Low Temperature Plasma Process Research Articles

A deep-learning-based surrogate modeling method with application to plasma processing

Rapid and accurate system evolution predictions are crucial in scientific and engineering research. However, the complexity of processing systems, involving multiple physical field couplings and slow convergence of iterative numerical algorithms, leads to low computational efficiency. Hence, this paper introduces a systematic deep-learning-based surrogate modeling methodology for multi-physics-coupled process systems with limited data and long-range time evolution, accurately predicting physics dynamics and considerably improving computational efficiency and generalization. The methodology comprises three main components: (1) generating datasets using a sequential sampling strategy, (2) modeling multi-physics spatio-temporal dynamics by designing a heterogeneous Convolutional Autoencoder and Recurrent Neural Network, and (3) training high-precision models with limited data and long-range time evolution via a dual-phase training strategy. A holistic evaluation using a 2D low-temperature plasma processing example demonstrates the methodology’s superior computational efficiency, accuracy, and generalization capabilities. It predicts plasma dynamics approximately 105 times faster than traditional numerical solvers, with a consistent 2% relative error across different generalization tasks. Furthermore, the potential for transferability across various geometries is explored, and the model’s transfer capability is demonstrated with two distinct geometric domain examples.

Multimodal intelligent approach to low-temperature atmospheric plasma processing of apple slices before drying.

This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the impact of plasma treatment on the browning inhibition. A 30 min plasma treatment resulted in a pronounced decrease in the concentration of flavan-3-ols, which play a pivotal role in antioxidant defense and browning prevention. This significant reduction is likely due to plasma-induced oxidative stress, which can lead to the breakdown of these compounds or their conversion into other phenolic structures. Simultaneously, a slight increase in dihydrochalcones and flavonols was observed, suggesting a selective effect of plasma on different phenolic classes. The increase in these compounds could be attributed to the plasma's ability to induce specific reactions that generate these phenolics from other precursors present in the apples. The reduction in flavan-3-ols may affect the antioxidant capacity and health benefits associated with the apples, while the increase in dihydrochalcones and flavonols could have a positive impact on the flavor profile and potential health-promoting properties. Moreover, these modifications could contribute to the extension of shelf-life and maintenance of sensory qualities, making plasma treatment a valuable tool in the food industry for enhancing product stability and consumer appeal.

Low-Temperature Plasma-Constructed Ni-Doped W18O49 Nanorod Arrays for Enhanced Electrocatalytic Oxygen Evolution and Urea Oxidation.

Surface engineering by doping and amorphization is receiving widespread attention from the perspective of the regulation of the electrocatalytic activities of electrocatalysts. However, the effective modulation of active sites on catalysts is still challenging. Herein, a straightforward and efficient method combining hydrothermal treatment with low-temperature plasma processing is presented to synthesize Ni-doped W18O49 nanorod arrays on carbon cloth with abundant oxygen vacancies (CC/WO-Ni-x). Mild plasma doping with Ni modifies the electronic structure of the W18O49 nanorod arrays, resulting in the formation of an amorphous structure that significantly reduces the electron transfer resistance. Additionally, the coupling with high-valent W6+ (derived from W18O49) leads to the partial preoxidation of doped Ni to form active Ni3+ species and oxygen vacancies. These features are collectively responsible for the remarkable oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and urea oxidation reaction (UOR) properties of CC/WO-Ni-4, for example, 10 mA cm-2 current density, an overpotential of 265 mV required for the OER under 1.0 M KOH solution. The addition of 500 mM urea to the 1.0 M KOH solution decreases the overpotential required for the same current density from 265 to 93 mV. This study provides insights into the modification of surface structures and presents an effective strategy to optimize the electrocatalytic active sites and enhance the efficiency of multifunctional electrocatalysts.

Using Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy to Probe Surface-Localized Nonthermal Plasma Activation.

Low-temperature, nonthermal plasmas generate a complex environment even when operated in nonreactive gases. Plasma-produced species impinge on exposed surfaces, and their thermalization is highly localized at the surface. Here we present a Raman thermometry approach to quantifying the resulting degree of surface heating. A nanostructured silver substrate is used to enhance the Raman signal and make it easily distinguishable from the background radiation from the plasma. Phenyl phosphonic acid is used as a molecular probe. Even under moderate plasma power and density, we measure a significant degree of vibrational excitation for the phenyl group, corresponding to an increase in surface temperature of ∼80 °C at a plasma density of 2 × 1010 cm-3. This work confirms that surface-localized thermal effects can be quantified in low-temperature plasma processes. Their characterization is needed to improve our understanding of the plasma-induced activation of surface reactions, which is highly relevant for a broad range of plasma-driven processes.

Practical classical molecular dynamics simulations for low-temperature plasma processing: a review

Practical classical molecular dynamics simulations for low-temperature plasma processing: a review

Regulated and Gradual Polymorph Transition By Thermal and Plasma Treatment on Transition Metal Dichalcogenides

Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have two different phase structure which exhibit different properties. Generally, it can be classified into 1T (metallic) and 2H (semiconductor) phase structures according to the relative atomic direction of the TMDs. Currently, the utilization of two-dimensional (2D) materials is limited due to the lack of an appropriate phase control method of TMDs. There are several phase control methods reported so far (post-treatment chemical process, lattice deformation of physical crystals due to ion collision, phase control of materials through strain, etc.), but the disadvantages of requiring additional processes and low yield are limited for practical usage of those method. In this research, we conducted a study on gradual phase control of TMDs according to substrate temperature (150, 200, 250, 300, and 350°C) while other plasma parameters were kept constant (power, pressure, processing time, and gas ratio). By controlling the phase, the versatility of TMDs is dramatically improved. 1T-TMDs basal plane plays a crucial role as catalytically active site to enhance electrochemical properties more than 2H-TMDs. 1T-TMDs used as a hydrogen generation catalyst has been proposed as an alternative to noble metals (e.g., Pt, Ir, Ru). This is because 1T-TMDs have a metallic property and thus have dense catalytically active sites as edge and basal plane, which can be used as an electrochemical catalyst. However, the problem of (1T-TMDs) manufactured in the conventional way is that the unstable properties at room temperature of them. During the low-temperature plasma process, ion bombardment onto the substrate induces a grain boundary of several nano sizes to expand the active site per area of the surface crystal structure resulting in high catalytic activity. In addition, the possibility of large-scale production was presented on large-scale wafer synthesis, and the original phase of 1T-TMDs was preserved after the 1,000 HER cycle to prove robustness and durability. On the other hand, in the case of (2H-TMDs), instead of showing low catalytic activity, the existence of band gap makes them favorable for semiconductor device applications such as photodiode, transistor, and neuromorphic computing. In this study, by using the sputtered MoS2 and WS2 to control the ratio of different polymorph, memristive switching (RS) is investigated. Similarly, by ion bombardment onto substrates in a low-temperature plasma process, a few nano-sized particle boundaries were induced, creating a defect on the material surface. An experiment was conducted in which filaments are mimicking artificial neural networks and then ruptured under electrical bias. However, the reproducibility of filament formation for 2H-TMDs was relatively low, and the formed filament was relatively unstable. Therefore, it was intended to form a kind of 'road' to solve this problem. Here, the road was using a 1T-TMDs structure with high catalytic activity. The mixed phase of TMDs consist of a different phase (1T and 2H) structure, which depends on their process temperature. Diversity of process temperature results in various phase ratio into the material structure. Gradual phase change from 1T to 2H at various temperature (150, 200, 250, 300, and 350 °C) confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. By utilizing the mixed phase of TMDs, the metal filaments were formed along the 1T structure within 2H structure, which showing uniform RS behavior. Higher reproducibility was obtained for mixed phase structure than the 2H-TMDs and secured stability. In conclusion, by presenting a research direction on how to control the TMDs’ phases, this study can increase the utilization of the 2D material while adjusting different phases together, rather than single usage of the 2D material phases such as 1T- and 2H-TMDs.Acknowledgement: This work was supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education 2022R1A6A3A13063381 and 2022R1A3B1078163). And this work was also supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT) (No.2022R1A4A1031182).

Plasma modification of graphene nanoplatelets surfaces

Atmospheric plasma processing, which combines the efficacy of chemical processes and the safety of physical processes, has been used to modify the surface characteristics of graphite-based materials. In this work, two distinct plasma source gases, C4F8 and O2, with the addition of a rotary reactor were used. The effectiveness of modifying the basal plane of intercalated graphite nanoplatelets (GnP) was investigated with various analytical techniques and the visual observation of the dispersion of these plasma-treated GnP in solvents was also reported. It is shown that this low-temperature plasma processing technique can be used to successfully modify the GnP surface without significantly changing the intrinsic structure of the GnP, which is desirable in many applications. With the C4F8 plasma treatment, the immersion characteristics in solvents can be tuned and the functional groups present on the surface can be tailored to produce desired bonding environments. This surface chemistry tunability will provide the needed functionalities in creating graphene-containing composite materials.

A Super Anticorrosive Ultrathin Film by Restarting the Native Passive Film on 316L Stainless Steel.

The corrosion resistance of stainless steel is attributed to the extraordinary protectiveness of the ultrathin native passive film (~3 nanometers) on alloy surface. This protectiveness, independent of alloying, can possibly be further increased by modifying the native film to resist corrosion in harsh conditions. However, the modification based on the film itself is extremely difficult due to its rapid, self-limiting growth. Here we present a strategy by using low-temperature plasma processing so as to follow the growth kinetics of the native film. The native oxide film is restarted and can uniformly grow up to ~15 nanometers in a self-limiting manner. High-resolution TEM found that the film exhibited a well-defined, chemical-ordering layered structure. The following corrosion tests revealed that the anodic current density of the alloy decreased by two orders of magnitude in 0.6 M NaCl solution with a remarkable increase of pitting potential. This enhancement is also observed in Fe-Cr alloys with Cr contents above ~10.5 wt.%. The superior protectiveness of the alloy is thus attributed to the continuous and thickened high-quality ultrathin Cr2O3 layer in the restarted film.

Properties of Water Activated with Low-Temperature Plasma in the Context of Microbial Activity

The low-temperature plasma process is an advanced technology that has recently enjoyed great popularity due to its eco-friendly nature and antibacterial efficacy. Plasma-activated water (PAW)—a product of non-thermal plasma reaction with water, containing a rich variety of highly reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS), is a green prospective solution for decontamination of microorganisms in a wide range of biotechnology aspect. Here, we present a succinct review of the formation of PAW and its properties in the context of inactivation of microorganisms. Among the wide range of articles on plasma-activated water, there is no comprehensive overview of the mechanism of microbial inactivation, the influence of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species on cell components, or the role of growth phases in PAW effectiveness in inactivation. This review aims to summarize the results of research in this area, taking into account the directions of potential applications of PAW in the field of medical sciences and food technology, indicating the species or strains of inactivated microorganisms.

(Invited) Plasma Technology in Surface Engineering: From Super-Hydrophilic to Super-Hydrophobic Materials

Materials surface wettability is a fundamental property of a solid. Wettability plays a paramount role in the everyday applications of solid materials in many fields of science and technology. Numerous examples include advanced membranes (from water purification to biopharmaceuticals), energy storage devices, windows, raincoats, roofs, disposable diapers, microfluidics, bandages, tissue scaffolds, and bio-implants. With the continuous development of modern society, the demand for advanced functional materials with the desirable surface wettability is increasing faster than ever before. This is why precise control over surface wettability is expected to provide materials with superior properties for unprecedented applications in diverse fields.Over the past decade, conventional wet chemistry approaches have been among the most frequently used methods for surface wettability control. However, they are often energy-inefficient, pollute the environment, and rely on harsh synthesis conditions. Recently, low-temperature plasma processing has attracted major attention in surface wettability control. The reason for this particular interest is because plasma processing is highly-selective, environmentally friendly, and low-cost. Plasma processing can uniquely modify both the surface chemistry and surface topography for a wide range of materials. Moreover, it can be operated at very mild conditions such as room temperature, atmospheric pressure, and open-air environments.Plasma can be used as a controlled reactive physicochemical environment for surface activation, coating deposition, and nanostructuring of diverse materials. The unique plasma-specific conditions and effects allow precise control over microscopic surface chemical composition and surface nanostructures by adjusting the macroscopical energy input. Accordingly, effective control over surface wettability can be achieved for a broad range of hard and soft materials. An environmentally friendly, large scale and low-cost wetting control method that does not result in bulk damage, would result in improvement of industrial applications. A possible solution to this wetting control problem is atmospheric-pressure plasma (APP), especially the plasma generated in open-air due to the benefits of solvent-free treatment, requiring no vacuum systems and suitable for in-line processes. In the current work, we will give a comprehensive overview of different atmospheric pressure plasma processes capable to change the surface properties of the polymers with little or no change of the bulk. Two main approaches: (i) plasma activation introducing oxygen-containing groups into the material surface; (ii) plasma polymerization directed to the change of the surface composition will be highlighted and background will be explained.Recently our team developed a new approach based on the use of a combination of plasma activation and plasma polymerization, two different plasma techniques in a single process to achieve different surface wetting properties from hydrophilic to hydrophobic, with the high long-term stability of the coatings in water. Such a type of research approach realized in one plasma source was not yet applied for wettability control and has very promising application potential in the industrial processing of polymers. For surface engineering, and easy to scale-up the radio frequency (RF) plasma system was adopted to perform both plasma activation and plasma polymerization on PET substrate in the atmospheric pressure in the open air. Different characterization methods including WCA measurements, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), XPS, and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were applied to get an insight into surface chemistry and morphology and the effect of the combination of the plasma activation with plasma polymerization.The developed approach has shown the capability of stable coatings deposition with the use of acrylic acid, HMDSO or fluorine-containing precursors PFDA. We demonstrate a single-step, fast, green, cheap, and universal plasma-based approach with potential for large-scale production of oil/water separation membranes, namely aerosol-assisted plasma deposition (AAPD). A hydrophobic polyester membrane is exposed to an in-line atmospheric pressure plasma coupled with an aerosol of a 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) monomer. A plasma polymerized HEMA thin film is thus successfully coated on the membrane, resulting in an superhydrophilic/underwater superoleophobic surface. With created coating, the water pre-wetted plasma-functionalized polyester membrane shows an ultrahigh separation efficiency above 97.8% towards various oil/water mixtures and a superb water flux above 35.6 L m-2 s-1. Importantly, it also exhibits excellent performance in anti-oil-fouling, recyclability, and durability, indicating its high potential in real-life usage. To further examine the universality of the proposed approach, another hydrophilic monomer (acrylic acid) is also used to functionalize the polyester membranes. The obtained functionalized membranes can also efficiently separate diversified oil/water mixtures. Therefore, this study demonstrates the capability of plasma-based surface engineering methods to manipulate surface properties of materials in a very wide range from superhydrophobic to hydrophilic and even super-hydrophilic which opens new areas of applications.

Direct Recycling and Upcycling of Spent Graphite Anodes

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have emerged as the battery of choice for rapidly growing markets in electric vehicles (EVs) and energy storage devices. Thus, there is an enormous interest in the development of new technologies for recycling and recovery of valuable materials from secondary resources, such as those from used LIBs. Finding ways to decrease the cost of recycling could significantly reduce the life cycle cost of LIBs, avoid material shortages, lessen the environmental impact of new material production, and provide low-cost active materials for new LIB manufacturing. The recycling of spent LIBs has mainly been focused on the recycling of the cathode, while recycling of the graphite anode has only received limited attention due to its low value and complex recycling process. However, with the recent shortage of resources and the increase in production costs, recycling of the graphite anode from spent batteries can no longer be ignored. There are several challenges associated with recovering spent graphite anodes – mainly, there are a variety of metal impurities in addition to surface impurities from the solid electrolyte interface (SEI) and interior impurities that need to be removed. Conventional recycling methods are unable to solve this issue, especially for the purification process. Most current recycling systems use pyrometallurgical and/or hydrometallurgical methods, which necessitate multi-unit operations, high energy consumption, and high cost. Direct recycling, on the other hand, is a promising solution for overcoming the hurdles involved with recovering spent graphite anodes.Princeton NuEnergy (PNE) has successfully developed a novel low-temperature plasma process to enable purification and direct repair of graphite anode materials from spent LIBs. We also demonstrated a simple but effective surface coating approach to upgrade the spent graphite to produce a graphite-silicon composite that has an improved energy density. Spent graphite is an ideal choice for low-cost production of high-performance silicon-graphite composites because treated spent graphite presents a porous structure that can be combined well with silicon and effectively relieve volume expansion. The recycled graphite and upcycled graphite-silicon composite anode materials outperform the commercially available equivalent materials. The direct recycling/upcycling of graphite anode materials will increase the commercial viability of LIBs and reduce battery cost, thus accelerating the electrification of transportation and large-scale energy storage for renewable energy in the near future. In this presentation, the materials characterization and electrochemical performance of recycled/upcycled anode materials will be discussed.BEK and CY acknowledge support of this research by Princeton University under the Intellectual Property Accelerator Fund.

Carbon coated nickel cobalt phosphide with sea urchin-like structure by low temperature plasma processing for hydrogen evolution and urea oxidation

Hydrogen production from organic wastewater splitting is a promising approach to reduce electrical energy consumption and remove organic pollutants simultaneously. The key challenge is to develop an effective electrocatalyst with low-cost, high-performance and high-corrosion resistance in harsh environment. Here, a self-supported carbon coated nickel cobalt phosphide grown on nickel foam (CoNiP@C/NF) electrode is synthesized by combining hydrothermal synthesis and plasma processing. Surface coating by graphene-like nanostructure and phosphorization are achieved at mild temperature by low temperature CH4 plasma and Ar-H2-P plasma, respectively, enabling retention of the sea urchin-like structure obtained by hydrothermal reaction. Benefiting from the modulated built-in electric field, the self-supporting CoNiP@C/NF electrode exhibits highly efficient bifunctional catalytic activity for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and urea oxidation reaction (UOR), featured for the low voltage of 1.43 V at 20 mA cm−2 of a HER||UOR electrolysis cell. Whether in alkaline solution or organic wastewater, CoNiP@C/NF electrodes could generate H2 continuously and stably for more than 60 h. DFT calculation indicates that Ni doping modifies the surface charge density, which optimizes the adsorption/desorption of intermediates and facilitates the water dissociation during HER. Moreover, CoNiP possesses strong binding with the C layer, thus promoting the structural stability and charge transfer efficiency of the catalyst.

Plasma-controlled surface wettability: recent advances and future applications

ABSTRACT Materials with the desirable surface wettability are of key importance in diverse applications. However, most of the existing chemical processes used for surface wettability control are often energy-inefficient, pollute the environment, and rely on harsh processing conditions. Therefore, highly-selective, green, and low-cost alternative fabrication techniques are in urgent demand. Low-temperature plasma processing is one such promising approach that satisfies the above requirements. In this review, we present recent advances in plasma processing to control surface wettability for diverse emerging applications in the environment, energy, and biomedicine fields. The underlying mechanisms of the plasma surface engineering, key features of the fabrication processes, and water-surface interactions are discussed. This review aims to guide further development of the plasma processing to effectively control the surface wettability of various surfaces. This effort is poised to contribute to the development of advanced functional materials targeting a broad range of applications.

Carbon Coated Nickel Cobalt Phosphide with Sea Urchin-Like Structure by Low Temperature Plasma Processing for Hydrogen Evolution and Urea Oxidation

Carbon Coated Nickel Cobalt Phosphide with Sea Urchin-Like Structure by Low Temperature Plasma Processing for Hydrogen Evolution and Urea Oxidation

Carbon Coated Nickel Cobalt Phosphide with Sea Urchin-Like Structure by Low Temperature Plasma Processing for Hydrogen Evolution and Urea Oxidation

Carbon Coated Nickel Cobalt Phosphide with Sea Urchin-Like Structure by Low Temperature Plasma Processing for Hydrogen Evolution and Urea Oxidation

Formation of inverse cones in crystalline silicon by selective etching of amorphous regions resulting from epitaxial breakdown

We report on a process to form micron-scale inverse cones in crystalline silicon without any masking steps using a selective, low temperature (<175 °C) plasma process. The selectivity of the process originates from the use of a H2 plasma that preferentially etches away amorphous cones, formed as a result of epitaxial breakdown, leaving the surrounding crystalline material behind. Efficient etching is realized by pre-coating the reactor walls with hydrogenated amorphous silicon oxide (a-SiO x :H) to prevent any chemical transport of silicon towards the substrate. The etch depth of the amorphous cones is linked directly to the time of exposure to plasma. When densely packed, such structures exhibit useful optical properties, such as specular reflectance as low as 2% (with the sample appearing visibly black in the high density and fully etched regions) and iridescence (in regions of partial etching).

Local Inflammatory Response after Intramuscularly Implantation of Anti-Adhesive Plasma-Fluorocarbon-Polymer Coated Ti6AI4V Discs in Rats.

Orthopaedic implants and temporary osteosynthesis devices are commonly based on Titanium (Ti). For short-term devices, cell-material contact should be restricted for easy removal after bone healing. This could be achieved with anti-adhesive plasma-fluorocarbon-polymer (PFP) films created by low-temperature plasma processes. Two different PFP thin film deposition techniques, microwave (MW) and radiofrequency (RF) discharge plasma, were applied to receive smooth, hydrophobic surfaces with octafluoropropane (C3F8) or hexafluorohexane (C6F6) as precursors. This study aimed at examining the immunological local tissue reactions after simultaneous intramuscular implantation of four different Ti samples, designated as MW-C3F8, MW-C6F6, RF-C3F8 and Ti-controls, in rats. A differentiated morphometric evaluation of the inflammatory reaction was conducted by immunohistochemical staining of CD68+ macrophages, CD163+ macrophages, MHC class II-positive cells, T lymphocytes, CD25+ regulatory T lymphocytes, NK cells and nestin-positive cells in cryosections of surrounding peri-implant tissue. Tissue samples were obtained on days 7, 14 and 56 for investigating the acute and chronical inflammation (n = 8 rats/group). Implants with a radiofrequency discharge plasma (RF-C3F8) coating exhibited a favorable short- and long-term immune/inflammatory response comparable to Ti-controls. This was also demonstrated by the significant decrease in pro-inflammatory CD68+ macrophages, possibly downregulated by significantly increasing regulatory T lymphocytes.

Insights into the highly efficient detoxification of the biotoxin patulin in water by discharge plasma oxidation

Patulin is a neurotoxic secondary metabolite and is widely present in fruit-based products and even in drinking water. The low-temperature discharge plasma approach was developed to detoxify patulin in water. Patulin decomposition and mineralization efficiencies reached 93% and 74% at an applied voltage of 16 kV in a 30 min treatment period, respectively. 1O2, OH, O2−, and hydrated electrons generated in the discharge plasma process contributed to patulin decomposition. The lactone and hemiacetal groups that are responsible for the toxicity of patulin were significantly destroyed by discharge plasma oxidation, and some ring-opening intermediates, such as ethers, organic acids, and alcohols, were generated. Patulin decomposition pathways in this low-temperature discharge plasma process were then proposed. Model prediction indicated that acute oral toxicity in rats and developmental toxicity decreased after discharge plasma treatment, which was verified by actual cytotoxicity tests using yeast cells and HepG2 human hepatocellular carcinoma cells.

Nonequilibrium low temperature plasma in process of collagen containing polymer materials electrical properties modification

The process of treatment with nonequilibrium low temperature plasma allows to reduce collagen materials electric potential due to charges dissipating along leather surface. Under certain conditions the main reason for the generation and accumulation of static electricity is the high hydrophilicity of the material. Leather surface hydrophobization is achieved through water repellent application and bulk nonequilibrium low temperature plasma treatment. Despite material surface hydrophobization nonequilibrium low temperature plasma processing parameters for genuine collagen containing polymer materials hygroscopicity increasement are determined. Collagen containing polymer materials plasma treatment also increases its biological compatibility and antimicrobial properties, improves mechanical characteristics by changing the internal structure of the material.

Optimization of TiO2 Mesoporous Photoanodes Prepared by Inkjet Printing and Low-Temperature Plasma Processing

This study describes and evaluates a low-temperature method for ambient-air plasma fabrication of hybrid titania/silica nanocomposite mesoporous layers that generate and transport electrons. The mesoporous layers were prepared using wet coating with a dispersion consisting of prefabricated titania nanoparticles and polysiloxane binder, subsequently inkjet-printed and plasma-processed by diffuse coplanar surface barrier discharge, to form an almost inorganic titania/silica coating of the high specific surface. The study demonstrates approaches to optimization of the coating, using various TiO2 nanoparticles, and of the plasma processing, together with the economic significance of printing and plasma processing—an approach compatible with processes envisaged for the manufacture of flexible electronics.