and 30 unaffected individuals. MANOVA and further analysis through ANOVA were computed to statistically analyse the data. The results of the study revealed that peptic ulcer patients had lower trait anger, angry temperament, anger-out and defensive function; and higher anger-in and life event stress than the individuals in the comparative group. Findings also revealed differences in needs, conflicts and defenses between the two groups. Thus it can be concluded that peptic ulcer patients may have a tendency to suppress their anger, experience significantly greater life event stress, experience a significant conflict of autonomy versus compliance along with having low defensive functioning.

Childhood Maltreatment and Bullying Perpetration among Chinese Adolescents: A Moderated Mediation Model of Moral Disengagement and Trait Anger

BackgroundChildhood maltreatment plays an important role in adolescents’ bullying perpetration. However, the mediating and moderating mechanisms underlying this association remain largely unknown. ObjectivesThe current study examined the relationship between childhood maltreatment and adolescents’ bullying perpetration and extended previous literature by examining the mediating effect of moral disengagement and the moderating effect of trait anger in this relationship. Participants and settingFour hundred and thirty-five Chinese adolescents (228 girls, mean age = 13.55 years) participated in the current study. MethodsOur theoretical model was examined using a short-term longitudinal design. During the fall of 2016, adolescents completed the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form. After six months, they completed the moral disengagement Scale, the Bullying Scale, and the Trait Anger Scale in the spring of 2017. ResultsThe results indicated that childhood maltreatment positively predicted adolescents’ bullying perpetration at six months later, and moral disengagement mediated this relationship. Trait anger moderated the relationship between moral disengagement and bullying perpetration, but not the relationship between childhood maltreatment and bullying perpetration. Specifically, high trait anger adolescents who had higher levels of moral disengagement were more likely to bully their peers than low trait anger adolescents. ConclusionsThese findings indicate that childhood maltreatment plays an important role in adolescents’ bullying perpetration, and this relationship is mediated by moral disengagement. Moreover, trait anger moderates the relationship between moral disengagement and bullying perpetration. Educators who examine adolescents’ bullying perpetration should pay closer attention to their moral disengagement and trait anger, as well as their childhood maltreatment experiences, in order to provide appropriate interventions.

The effect of anger on variety seeking for consumers of differing socio-economic backgrounds

Drawing from life-history theory and the appraisal-tendency approach toward emotion, this study investigated the effect of anger on consumers’ variety-seeking (VS) behavior depending on childhood socioeconomic status (SES) and trait anger. Participants (N = 159) were randomly assigned to either the anger or the neutral condition. The results showed that childhood SES interacts with trait anger to influence VS when people are temporarily in an angry mood but not when people are in a neutral mood. More specifically, people from relatively resource-abundant environments generally tend to seek variety when they are temporarily in an angry mood, independent of trait anger; although those with a low trait anger tend to choose more variety compared to those with a high trait anger. For people growing up from relatively resource-scarce environments, those with a low trait anger tend to choose less variety when they feel angry than those with a high trait anger. The present study extends the current understanding of the effects of emotion on VS. The theoretical and marketing implications of these findings are discussed.

Low (not High) Trait Anger is a Personal Strength in Adolescents

Low trait anger, the tendency to stay calm in order to cope with frustrating everyday situations, is associated with mental health and positive outcomes. Its counterpart is high trait anger, defined as intense and chronic irritability, which usually has detrimental effects on the individuals and their relationships. The purpose of this study was to test three hypotheses in adolescents with high (n = 94) and low trait anger (n = 140), with a mean age of 13.06 (SD = 0.77). Hypotheses 1 and 2 addressed the parents’ behavior (parenting practices), and hypothesis 3 assessed social skills, anger and aggression. In particular, compared to adolescents with high trait anger, those with low trait anger: 1) experience less imposition and psychological control (i.e., less negative parenting) from both, mother and father; 2) experience more communication, autonomy, and behavioral control (i.e., more positive parenting) from mother and father; and 3) present more social skills, reflected in lower levels of anger-out, lower aggression toward other individuals, and higher levels of anger self-control. The findings, as a result, supported the three hypotheses. Aggression and social skills did not differ according to gender. However, female participants experienced higher levels of trait anger than did male participants.

Alcohol Consumption and Trait Anger Strengthen the Association Between Perceived Quarrelsomeness and Quarrelsome Behavior via Feeling Angry.

Alcohol intoxication facilitates interpersonal aggression, but this effect depends on person and situation characteristics. Using the Alcohol Myopia Model, we examined the joint influence of alcohol, trait anger, and state anger on the association between perceived quarrelsomeness in an interaction partner and quarrelsome behavior in naturally occurring interpersonal interactions. Using an event-contingent recording method over a 20-day period, community adults reported their perception of an interaction partner's quarrelsome behavior, their own anger and quarrelsome behavior, and the number of alcohol drinks consumed up to 3hours prior to an interpersonal interaction. Results revealed that alcohol consumption and trait anger jointly moderated the association between perceived quarrelsomeness and quarrelsome behavior indirectly via state anger. Heightened anger experience accounted for increased quarrelsome behavior in response to perceived quarrelsomeness among higher trait anger individuals who reported increased alcohol consumption. When no alcohol was consumed, no such difference in quarrelsome behavioral response was found between low and high trait anger individuals. Findings suggest that alcohol consumption may strengthen the influence of perceived quarrelsomeness on a person's own quarrelsome behavior among individuals with a readiness to experience anger. Intense anger experience may undermine these individuals' ability to inhibit aggressive behaviors when under the influence of alcohol.

Kemarahan pada Perempuan Kanker Ginekologi

<p align="center"><strong>Abstrak</strong></p><p>Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh tingginya angka kejadian kanker ginekologi yang direspon secara psikologis berupa kemarahan maladaptif oleh perempuan yang mengidap kanker ginekologi. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui gambaran kemarahan pada perempuan kanker ginekologi di salah satu rumah sakit di Kota Bandung.<strong> </strong>Penelitian dilakukan dengan desain deskriptif kuantitatif, variabelnya adalah kemarahan perempuan kanker ginekologi. Responden yang dilibatkan berjumlah 50 orang diambil berdasarkan <em>accidental sampling</em> yang diambil dalam tiga minggu. Instrumen yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah STAXI-2 yang telah diadaptasi ke dalam bahasa Indonesia dengan validitas sebesar 0,85 dan reliabilitas sebesar 0,89. Data dianalisis menggunakan nilai <em>mean</em> dan disajikan dalam bentuk distribusi frekuensi.<strong> </strong>Hasil dari penelitian menunjukkan hampir seluruh responden (92%) memiliki intensitas kemarahan (<em>state anger</em>) yang rendah, hampir seluruhnya (94%) memiliki sifat kemarahan (<em>trait anger</em>) rendah, sebagian besar responden (78%) memiliki nilai <em>control out</em> sedang dan <em>control in</em> sedang (84%), dan seluruh (100%) responden memiliki nilai indeks ekspresi kemarahan rendah.<strong> </strong>Sebagian besar responden memiliki intensitas dan sifat kemarahan rendah dan kurang mampu mengekspresikan kemarahannya. Responden cenderung menekan rasa marah tetapi sewaktu-waktu akan muncul dalam intensitas yang cukup kuat,. Disarankan untuk perawat agar dapat memberikan konsultasi dan terapi bagi pasien kanker ginekologi agar mereka dapat mengekpresikan kemarahannya secara adaptif.</p><p align="center"> </p><p align="center"><strong><em>Abstract</em></strong></p><p><em>The background of this research is the high rate of gynecology cancer prevalence which influences the psychological effect called maladaptive anger response in women diagnosed with gynecology cancer. The purpose of this research is to identify the representation of anger in women diagnosed with gynecology cancer at one of the hospital in </em>Kota Bandung<em>.<strong> </strong>This research used a descriptive design which variable is anger in women diagnosed with gynecology cancer. This research involved 50 respondents were taken based on accidental sampling as long as three weeks. The instrument was using STAXI-2 which had already adopted in Indonesia and the validity is 0,85 and the reliability value is 0,89. The data analyzed using mean and serves in a frequencies distribution form.<strong> </strong>The result showed that almost all of the respondents (</em>92%<em>) has low state anger, almost all the respondents (</em>94%<em>) has low trait anger, most of respondents (</em>78%<em>) has moderate control out and moderate (</em>84%<em>) control in, and all the respondents (</em>100%<em>) has low index angry expression.<strong> </strong>Most of the respondents has low intensity of anger, state anger, and also they can’t express their anger adaptively. Respondents prefer push their anger to themselves but in time, anger will appear in a strong enough intensity. Suggested a nurse can develope and give some consultation and therapy to patients diagnosed with gynecology cancer, so they can express their anger in an adaptive way.</em></p>

Trait Anger and Partner-Specific Anger Management Moderate the Temporal Association Between Alcohol Use and Dating Violence.

Research demonstrates alcohol temporally precedes and increases the odds of violence between intimate partners. However, despite an extensive theoretical literature on factors that likely moderate the relationship between alcohol and dating violence, minimal empirical research has examined such moderators. The purpose of the present study was to examine two potential moderators of this association: trait anger and partner-specific anger management. Undergraduate men (N = 67) who had consumed alcohol within the past month and were in current dating relationships completed a baseline assessment of their trait anger and partner-specific anger management skills and subsequently completed daily assessments of their alcohol use and violence perpetration (psychological, physical, and sexual) for up to 90 consecutive days. Alcohol was significantly associated with increased odds of physical aggression among men with relatively high but not low trait anger and partner-specific anger management deficits. In contrast, alcohol was significantly associated with increased odds of sexual aggression among men with relatively low trait anger and partner-specific anger management deficits. Our findings demonstrate important differences in the roles of acute intoxication and anger management in the risk of physical aggression and sexual dating violence. Interventions for dating violence may benefit from targeting both alcohol and adaptive anger management skills.

Factors associated with trait anger level of juvenile offenders in Hubei province: A binary logistic regression analysis.

The risk factors of high trait anger of juvenile offenders were explored through questionnaire study in a youth correctional facility of Hubei province, China. A total of 1090 juvenile offenders in Hubei province were investigated by self-compiled social-demographic questionnaire, Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), and State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory-II (STAXI-II). The risk factors were analyzed by chi-square tests, correlation analysis, and binary logistic regression analysis with SPSS 19.0. A total of 1082 copies of valid questionnaires were collected. High trait anger group (n=316) was defined as those who scored in the upper 27th percentile of STAXI-II trait anger scale (TAS), and the rest were defined as low trait anger group (n=766). The risk factors associated with high level of trait anger included: childhood emotional abuse, childhood sexual abuse, step family, frequent drug abuse, and frequent internet using (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Birth sequence, number of sibling, ranking in the family, identity of the main care-taker, the education level of care-taker, educational style of care-taker, family income, relationship between parents, social atmosphere of local area, frequent drinking, and frequent smoking did not predict to high level of trait anger (P>0.05). It was suggested that traumatic experience in childhood and unhealthy life style may significantly increase the level of trait anger in adulthood. The risk factors of high trait anger and their effects should be taken into consideration seriously.

Exploring Individual Differences in the Experience of Anger in Sport Competition: The Importance of Cognitive, Emotional, and Motivational Variables

As anger is one of the most commonly experienced emotions in sport competition, this study aims to explore the individual differences in anger. A multisport sample of 269 athletes completed self-report measures of anger and several cognitive, motivational, and emotional variables. The results revealed significant differences in approach and avoidance motivation, anger rumination, thought suppression, antisocial behavior toward teammates and opponents, and self-control among athletes with different levels of anger. In addition, antisocial behavior toward opponents and teammates, anger rumination, challenge appraisals, and self-control predicted anger levels and significantly discriminated between athletes with low and high trait anger.

El enojo como rasgo de personalidad y agresión física en adolescentes de preparatoria

La presente investigación comparó a jóvenes de preparatoria (M de edad = 15.92, DE = 0.9) con alto y bajo enojo rasgo con respecto a cuándo, dónde y hacia quién mostraron su enojo por medios físico- agresivos (e. g., golpear a alguien, dañar objetos). Los grupos de alto y bajo enojo rasgo quedaron definidos por la pertenencia de sus integrantes al cuartil superior (alto enojo, n = 125) e inferior (bajo enojo, n = 149) en la Escala de Enojo Rasgo (Moscoso &amp; Spielberger, 1999). Dicha escala midió el patrón o tendencia de los adolescentes a molestarse en cualquier lugar y con cualquier persona. Como resultado, a diferencia de los jóvenes con bajo enojo, los de alto enojo: 1) mostraron su molestia con agresiones físicas, recientemente, hacia otras personas (e. g., empujar a alguien) y el ambiente (e. g., golpear la pared); 2) aventaron cosas a sus hermanos/as durante el último mes, la última semana e incluso hoy; y 3) azotaron la puerta estando enojados en la mañana, en la tarde y en la noche, cuando estuvieron en casa. Los datos indican que las relaciones de los adolescentes con personas cercanas (hermanos/as) y sus propias casas fueron el contexto donde los episodios de enojo con agresiones físicas surgieron en mayor medida, especialmente en los jóvenes con alto enojo rasgo.

Trait anger but not anxiety predicts incident type 2 diabetes: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)

Prior studies have shown a bidirectional association between depression and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM); however, the prospective associations of anger and anxiety with T2DM have not been established. We hypothesized that trait anger and anxiety would predict incident T2DM, independently of depressive symptoms. In the Multi-ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA), we prospectively examined the association of trait anger and trait anxiety (assessed via the Spielberger Trait Anger and Anxiety Scales, respectively) with incident T2DM over 11.4 years in 5598 White, Black, Hispanic, and Chinese participants (53.2% women, mean age 61.6 years) at baseline without prevalent T2DM or cardiovascular disease. We used Cox proportional hazards models to calculate the hazard ratios (HR) of incident T2DM by previously defined anger category (low, moderate, high), and anxiety quartile, as there were no previously defined categories. High total trait anger was associated with incident T2DM (HR 1.50; 95% CI 1.08-2.07) relative to low total trait anger. The association was attenuated following adjustment for waist circumference (HR 1.32; 95% CI 0.94-1.86). Higher anger reaction was also associated with incident T2DM (HR=1.07; 95% CI 1.03-1.11) that remained significant after adjusting for potential confounders/explanatory factors. In contrast, trait anxiety did not predict incident T2DM. High total trait anger and anger reaction are potential modifiable risk factors for T2DM. Further research is needed to explore the mechanisms of the anger-diabetes relationship and to develop preventive interventions.

The trait anger affects conflict inhibition: a Go/Nogo ERP study.

To explore the time course of inhibitory control in high trait anger individuals, we recorded and analyzed ERP data relevant to visual Go/Nogo task in high and low trait anger participants. Compared with low trait anger participants, high trait anger participants revealed faster RTs in the Go/Nogo task. The nogo effect of N2 related to conflict monitoring was similar between two groups. While the P3go was larger in high than low trait anger groups, the P3nogo did not differ between two groups. This induced the smaller nogo effect of P3 in high than that in low trait anger group, which is closely related to the actual inhibition of the motor system. These data suggest the reduced later stage of inhibitory processes in high trait anger individuals, implicating the dysfunction of inhibitory control.

High and Low Trait Anger, Angry Thoughts, and the Recognition of Anger Problems.

This research had two goals: (1) it tested hypotheses of the State-Trait Model of anger, and (2) it explored characteristics that may distinguish individuals with high trait anger who recognize problems with their anger from those who do not recognize anger problems. Regarding the first goal, findings supported three hypotheses tested. In particular, compared to those low in trait anger, individuals with high trait anger reported: (a) more intense anger (intensity hypothesis), p < .001, effect size (η(2)) = .109; (b) more thoughts involving pejorative labeling/denigration, p < .001, η(2) = .280, thoughts of revenge, p < .001, η(2) = .170, more outward, negative anger expression (anger-out), p < .001, η(2) = .229, and more physically aggressive expression, p < .001, η(2) = .046-.123, (aggression hypothesis); and (c) more anger suppression (anger-in), p < .001, η(2) = .231, and fewer thoughts of self-control, p < .001, η(2) = .088, and behavioral efforts to control angry feelings (anger control-in), p < .001, η(2) = .116, and behavior (anger control-out), p < .001, η(2) = .260 (reduced positive coping hypothesis). For the second goal we employed two types of individuals, both with high trait anger: those who identified anger as a personal problem and wanted help, and those who did not identify anger as a personal issue. As a result, compared to those who did not report anger problems, those who reported anger problems demonstrated a higher overall propensity to experience anger (i.e., higher trait anger), p < .01, η(2) = .028, greater anger suppression and harboring grudges (anger-in), p < .001, η(2) = .035, fewer thoughts of self-control, p < .05, η(2) = .015, and attempts to control their angry feelings (anger-control-in), p < .05, η(2) = .016, and behavior (anger-control-out), p < .001, η(2) = .054. Gender was not associated with trait anger or anger problem recognition. Findings were discussed in terms of State-Trait Theory and implications for anger interventions.

Anger Proneness, Gender, and the Risk of Heart Failure

BackgroundEvidence regarding the association of anger proneness with incidence of heart failure is lacking. Methods and ResultsAnger proneness was ascertained among 13,171 black and white participants of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study cohort with the use of the Spielberger Trait Anger Scale. Incident heart failure events, defined as occurrence of ICD-9-CM code 428.x, were ascertained from participants' medical records during follow-up in the years 1990–2010. Relative hazard of heart failure across categories of trait anger was estimated with the use of Cox proportional hazard models. Study participants (mean age 56.9 [SD 5.7] years) experienced 1,985 incident HF events during 18.5 (SD 4.9) years of follow-up. Incidence of HF was greater among those with high, as compared to those with low or moderate trait anger, with higher incidence observed for men than for women. The relative hazard of incident HF was modestly high among those with high trait anger, compared with those with low or moderate trait anger (age-adjusted hazard ratio for men: 1.44 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.23–1.69). Adjustment for comorbidities and depressive symptoms attenuated the estimated age-adjusted relative hazard in men to 1.26 (95% CI 1.00–1.60). ConclusionsAssessment of anger proneness may be necessary in successful prevention and clinical management of heart failure, especially in men.

A test of Spielberger’s state-trait theory of anger with adolescents: Five hypotheses.

Spielberger's state-trait theory of anger was investigated in adolescents (n = 201, ages 10-18, 53% African American, 47% European American, 48% female) using Deffenbacher's five hypotheses formulated to test the theory in adults. Self-reported experience, heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) responses to anger provoking imagery scripts found strong support for the application of this theory to adolescents. Compared with the low trait anger (LTA) group, adolescents with high trait anger (HTA) produced increased HR, SBP, and DBP, and greater self-report of anger to anger imagery (intensity hypothesis) but not greater self-report or cardiovascular reactivity to fear or joy imagery (discrimination hypothesis). The HTA group also reported greater frequency and duration of anger episodes and had longer recovery of SBP response to anger (elicitation hypothesis). The HTA group was more likely to report negative health, social, and academic outcomes (consequence hypothesis). Adolescents with high hostility reported more maladaptive coping with anger, with higher anger-in and anger-out than adolescents with low hostility (negative expression hypothesis). The data on all five hypotheses supported the notion that trait anger is firmly entrenched by the period of adolescence, with few developmental differences noted from the adult literature.

Abstract P116: Trait Anger Increases Short-term and Long-term Risk for Recurrent CHD: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study

Though several large epidemiologic studies have demonstrated the positive association of anger with coronary heart disease (CHD) onset, a dearth of population-based evidence exists regarding the relationship of anger to the clinical course of CHD among people with established disease. Trait anger is conceptualized as a stable personality trait and defined as the tendency to experience frequent and intense anger. Therefore, it is plausible that the effects of trait anger on CHD are long standing. We assessed the hypothesis that trait anger predicts short-term and long-term risk for recurrent CHD among middle-aged men and women. Participants were 611 black or white men and women, ages 48 - 67, who had a history of CHD at the second clinical examination (1990-1992) of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. They were followed for the recurrence of CHD (myocardial infarction or fatal CHD) from 1990 through three different time intervals: 1995, 2003, and 2009 (maximum follow-up = 19.0 years). Trait anger (measured at Visit 2) was assessed using the Spielberger Trait Anger Scale, with scores categorized as high, moderate, and low. Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were adjusted for age, sex, race-center, educational level, waist-to-hip ratio, plasma LDL-and HDL-cholesterol levels, hypertension, diabetes, cigarette smoking status, and pack-years of cigarette smoking. After 3 - 5 years of follow-up, the risk for recurrent CHD among participants with high trait anger was more than twice that of their counterparts with low trait anger (2.24 [95% C.I: 1.14 to 4.40]). After 11 - 13 years, the risk was 80% greater (1.80 [95% C.I: 1.17 to 2.78]) and after 17 - 19 years, it was 70% greater (1.70 [95% C.I: 1.15 to 2.52]). The risk for recurrent CHD was strongest in the first time interval but remained strong and statistically significant through 19 years of follow-up. In conclusion, the experience of frequent and intense anger increases short-term and long-term risk for recurrent CHD in middle-aged men and women.

Abstract P436: Trait Anxiety and Anger Do Not Predict Incident Type 2 Diabetes Independent of Depression: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis

Introduction: Prior studies have shown a bidirectional association between depression and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM); however, the prospective association of anxiety and anger with T2DM is not established. We hypothesized that trait anxiety and anger would predict incident T2DM, independent of depressive symptoms, in a multi-ethnic cohort. Methods: In the Multi-ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA), we prospectively examined the association of trait anxiety and trait anger (assessed via the Spielberger Trait Anxiety and Trait Anger Scales, respectively) with incident T2DM over 7 years in 5,941 White, Black, Hispanic, and Chinese participants (53.6% women, mean age 61.8 years) at baseline without prevalent T2DM or cardiovascular disease. We used multivariable logistical regression models to calculate the odds ratios (OR) of incident T2DM by anxiety quartile and anger category (low, medium, high). Results: In the minimally adjusted model, compared to quartile 1, the OR for incident T2DM were 1.25 and 1.38 for trait anxiety quartiles 3 and 4, respectively and the OR for incident T2DM was 1.50 for those with high trait anger compared to low trait anger (Table). In both models, these associations were attenuated and became non-significant following additional adjustment for depressive symptoms (modeled as continuous Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression score) and antidepressants. Additional adjustment for socioeconomic, behavioral, metabolic, and inflammatory factors did not change either association (Table). Conclusion: Higher trait anxiety and anger were associated with incident T2DM; however, these associations appeared to be explained by the presence of depressive symptoms and socioeconomic status. These data suggest that the emotional traits of anxiety and anger may impact T2DM risk due to their symptoms overlap with depression.

Anger and Perceived Parenting: A Study of a Japanese Population

To assess the effects of perceived rearing during childhood on adult trait anger and anger expression, we evaluated parents of young children attending paediatric clinics (N = 1118). Participants rated their trait anger level and anger expression styles using the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory and also rated the rearing patterns of their parents during childhood using the Parental Bonding Instrument. A structural equation model suggested that (1) Anger In and Anger Out were predicted by Trait Anger, while Anger Control was predicted by low Trait Anger; (2) Trait Anger was predicted by the affectionless control rearing style of participants’ fathers during childhood, but not by their mothers’ rearing styles; and (3) none of the anger expression scores were predicted directly by the perceived rearing of the participants’ parents. Results did not differ between male and female participants. Adult trait anger may be explained by people’s perception of their rearing during childhood.

High Trait Anger Mexican Youth: Characteristics, Parental Anger, and Counseling Needs

This study compared three groups of Mexican youth: (1) high trait anger adolescents recognizing anger problems (HR); (2) high trait anger youth not reporting anger problems (HNR); and (3) low trait anger adolescents not reporting anger problems (LNR). The HR group was sizable, representing 21% of all students and 72% of high anger youth. Compared to LNR, high anger groups (HR and HNR) experienced more angry feelings, engaged in anger suppression (e.g., holding anger in and harboring grudges) and aggressive anger expression (e.g., urges to aggression, physical aggressive anger expression toward others and toward self and objects), and reported lower internal and external anger control (e.g., relaxing and controlling one's behavior when angry). High anger groups also reported greater trait anger in both parents than LNR, suggesting parent's anger is a risk factor for anger in adolescents. HR and HNR groups, however, did not differ on any variable. Findings for high anger groups supported the intensity, aggression, and reduced positive coping hypotheses of State-Trait Anger Theory. Findings were also discussed in terms of the counseling needs of high anger Mexican youth and State-Trait Theory.