Lower Test Weight Research Articles

Nutritional guide to feeding wheat and wheat co-products to swine: a review.

Inclusion of wheat grain can offer feeding opportunities in swine diets because of its high starch, crude protein (CP), amino acid (AA), and phosphorus (P) content. High concentrations of starch within wheat grain makes it a good energy source for swine. Mean energy content of wheat was 4,900 and 3,785 kcal/kg dry matter (DM) for digestible energy and metabolizable energy, respectively. CP concentration can vary based on the class of wheat which include hard red winter, hard red spring, soft red winter, hard white, soft white, and durum. The average CP of all wheat data collected in this review was 12.6% with a range of 8.5% to 17.6%. The AA concentration of wheat increases with increasing CP with the mean Lys content of 0.38% with a standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of 76.8%. As CP of wheat increases, the SID of AA in wheat also increases. Mean P of wheat was 0.27% and median P was 0.30%. Off-quality wheat is often associated with sprouts, low-test weight, or mycotoxin-contamination. Sprouted and low-test weight wheat are physical abnormalities associated with decreased starch within wheat kernel that leads to reductions in energy. The assumed energy value of wheat grain may need to be reduced by up to 10% when the proportion of sprouted to non-sprouted wheat is up to 40% whereas above 40%, wheat's energy may need to be reduced by 15% to 20%. Low-test weight wheat appears to not influence pig performance unless it falls below 644kg/m3 and then energy value should be decreased by 5% compared to normal wheat. Deoxynivalenol (DON) contamination is most common with wheat grain. When content is above the guidance level of 1mg/kg of DON in the complete diet, each 1mg/kg increase in a DON-contaminated wheat-based diet will result in a 11% and 6% reduction in ADG and ADFI for nursery pigs, and a 2.7% and 2.6% reduction in ADG and ADFI, in finishing pigs, respectively. Wheat co-products are produced from the flour milling industry. Wheat co-products include wheat bran middlings, millrun, shorts, and red dog. Wheat co-products can be used in swine diets, but application may change because of differences in the final diet energy concentration due to changes in the starch and fiber levels of each wheat co-product. However, feeding wheat co-products are being evaluated to improve digestive health. Overall, wheat and wheat co-products can be fed in all stages of production if energy and other nutrient characteristics are considered.

Morpho-genetic characterization of black-husked small-grain aromatic rice landrace Kalojira of West Bengal

The morpho-genetic characterization of Kalojira, a black-husked non-Basmati type scented rice landrace, was done at Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya (BCKV), Kalyani, West Bengal, India during kharif (wet) season of 2013, 2014 for DUS test, followed by 2019 and 2020 for confirmation of recorded traits, and molecular study was conducted at Bose Institute, Kolkata. The long-statured plants (scale 7, 140-150 cm height) had less foliage and stiff culm with late heading (119±4 days) and late maturity (scale 7, 151±4 days). The bi-sexual flower of the genotype consisted of six yellow-coloured plump anthers and an ovary with white-coloured feathery stigma. The short-sized matured grain (4.9 mm) had black coloured lemma-palea without awn, purple sterile lemma and low test weight (13.1 g). The white-coloured short-bold type kernels (length 3.7 mm and width 2.1 mm) had low amylose content (18.0%), medium gelatinization temperature (alkali spreading value 3.1) and medium-strong aroma (score 2.4). The DNA-based study using 23 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers revealed that four markers (RM 149, RM 339, RM 341 and RM 569) made greater genetic distances (276 vs. 247 bp, 180 vs. 143 bp, 141 vs. 175 bp, and 194 vs. 168 bp, respectively) between Kalojira and IR 36 in the investigation.

Effects of pozole broth production on phenolic acids and antioxidant activity of specialty maize landraces

Pozolero is a maize genotype used to prepare a traditional and ancient dish (broth) named pozole. The large and soft-textured kernels are lime-cooked (nixtamalized) and boiled until the kernels burst. In this study, six different maize genotypes were used to produce pozole, and the effects of processing on phenolic acids and antioxidant (AOX) activity were evaluated. Total and specific phenolic acids and AOX activity were assayed in soluble and bound forms and measured before and during processing in the pozole broth. Results showed that pozolero genotypes displayed the expected biophysical properties, such as high flotation index (>90%), high germ and pedicel proportions, and low test weight (<650 kg h L−1). The optimum cooking and bursting times were 160 and 100 min, respectively. A significant reduction (higher than 80%) was found (p < 0.05) when raw whole grains were processed into burst kernels regarding total phenolic acids, p-coumaric and trans-ferulic acid (soluble and bound) content, and AOX activity. Nevertheless, compounds lost after bursting lixiviated into the pozole broth, which was mainly associated with cell wall phytochemicals. Of the six genotypes analyzed, the white pozolero-77 genotype showed the best physical, nutraceutical, and cooking properties. Although some phenolics were lost during nixtamalization and discarded in the nejayote, the burst pozole kernels and their broths retained significant amounts of phenolic compounds, representing an alternative source of phytonutrients.

Durum wheat yield and protein influenced by nitrogen management and cropping rotation

Nitrogen (N) is the major input for cereal grain production. N management in durum wheat (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum) is critical for optimizing grain yield, protein concentration, and utilization efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer. A two-year study was conducted in the semi-arid region of the US Northern Great Plains (NGP) to investigate nitrogen input levels and application methods under fallow-durum and pea-durum systems. A durum wheat (cv. Joppa) was planted in the field following fallow or field pea with N input levels of 65 and 135 kg ha−1 and four application methods for each N input level. Results showed that water was the major limiting factor determining grain yield and protein concentration. Grain yield was greater but with similar protein concentration following fallow (1958 kg ha−1, 16.7%) than following field pea (1754 kg ha−1, 16.4%). Increasing N input from 65 kg ha−1 to 135 kg ha−1decreased grain yield from 1933 to 1779 kg ha−1 but improved protein concentration from 16.3 to 16.8%, which resulted in a negative nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). Application method of N did not significantly affect yield and protein, but there was a trend of yield increase via split application of N at the lower rate in a wetter year. The drought in 2017 resulted in lower test weight and harvest index (HI). The HI was lower in the135 kg ha−1 N rate than in the 65 kg ha−1 N rate, especially in the dryer year. Excessive N inputs in a water-limited environment may result in ‘haying-off’.

Morphological description based on DUS characters and molecular characterization of ‘Sikkim Primitive’ maize: an endangered unique genetic resource

Abstract‘Sikkim Primitive’ (SP) maize locally known as ‘murali makkai’ in Sikkim is a unique genetic resource exhibiting prolificacy and excellent popping capacity. Status of SP has reached extinction level due to its very small population size and neglected conservation efforts in-situ. In an initial effort to conserve and revive this landrace, characterization and documentation was carried out with 31 morphologically assayed traits recorded at different growth stages along with molecular characterization with simple-sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Plants exhibited prolificacy (5–6 cobs/plant) and excellent popping capacity along with other distinct traits. Plants were tall with thin stem, loose drooping tassel with anthocyanin coloration present at the base of glumes and in brace roots. Cobs were medium sized carrying small seeds with low test weight (87.90 g). A total of 22 SSR markers show amplification in murali makkai with markers bnlg1083, umc1353, umc1128, bnlg1017, bnlg2077, umc2298 and umc2373 amplified unique amplicons ranging from 100 to 800 bp. The characterized set of traits and molecular characterization for murali makkai will facilitate in utilization for genetic improvement and maintenance of genetic purity.

AAC Whitehead hard white spring wheat

AAC Whitehead, an awned hard white spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar, combines high grain yield and good agronomic characteristics with excellent disease resistance. Based on 34 station-years of registration trial data from 2017 to 2019, AAC Whitehead had grain yield significantly higher than all of the check cultivars. AAC Whitehead had maturity similar to the checks, low lodging scores, and significantly shorter plant height than Snowstar and Whitehawk. AAC Whitehead had significantly lower test weight and higher kernel mass than than all the check cultivars. AAC Whitehead expressed resistance to the prevalent races of leaf, stripe and stem rust, and common bunt; and moderate resistance to Fusarium head blight (FHB). It also expressed tolerance to the orange wheat blossom midge. AAC Whitehead expresses quality attributes within the range of the check cultivars and is eligible for grades of Canada Western Hard White Spring wheat.

Agro-morphological and molecular characterization of traditional scented Radhatilak rice of lower Gangetic plains of West Bengal

Radhatilak, an indigenous tall-indica type scented rice, is presently cultivated in small pockets in 3-4 districts within lower gangetic plains of West Bengal, India. With a view to register as a farmers' variety, its agro-morphological characterization was done at 'C' Block Farm, B.C.K.V., Kalyani, West Bengal during kharif (wet) season of 2012, 2013 and 2014 following DUS test guidelines of Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers' Rights Authority (PPV&amp;FRA). The variety has late heading (115-120 days) and late maturity (140-150 days), which produces long-statured plants (130-140 cm height) with no anthocyanin colouration on leaf blade and sheath, nodes and internodes. The colour of lemma and palea is golden-yellow with red or reddish-purple spot at tip at maturity, while sterile lemma is red in colour. The awnless grains are short in length (6.3 mm) with very low test weight (10.95 g). The white- coloured kernels are short-bold in shape with low amylose (18.6%), medium gelatinization temperature (alkali value 3.3) and medium-strong aroma. Twenty three SSR markers were used for DNA amplification profiling of Radhatilak rice against non-aromatic international check variety IR 36. The study could identify two markers (RM 339 and RM 341) which can clearly distinguish Radhatilak and IR 36 (182.39 vs. 143.09 bp and 135.39 vs. 174.97 bp, respectively).

Agronomic Performance of Perennial Grain Genotypes in the Palouse Region of the Pacific Northwest, USA

Annual plants are currently the dominant growth habit for grain production systems but often create agroecosystems with negative environmental consequences. Developing grains with a perennial growth habit provides an opportunity to produce staple crops in a more environmentally beneficial manner. Amphiploids of perennial tall wheatgrass (Thinopyrum elongatum) and common annual wheat (Triticum aestivum) have been produced for wheat-like traits while exhibiting post-sexual cycle regrowth (PSCR). Here we report results from two experiments at two locations in the Palouse region of the U.S. Pacific Northwest (PNW) designed to (1) evaluate a subset of the current perennial grain germplasm base and (2) test post-harvest management strategies on key perennial growth habit traits. The first experiment evaluated 18 putative perennial amphiploid lines, two annual wheat varieties, and one intermediate wheatgrass variety (Thinopyrum intermedium) for yield, PSCR, key agronomic traits, and grain quality characteristics. Results from this trial showed mean yields ranged from 713 to 2874 kg/ha among the amphiploids and 1627 to 6867 kg/ha with the annual wheat varieties. Variation across the amphiploids was found for key agronomic and quality traits, indicating potential for continued selection and improvement. When compared to the two annuals, the four highest-yielding amphiploids produced the same yield at one location but 50 to 60% less at the other. Regarding grain qualities, amphiploids had lower test weights and thousand kernel weights, smaller kernel diameters, lower starch content, and higher protein, ash, and fiber. The second experiment investigated the effect of post-harvest residue management on PSCR and winter survival of two amphiploids using mowing, burning, and a control. Mowing the residue and PSCR significantly increased winter survival across both amphiploids at one location from 3% in the control to 63% in the mowed treatment. Burning the residue did not improve survival. Our results address three important challenges in perennial grain development in the Palouse region: selecting a stable perennial habit, increasing grain yield, and improving marketable grain quality traits. Each of these challenges will require significant research efforts by plant breeders and agronomists prior to widespread adoption of perennial grains in the Palouse region of the PNW.

Agro-morphological and Physico-chemical Characterization of Indigenous Scented Lal Badshabhog Rice of West Bengal, India

The agro-morphological and physico-chemical characterization of traditional aromatic Lal Badshabhog rice landrace was done at BCKV, Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal, India during kharif season of 2012, 2013 and 2014. The variety had long-statured plants (scale 7, 140–150 cm height) and late maturity (scale 7, 130–138 days). The lemma and palea of matured grain was brownish-red in colour, while sterile lemma was red and the awnless grains were short in length (5.98 mm) with very low test weight (10.6 g). The white-coloured kernels belonged to short-bold group (length 3.80 mm and width 1.87 mm), which had low amylose content (18.1%), medium alkali value (score 3.3) and medium aroma (score 2.1).

Morpho-genetic Characterization of Traditional Aromatic Tulaipanji Rice of North Bengal, India

Tulaipanji is a non-Basmati type aromatic rice landrace of old alluvial region of North Bengal in eastern part of India, which is presently cultivated in about 7,000 ha. land with production of 14,000–15,000 tonnes paddy every year. With a view to develop the phenotypic and genetic database of the unique variety, its agro-morphological characterization was done at ‘C’ Block Farm, B.C.K.V., Kalyani, West Bengal during kharif (wet) season of 2011, 2012 and 2013 following the DUS test guidelines of Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights Authority (PPV&FRA). The variety had late heading (110–115 days) and late maturity (140–150 days), which produced long statured plants (125–135 cm height) with no anthocyanin colouration on leaf blade, sheath, nodes and internodes. The flower was bi-sexual including six yellow coloured anthers, and an ovary with white or yellowish-white feathery stigma. The lemma and palea were straw in colour with long awns (mean length 17.3 mm), and the grains were short in length (7.5 mm) with low test weight (15.6 g). The kernels were medium-slender (length 5.27 mm and width 1.91 mm) in shape and white in colour, which had low amylose content (17.2%), medium gelatinization temperature (alkali value 4.3) and medium aroma. 23 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were used for DNA amplification profile to develop molecular base-pair length database of Tulaipanji rice against non-aromatic international check variety IR 36 in the study. Among them, one marker (RM 182) recorded similar molecular weights for both the varieties, while two markers (RM 207 and RM 339) made greater genetic distances between Tulaipanji and IR 36 (75.82 vs. 128.48 bp and 182.76 vs. 143.09 bp, respectively).

Morpho-Agronomic and molecular characterization of gobindabhog, a traditional aromatic rice of West Bengal, India

The agro-morphological characterization of Gobindabhog, a traditional non-Basmati type aromatic rice of lower gangetic plains and rahr (red and laterite) region of West Bengal was done at B.C.K.V., Kalyani, West Bengal, India during kharif season of 2011, 2012 and 2013 following DUS test guidelines of Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights Authority (PPVF which had late heading (110–115 days) and late maturity (scale 7, 140–150 days). The flower was bi-sexual including six yellow coloured anthers, and an ovary with white/yellowish-white feathery stigma. The lemma and palea of grain were straw or goldenyellow in colour and the grains were awnless, short in length (6.1 mm) with very low test weight (10.17 g). The kernels were short-bold (length 3.97 mm and width 1.95 mm) in shape with white colour, which had low amylose content (17.9%), medium gelatinization temperature (alkali value 3.3) and medium-strong aroma. 23 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were used for DNA amplifi cation profile to develop molecular base-pair length database of Gobindabhog rice against non-aromatic international check variety IR 36 in the study. Among them, two markers (RM 341 and RM 339) made greater genetic distance (95.33 vs. 174.97 bp and 180.75 vs. 143.09 bp, respectively) between Gobindabhog and IR 36.

Effects of Row Spacing and Nitrogen Rate on Wheat Grain Yield and Profitability as Influenced by Diseases.

In Ohio, changes in nitrogen (N) fertilizer application rates and row spacing in combination with fungicide applications have been proposed as possible strategies for increasing wheat productivity and profitability. Field experiments were conducted in 2013, 2014, and 2015 to evaluate the benefits of increasing row spacing and N rates in soft red winter wheat as influenced by diseases. Combinations of narrow (19 cm) and wide (38 cm) row spacings, N rates ranging from 34 to 180 kg ha-1, and the fungicide prothioconazole + tebuconazole applied at flag leaf emergence, boot, or early anthesis represented different management programs. Linear mixed model analyses were performed to evaluate the effects of N, row spacing, and fungicide timing on leaf rust, Fusarium head blight (FHB), and deoxynivalenol (DON), and to quantify relationships among leaf rust, N, grain yield (YLD), and test weight (TW). YLD, TW, grain prices and price discounts, as well as input costs were used to estimate net cash income (NCI) for each management program. Wide row wheat had statistically higher mean FHB and DON, and lower mean yield and test weight than narrow row wheat in 2014 and 2015 but not in 2013. There were significant positive linear relationships between leaf rust and N as well as YLD and TW with N. Differences in FHB and DON among N rates were not statistically significant. Leaf rust severity was consistently lower in treated plots, with efficacy influenced by N rate and application timing. Programs with narrow row spacing and treated with the fungicide generally resulted in the highest mean YLD and TW across N rates. Price discounts due to high FDK and DON, and low TW were higher, and consequently, NCIs were lower in 2014 and 2015 than in 2013. The highest NCIs were obtained for programs with the highest YLD and lowest price discounts, consequently programs with wide row spacing, a fungicide treatment, and high N rates were only economically beneficial when FHB levels were low and grain prices were high.

Effects of Two DifferentPozolePreparation Processes on Quality Variables and Pasting Properties of Processed Maize Grain

The effects of two differentpozolepreparation processes, traditional (TP) and industrial (IP), on quality variables, chemical composition, and pasting properties of processed grain of nine maize landraces were evaluated. Nixtamalization and steeping time in TP (~15 h) allowed more water absorption resulting in higher moisture content as well as softer debranned nixtamal relative to the debranned nixtamal produced by IP (52 min). Steeping in TP and bleaching in IP increased the pasting temperature, peak viscosity, and time to peak viscosity of maize starch. Flowering time was shorter in IP (&lt;120 min) than in TP (&gt;120 min) and was significantly affected by the hardness of debranned nixtamal and bleached precooked grains. Total dry matter loss was higher in IP (&gt;10.5%) than in TP (&lt;5.0%), mainly due to the complete elimination of pedicel and pericarp by the Ca(OH)2+ NaOH solution during cooking. Soft grains, with low test weight, a high proportion of floury endosperm, and high peak viscosity, are required to obtain higher yield of bleached precooked grains and soft flowered grains in both processes.

Effect of Lr34/Yr18 on agronomic and quality traits in a spring wheat mapping population and implications for breeding

The locus Lr34/Yr18 plays an important role in conferring resistance to a number of fungal diseases and is thus an important component of global wheat breeding efforts. We investigated the differences in disease response and agronomic traits of the ‘CDC Teal’ × ‘CDC Go’ spring wheat population of 187 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) in relation to the presence/absence of the rust resistance gene Lr34/Yr18. Lines carrying the resistant allele of Lr34/Yr18 were taller, matured earlier, and yielded less grain with lower test weights than lines without Lr34/Yr18. Lines with or without the resistant allele of Lr34/Yr18 did not differ for grain protein content, SDS sedimentation volume, and for resistance to leaf spotting and common bunt. Lines with Lr34/Yr18 exhibited lower leaf and stripe rust infection than lines without it. We selected superior lines from the population based on high yield, protein content, SDS sedimentation, and the presence of the resistant allele of Lr34/Yr18 and grew them with continued selection in replicated yield trials over nine site-years. We attempted to combine Lr34/Yr18 with high yield, protein content, and SDS sedimentation suitable for the Canadian western red spring wheat class. Our results suggested that the population size we used was not large enough to obtain recombinants with high yield potential, high grain protein, and acceptable quality attributes. Moreover, selection for Lr34/Yr18 resulted in the elimination of lines with high yield potential. We therefore suggest using a population size of at least 310 to increase the potential of pooling Lr34/Yr18 with high grain yield and desirable agronomic and end-use quality attributes.

The effects ofRhtsemi-dwarfing alleles on agronomic traits in Korean wheat cultivars

The allelic variation at Rht-B1, Rht-D1 and Rht8 loci of Korean wheat cultivars was determined to evaluate the relationship between agronomic traits and different Rht alleles. Korean wheat cultivars had high frequency of Rht-B1a (70.4%) and Rht-D1a (51.9%) alleles. Thirteen cultivars carried both Rht-B1a and Rht-D1b alleles but no cultivar carried both Rht-B1b and Rht-D1b alleles. Only two cultivars, Namhae and Ol, showed 206bp fragment and whereas remaining genotypes showed 196bp at Rht8 loci. Cultivars carrying Rht-D1a and Rht8196bp alleles exhibited higher thousand kernel weight and test weight (40.2g and 809.9g, respectively) as compared to their counterpart alleles (36.6g and 788.1g, respectively). Cultivars carrying Rht-B1a and Rht-D1a alleles showed lower number of kernels per spike than those with other alleles at Rht-B1 and Rht-D1 loci. Cultivars, Namhae and Ol, carrying Rht8206bp allele showed lower test weight regardless the allelic compositions at Rht-B1 and Rht-D1 loci. Significant differences were recorded in culm and spike length regardless of allelic variation of these semi-dwarf genes.

Relative performance of Canadian spring wheat cultivars under organic and conventional field conditions

Producing higher yields under organic conditions is generally hampered by weeds and lesser nutrient supply. In wheat certain adaptive traits like early season vigour, taller plants, and shorter life cycle have been reported to help plants compete with weeds and produce satisfactory yields. In this experiment we tested the hypothesis ‘that early flowering and maturity conferred by insensitive vernalization alleles Vrn-A1a and/or Vrn-B1 has a yield advantage under organic conditions’ in Canadian spring wheat germplasm. We genotyped 32 cultivars for their vernalization gene composition (Vrn-A1a, Vrn-B1 and Vrn-D1) and studied these cultivars in organic and conventional management systems. We found 88 % of the cultivars possessed vernalization (Vrn) insensitive allele Vrn-A1a either alone or in combination with Vrn-B1. There were no differential affects between the cultivars having insensitive Vrn allele at either single locus (Vrn-A1a) or two (Vrn-A1a, Vrn-B1) under organic and conventional field conditions; except for days to maturity, where cultivars having only Vrn-A1a allele matured earlier. This earlier maturity did not translate to any yield advantage under organic field conditions. Overall, the cultivars grown under organic conditions were earlier flowering, lower yielding with lower test weight compared to the conventional management system. Significant cultivar × environment interactions were found for grain yield, grain protein content and grain fill rate. For grain protein content, cross-over interactions of the cultivars between the management systems were observed. Three cultivars (Marquis, Unity and Minnedosa) exhibited minimal comparative loss in grain yield and grain protein content under organic field conditions, and hence could potentially serve as parents for organic wheat breeding programs.

Comparison of the processing and quality of tortillas produced from larger grain borer Prostephanus truncatus (Horn.) resistant and susceptible maize genotypes

The aim of this research was to compare the processing and quality of tortillas produced from two kinds of larger grain borer (LGB) Prostephanus truncatus (Horn.) damaged kernels: resistant (IRM) and susceptible (ISM) genotypes. The damaged LGB kernels had significant lower test weight, 1000 kernel weigh and density. The ISM kernels were more negatively affected by insects compared with the IRM counterpart. A significant reduction of 5% in starch was observed in IRM kernels but not in ISM counterparts. Flour acidity and protein increased 8-fold and 5%, respectively parallel to an augmentation of weight grain losses whereas the crude fat content significantly reduced by 29%. Insect damage enhanced the penetration of the hot lime solution into the starchy endosperm. Insect infested kernels which lost 10% and 20% of their weight required 34% and 42% less lime-cooking time compared to sound kernels. The 10% and 20% insect-damaged kernels lost 15 and 23% of their solids during storage and tortilla processing, respectively. Finally, LGB damaged kernels reduced substantially the tortilla quality in terms of color.

국산밀 품질 향상을 위한 지역별 재배 현황 및 원맥 특성 평가 II. 농가 수집 원맥 특성 평가

국산밀을 재배하는 전국 175농가를 대상으로 2년 동안 농업형질과 원맥 특성을 조사 한 결과, 간장, 수장, 경수와 이형주율은 년차간 차이를 나타내었다. 시비량이 많았던 남부지역에서 재배된 밀의 간장이 중북부 지역 보다 길었으며, 추비시기는 간장에 영향이 없었지만, 3월 중순 이후에 늦게 추비를 준 농가의 수장은 다른 농가에 비하여 길었으나 경수는 감소하였다. 추비 횟수는 농업형질에 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 농업형질과 마찬가지로 원맥 특성도 연차간 변이가 있었으며, 남부지역에서 재배된 밀은 중북부지역에서 재배된 밀에 비하여 천립중이 높았으며, 리터중은 낮았으며, 전라북도는 다른 지역에 비하여 낮은 회분 함량과 높은 단백질 함량을 나타냈으며, 전라남도는 다른 지역에 비하여 높은 회분 함량을 나타내었다. 추비시기가 리터중에는 영향을 주었지만 천립중과 회분 및 단백질 함량에는 영향을 주지 않았으며, 추비 횟수도 원맥 특성에 영향이 없는 것으로 나타났다. 시비량에 따라 간장이 증가하고, 천립중과 단백질 함량이 증가하였으며, 수장과 회분함량은 시비량과 부의 상관을 나타내었다. 단백질 함량은 천립중과 정의 상관을 나타내었지만 회분 함량은 천립중 및 리터중과 부의 상관을 나타내었다. 간장이 증가할수록 천립중은 증가하고 리터중은 감소하였으며, 수장은 천립중과 부의 상관을 나타내었다. 시비량이 간장 및 원맥 특성에 영향을 미치기 때문에 품종별 용도에 맞는 밀 품종을 재배하기 위해서는 적정 시비기술에 대한 농가 지도가 필요하다. 또한, 국산 밀의 생산성 증진과 품질 향상 및 균일성 확보를 위해서는 용도별 가공적성에 적합한 품종에 대한 집단 재배단지를 조성하고 철저한 생산 관리와 체계적인 수확 후 관리 구축에 대한 종합적인 고려가 있어야 할 것이다. Agronomic characteristics and grain properties of Korean wheat of 175 farmers in nationwide for two years, 2010/2011 and 2011/2012, were evaluated to support basic data for improving grain quality of Korean wheat and enhancing Korean wheat consumption. Agronomic characteristics, including culm length, spike length, number of <TEX>$spike/m^2$</TEX> and rate of off-type plant, and grain properties, including 1000 kernel weight, test weight, moisture, ash and protein content, were influenced by year and location. Number of <TEX>$spike/m^2$</TEX>, test weight, moisture, ash and protein content of wheat cultivated in 2011 were higher than those of 2012 and culm length, spike length, rate of off-type plant and 1000 kernel weight of 2012 were higher than those of 2011. Wheat cultivated in southern part of Korea showed higher culm length and 1000 kernel weight and lower test weight than those of northern part of Korea. Spike length, number of <TEX>$spike/m^2$</TEX> and test weight were reduced by additional fertilization after mid of March, although there was no significant difference between date of additional fertilization and grain properties. Cultivated wheats in Jeollabuk-do showed lower ash content and higher protein content than those of other provinces and cultivated wheats in Jeollanam-do exhibited higher ash content than that of other provinces. As amount of fertilization increased, culm length, 1000 kernel weight and protein content increased and spike length and ash content were decreased, although date of additional fertilization did not effect on agronomic characteristics and grain properties. Amount of fertilization was positively correlated with 1000 kernel weight and protein content (r = 0.159, P < 0.05 and r = 0.212, P < 0.01, respectively) and was negatively correlated with ash content (r = -0.185, P < 0.05). Thousand kernel weight was negatively correlated with ash content (r = -0.226, P < 0.01) and positively correlated with protein content (r = 0.207, P < 0.01). Ash content increased as test weight and culm length decreased and 1000 kernel weight was influenced by culm and spike length (r = 0.397, P < 0.001 and r = -0.205, P < 0.01, respectively).

Analysing grain properties of Indian bread-wheat cultivars for defining route to end-product quality and key attributes for selection

Contribution of 16 grain parameters was examined in endproduct quality of 60 Indian bread wheat cultivars equally representing three production conditions and five megazones of the country. Even though several grain properties were correlated with product quality, only 5–6 contributed significantly. High sedimentation volume and good grain appearance were essential in the domestic product like chapati but contribution of gluten content and test weight was negative. Low polyphenol oxidase activity and less bran content emerged as strong indicators of good chapati making. Positive contributors in bread quality of Indian wheats were gluten content, gluten index, GLU 1 score and test weight whereas good grain appearance was a hindrance. Since Indian wheats are generally hard textured, grain hardness index was not a limiting factor in defining quality standards of bread and chapati. Variability available in sedimentation volume could cater needs of chapati but it could not emerge as significant contributor in bread making as cultivars with high value are rare in India. Grain softness was the dominating trait in biscuit spread factor but this product did not require high gluten content and the physical grain superiority. Study illustrated that just three parameters i.e. high sedimentation volume, gluten index and GLU 1 score in bread; and low test weight, gluten content and grain hardness index in biscuit account for 7172% variations in the baked products and can be used as selection criteria under Indian conditions.

Winter Wheat Yield Response to Wide Rows Varies By Year in the Southern Ohio River Valley

Research was conducted for three seasons (2008-2009, 2009-2010, and 2010-2011) on soft red winter wheat in row widths of 3.75, 7.5, and 15 inches at two locations in the southern Ohio River Valley. Wheat in all row widths was seeded with a small-plot drill at the standard rate of 35 seeds/ft2. A lower seeding rate of 25 seeds/ft2 was compared to the standard seeding rate in 15-inch rows. Three cultivars (‘Beck's 122,’ ‘Branson,’ and ‘Pembroke’) were tested the first two years but there was no interaction with row widths. Only Pembroke was tested in the final season. Wheat yields in 7.5-inch rows were greater than wheat yields in 15-inch rows in one out of three seasons (two out of four environments). Yields of wheat in 3.75- and 7.5-inch rows were not different. The lower seeding rate did not reduce yields in 15-inch rows. Wheat in 15-inch rows had lower test weights in several comparisons. Partial economic returns were $50/acre greater for wheat in 7.5-inch rows in 2008-2009 but no differences were observed in the other two seasons.