Low Socioeconomic Factors Research Articles

A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF PARENTS' PATTERNS AND BARRIERS TO BRINGING CHILDREN TO THE DENTIST

Caries at an early age is a global problem that affects almost half of preschool children, the prevalence of early childhood caries (ECC) globally varies widely. One of the causes of caries in children less than 5 years old is the delay in the first visit to the dentist. The purpose of this study is to identify patterns of service utilization and obstacles that cause low visits to dentists so that programs can be planned that are able to increase the number of dental visits. A literature review was conducted using PubMed, ProQuest, SpringerLink, and ScienceDirect databases with keywords such as Dental care, Dental attendance, dental utilization, and Oral health promotion. The data were then thematically analyzed to uncover trends, common challenges, and effective interventions across the literature. The results of this systematic review show a pattern in visiting the dentist, including visiting for routine dental checkups, preventive treatments, acute pain conditions that have been experienced and trauma. The patterns of use of dental and oral health services in children are influenced by the level of parental education, the type of dental health care that is covered by limited health insurance, low socio-economic factors, socio-demographic factors, and lack of adequate insurance. This study aims to offer valuable insights into the patterns of dental care utilization and the obstacles preventing higher visitation rates to dental services. The findings are synthesized to highlight consistencies and gaps, ultimately providing insights to inform the development of programs aimed at improving dental visit rates.

The one health approach: combating the persistent Visceral Leishmaniasis (Kala-azar) outbreaks in Isiolo County, Kenya

Background: Visceral leishmaniasis has remained a public health problem in Kenya despite Ministry of Health’s numerous efforts. This is associated with absence of a multidisciplinary response to outbreaks. We intended to analyze community’s prioritization of causes of Visceral leishmaniasis as well as community awareness on the disease prevention and control. Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study design conducted between September 2023 to December 2023. 433 households’ heads, 23 community leaders and health workers were study informants. Results: Study findings showed clear proximity of human settlements and socioeconomic activities to the vector sandfly breeding sites. Environmental factors augmented by effects of climate change including flooding and high temperatures have sustained transmission including emergence of the disease in new foci. Low socio-economic status, environmental factors and climate change effects showed highly significant correlations with the disease and interplay with one another. Study results show lack of strategies and policies that promote effective prevention and control of Kala-azar. Stakeholders’ analysis revealed limited community awareness regarding roles played by different individuals in Kala-azar prevention, control, and elimination. Conclusions: There is a major gap in cooperation of partners in human, animal, and environmental health for achievements in public health strategies, therefore One Health approach should be adopted for integrated prevention, control, and elimination. The approach will sustainably improve and promote health while addressing the entire spectrum of disease control, including detection, preparedness, response, and management in addition to disease prevention averting this terrible disease from resurfacing in the future.

Public health efforts to prevent expansion of alcohol retail availability in neighbourhoods with factors associated with high rates of alcohol-related harms: A case report.

This commentary illustrates a recent case study within Ontario, Canada, in which the application of sociodemographic and health data was used by public health to support a legal case to oppose a retail licence application to consume liquor at a corner store located within a neighbourhood that has experienced low socio-economic factors, including low income, high unemployment and low educational attainment levels. Communities in a similar situation may draw from this situation to prevent expansion of alcohol retail availability in neighbourhoods that have low socio-economic status populations and high unemployment and other factors associated with high rates of alcohol-related harms.

Geospatial Distribution of Ambulatory Surgery Center Utilization for Otorhinolaryngologic Surgeries Among Medicare Patients From 2015 to 2019.

To investigate the geographic clustering of ambulatory surgical center (ASC) utilization in otolaryngology to determine hot spot areas of high utilization and cold spot areas of low utilization and socioeconomic factors that correlate with these hot spots and cold spots. To develop a national epidemiologic study of ASC utilization in otolaryngology in the United States. United States of America. Multiple county-level national databases were reviewed including Center for Medicare Services (CMS) physician billing data, CMS Medicare demographic data, and US Census socioeconomic data. The analysis was conducted using the average of all Medicare billing information from 2015 to 2019. Whether a procedure was performed in an ASC was extracted from CMS data using the CMS definition of an ASC. The percentage ASC billing was calculated as the fraction of CMS payments that were performed in ASCs for the top ENT procedures. A Python-based script for database building and GeoDa, Moran's I clustering coefficient, and a 1-way analysis of variance was utilized to chart and analyze demographic, geographic, and socioeconomic trends. Hot spots of utilization, with an average ASC billing of 80.13%, were seen in Southern California, Florida, Mid-Atlantic, and clusters throughout the Deep South. Cold spot clusters, with an average ASC billing of 2.21%, were located in large swaths of New England, Ohio, and the Deep South with clusters bisecting the Midwest. Cold spots had a higher percentage of poverty and percent eligible for Medicaid. ASC utilization is best used to improve cost-effectiveness and accessibility of care but what is seen is that ASC use is currently highest in cities in coastal areas which already have high levels of care access and are making the most proportional money compared to their rural counterparts.

Certain aspects of charity development: Patronage assistance in the Republic of Tuva

Subject. This article discusses the problems of the population's life prolongation in the Republic of Tuva. Objectives. The article aims to develop measures to improve the quality of social and medical services. Methods. For the study, I used a statistical analysis. Results. The article finds a relationship between low life expectancy and socio-economic factors such as poverty, unemployment, crime, and living in dilapidated housing. It reveals that the system of providing patronage services is represented exclusively by medical organizations of the Republican healthcare system in the Republic of Tuva. Conclusions. The participation of private structures to provide social case work services will contribute to improving the life quality and prolongation of the population of the Republic of Tuva.

Attitudes towards welfare and environmental policies and concerns: A matter of self-interest, personal capability, or beyond?

In times of emergent emphases on how climate change will affect welfare societies, welfare policies and individuals’ welfare and vice versa, this study investigates public support for welfare and environmental policies and concerns. Since previous research and literature have pointed towards a socioeconomic divide between the welfare agenda and the environmental agenda in terms of public support, this article makes a thorough socioeconomic analysis of public welfare and environmental attitudes. The article analyses data from an original study in the context of Sweden ( n = 1529). Through multinomial logistic regression analysis this study investigates if and which socioeconomic factors increase the likelihood of expressing mutual support for welfare and environmental policies and concerns compared to expressing support for welfare or environmental policies and concerns in isolation, as well as no support at all. The results indicate that both low and high socioeconomic status factors increase the likelihood of expressing mutual welfare and environmental support. These factors are low - to middle-range income levels, high educational attainment and low - to high-status occupations. Accordingly, this study finds that individuals expressing mutual welfare and environmental support are less easily placed in the low to high socioeconomic continuum. This suggests that we need to go beyond the two established theoretical perspectives of self-interest and personal capabilities when explaining mutual welfare and environmental support and, for example, direct the attention to factors and theoretical points of departure that take post-materialism and non-economic dimensions into account.

A Comparative Study of Epidemiology, Clinicopathologic Features and Outcome of Colorectal Cancer Patients between Ain Shams University Hospitals and Luxor International Hospital

Abstract Background Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity in the world. It is the third most common malignancy after lung & breast and the fourth leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, accounting for approximately 1,400,000 new cases and about 700,000 deaths worldwide. Objectives The aim of this retrospective study is to compare the epidemiology, clinicopathologic features, different treatment modalities and outcomes regarding disease free survival (DFS), progression free survival (PFS) & overall survival (OS) of colorectal cancer disease between cases presented to Ain shams university hospital & to Luxor international hospital in 3 consecutive years. Patients and Methods The study is retrospective comparative study. Clinical oncology department in Ain Shams University Hospital and Luxor International Hospital. The data Collected from January 2013 to December 2015. This study analyzed hospital records of patients who diagnosed with colorectal cancer (CRC) and allocated into two groups: Group A: CRC patients presented to Ain-Shams University Hospital from January 2013 to December 2015, group B: CRC patients presented to Luxor International Hospital from January 2013 to December 2015. Results There was no statistically significant difference regarding age parameter in LIH when compared to ASU, but the study was consistent with higher incidence in patients who were aged more than forty- accounted about 70.5% in all CRC cases. Cases less than 40 years old, in group A were 35.2%, while in Group B were 23.5%. Even there was no statistically significant difference but it may be attributable to more westernization in Lower Egypt. Other explanation may be due to decreased low socioeconomic status and different lifestyle factors in more developing region what increase risk of colorectal cancer. Among our cases, there is no statistically significant difference regarding gender between the two hospitals. Both sexes almost were affected equally, females appeared to be at a slightly higher risk of developing CRC cancer with current prevalence 1.3:1 in ASU group, and 1.1:1 in LIH group. Conclusion The need to increase awareness about CRC in Egypt especially upper Egypt, is recommended. An awareness campaign should be performed to promote detection of CRC at its earliest and most curable stage by recognizing early symptoms and enabling early referrals for colonoscopy. Those at higher risk should be offered more intensive surveillance. Similarity of the data from different centers suggests that this is the picture of colorectal cancer typical of Egypt.

A Review of Pneumonia in the Philippines

This review article gives an overview of pneumonia in the Philippines, with focus on childhood pneumonia. Its primary objective is to provide information on epidemiology, etiology, economic burden, risk factors and prevention of pneumonia. A review of literature was done to gather information about the disease, with emphasis on local data. In the Philippines, pneumonia is the third leading cause of death across all ages and is the most common cause of death among children<5 years of age. A prospective study on Invasive Pneumococcal Disease conducted in the Philippines looked at the incidence of chest x-ray–confirmed pneumonia (N=5,940) in three hospitals over a 2-year period. The highest incidence was seen in those 28 days to <6 months of age at two sites and those 6–12 months of age in another site. Risk factors include not exclusively breastfeeding infants <6 months, undernutrition, zinc deficiency, crowding and exposure to indoor air pollution, low birth weight, poverty and socio-economic factors, presence of underlying comorbidities and immunodeficiency states. CAP ranks number one in processed Philippine Health Insurance (PhilHealth) claims, showing the huge economic burden. Therefore, rationalizing its management with simple standardized guidelines, exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months and continued breastfeeding with appropriate complementary feeding, improving indoor air pollution, and promoting vaccination are effective interventions.

Maintaining The Status of Hydration on Mr. G With Pneumonia in Fatmawati Hospital

Pneumonia is a health problem in the world with a high mortality rate both in developing countries and in developed countries such as America, Canada and European countries. In Indonesia, the number three cause of death after cardiovascular disease and tuberculosis. Low socioeconomic factors increase mortality. This infection is generally spread from someone who is exposed in the neighborhood or has direct contact with infected people through their hands or by breathing air (droplets) due to coughing or sneezing. In the pandemic era, pneumonia is very feared because it is related to respiratory diseases which are becoming a trend and issue, so it requires special treatment in this case. This case report aims to improve the provision of nursing care for pneumonia patients to mantaining hydration status with airway clearance problems. Nursing assessment of pneumonia patients was carried out on September 13, 2020, a 52-year-old man who has a history of DM and smoking comes with complaints of coughing but no phlegm, fever since one week ago has disappeared, the patient has diarrhea since 2 days before entering the house pain and stomach pain, the patient also has nausea and vomiting and has no appetite. Nursing intervention for 3 days in accordance with the established outcome criteria. From the nursing intervension carried out, the problem of clearing the airway was resolved, marked by no coughing, normal breathing, no ronchi, moist mucosa and no cyanosis. Nursing intervention to maintaining the patient's adequate hydration status can overcome the problem of ineffective airway clearance.
 
 Keywords: Pneumonia, Airway Clearance, Hydration Status

Lower socioeconomic factors are associated with higher mortality in patients with septic shock

BackgroundPrevious studies have explored the relationship between socioeconomic status and sepsis outcomes ObjectivesThe purpose of this investigation is to determine if race, ethnicity, economic stability, neighborhood environment, and access to health care are predictive of mortality in patients with septic shock. MethodsRetrospective study of septic shock patients admitted to two medical centers. ResultsCaucasian patients had higher proportion of outpatient physician visits in the year prior to admission and were less likely to be Medicare or Medicaid beneficiaries. Thirty-day mortality was lower for the Caucasian cohort (39.3% vs. 48.7%, p < 0.01). Multivariate logistic regression found several predictors of 30-day mortality including Minority race/ethnicity (OR 1.44, 95% CI 1.12–1.86), unemployment (OR 1.40, 95% CI 1.09–1.81), and neighborhood poverty rate ≥10% (OR 1.43, 95% CI 1.01–2.01). ConclusionsMinority patients, unemployed patients, and those living in neighborhoods with poverty rates greater than 10% suffered from higher 30-day mortality when admitted for septic shock.

Evaluation of adherence to gluten-free diets in Moroccan celiac patients and factors of adherence failure

The prevalence of celiac disease (CD) is increasing in the world. In Morocco, its incidence is also increasing considerably. The gluten-free diet (GFD) remains the only effective treatment so far. Its effectiveness depends essentially on good adherence to this diet. However, several factors hinder adherence by contributing to diet failure. Within this framework, this study aims to evaluate adherence to this diet in celiac children and adolescents continuing in a tertiary health center. The article also looks to identify the different factors influencing adherence to GFD in Morocco. The results show from serological and/or biopsy tests on 238 celiac patients that half had good adherence and 13% had poor adherence. The questionnaire aimed at 127 parents or proxies of celiac children and adolescents shows that several factors are responsible for the failure to adhere to the diet such as the role of the mass media, cultural and psychological factors. The exorbitant price, nutritional quality, and low availability of gluten-free products play a major role in GFD failure. Low socio-economic factors have a negative influence on the adherence to the GFD.

Quality of Life in Individuals with Diabetic Foot Syndrome.

Diabetic foot syndrome (DFS) is a common long-term complication of diabetes mellitus. DFS has recently been associated with adverse effects that could further impair the quality of life of diabetic patients, and increase the social and economic burden, morbidity, and premature mortality of the disease. The main physio-pathological basis of DFS is due to diabetesinduced neuropathy and angiopathy in the lower limbs and feet. Patients diagnosed with DFS must significantly modify their daily habits in order to cope with signs and symptoms of DFS and this can alter their quality of life. The objective of this review is to summarize the evidence regarding the economic, physical and social limitations which can affect the quality of life (QoL) in patients with DFS, the effects of ulcers and amputations on QoL outcomes. Different aspects related to DFS such as physical alterations, psychological complaints and even disorders, socio-economic difficulties can affect the quality of life of these patients. However, the QoL related to low socio-economic factors gave mixed results and physical activity, education and type of footwear can influence the outcomes. There is a general gender-dependent higher prevalence of DFS in men, although it depends on the geographical area. DFS often co-occurs with other diabetes-induced complications (retinopathy, nephropathy and cardiovascular disorders) and comorbid obesity generally worsens it. Accessibility to health services aimed at reducing inequalities and constant health education and promotion and care regarding psychological and socio-economic issues should be continuously undertaken for individuals with DFS in order to improve their QoL.

Do Parenting Style and Adolescents’ Self-esteem Contribute to Mental Health Problems among Young Adolescents in Malaysia? An Adolescents’ Perspective

Introduction: Adolescence is a crucial phase in life, as this is the time when they are developing their identity, while at the same time forming relationships with others, including their family members. This study investigated adolescents’ mental health status in Malaysia and its associated factors including self -esteem and parenting style that are experienced by them. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 248 school-going adolescents aged 13 and 14 years in Selangor, Malaysia. The validated Malay version of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) was utilized to assess adolescents’ mental health status. In addition, the adolescents’ self-esteem was also assessed using the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale Questionnaire while the Parental Bonding Instrument was used to assess their parent’s parenting style. Results: Almost 20% of the adolescents were found to have mental health problems such as emotional and conduct problems, hyperactivity disorder and peer problems. Using multivariate analysis, factors that were associated with mental health problems were family income (AOR=2.788, 95% CI=1.397, 5.563), adolescents’ self-esteem (AOR=0.799, 95% CI=0.668, 0.955) and their perception on parental control (AOR=1.175, 95% CI=1.020, 1.353). Conclusion: This study shows that one fifth of these adolescents had mental health problems. Low socio-economic factors, over controlling parents and poor self-esteem were associated with these problems. In conclusion, it is important to educate parents on effective parenting style, as improper parenting may cause psychological distress among adolescents. Improving families’ socioeconomic status and adolescents’ self-esteem can also enhance their mental health and well-being.

Factors Associated With Family Member's Spanking of 3.5-year-old Children in Japan.

BackgroundSpanking can cause adverse psychological development and biological functional changes in children. However, spanking is widely used by parents in Japan. This study explored the risk factors for family member’s spanking of 3.5-year-old children using nationwide population data in Japan.MethodsSurveys were administered to family members in Japan who had a child in 2001 (first cohort) or in 2010 (second cohort), and the data when their child was 0.5, 1.5, and 3.5 years old were used. We used multivariate binary and ordinal logistic regression analyses to examine the associations between risk factors and spanking children at 3.5 years of age, which was subcategorized into frequencies of never, sometimes, and always spanking, presented with odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).ResultsAmong 70,450 families, 62.8% and 7.9% sometimes and always spanked their children, respectively. Children in the second cohort were spanked less frequently compared with those in the first cohort, and fathers who responded to the questionnaire spanked children less frequently than mothers who responded. Identified associated factors for spanking were male child, presence of siblings of the child, not living in a two-parent household, not living in a three-generation household, younger parents, parents with lower education, no outside work or unstable work, and lower family income.ConclusionsWe found a high prevalence of spanking and its associated factors. Approaching those with lower socioeconomic factors and promoting fathers’ involvement in parenting may be important public health strategies for reducing and preventing spanking.

An Empirical Analysis of Association between Socioeconomic Factors and Communities’ Exposure to Natural Hazards

In today’s urban environments with complex design and configurations, heterogeneous spatial clusters of communities with different socioeconomic characteristics may result in disproportionate exposure of some groups of citizens to natural hazards. The objective of this study was to compare the associations between communities’ socioeconomic characteristics and exposure to different types of natural hazards in New York City (NYC) to examine whether commonly accepted indicators of social vulnerability are associated with similar levels of exposure across various natural hazards. First, we collected socioeconomic data (e.g., population, median income, unemployment rate) at a zip code level of granularity provided by the United States Census Bureau. Next, we identified and gathered spatial data for coastal storms, flooding, extreme heat, and pandemic disease in NYC. We then conducted a pairwise Kendall’s τ-b test to compare the associations. The outcomes showed that the significance and direction of the associations depend on the type of natural hazard. Particularly, the results indicated that zip codes with lower socioeconomic factors and greater percentage of minority ethnicities are exposed disproportionately to extreme heat and COVID-19. On the other hand, zip codes with higher percentage of areas prone to flooding have relatively higher socioeconomic factors. Furthermore, the results did not show any statistically significant association between socioeconomic factors and exposure to coastal storm inundations. The outcomes of this study will help decision makers design and implement better optimized and effective emergency preparedness plans by prioritizing their target areas based on socioeconomic factors in order to enhance social justice.

Alcohol and drug problems among Australian homicide offenders.

Most homicide studies focus upon 'acute' situational intoxication as opposed to 'chronic' substance misuse. The aims of the study were to: (1) determine the extent of homicide offenders' alcohol and drug use in the year preceding the homicide; (2) compare the individual characteristics of homicide offenders across levels of problematic substance use; and (3) compare homicide incident characteristics across levels of problematic substance use. Observational study using data collected through face-to-face interviews in custodial and community correctional settings across Australia. Participants were recruited through an opt-in process. The data consist of 302 individuals convicted of murder or manslaughter. We used the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test and Drug Abuse Screening Test to determine problematic alcohol or drug use. We also used a range of self-report measures to ascertain offender characteristics [socio-demographics, developmental experiences, criminal history, personality] and incident characteristics (who was killed, and situational intoxication). Of the sample, 38.8% displayed high levels of alcohol problems and 30.8% displayed high levels of drug problems. Those displaying high levels of alcohol and/or drug problems were more likely than those without high levels of alcohol and/or drug problems to report adverse developmental experiences, low education, financial difficulties, extensive criminal histories and high levels of trait anger, impulsivity and risk-seeking. In addition, offenders with problematic substance use were more likely to have killed non-family and to have used substances at the time of the homicide. High proportions of homicide offenders in Australia appear to have problematic substance use in the year preceding the homicide offence, and such use appears to be associated with a range of other challenging factors, including adverse childhoods, criminal involvement, low socio-economic factors and low self-regulation.

Socioeconomic status, non-communicable disease risk factors, and walking speed in older adults: multi-cohort population based study

ObjectiveTo assess the association of low socioeconomic status and risk factors for non-communicable diseases (diabetes, high alcohol intake, high blood pressure, obesity, physical inactivity, smoking) with loss of physical functioning...

The relationship between childhood trauma and alcohol use initiation in Black and White adolescent girls: considering socioeconomic status and neighborhood factors.

To assess whether the higher prevalence of childhood trauma exposure but lower prevalence of alcohol use in Black vs. White adolescent girls reflects a lower magnitude of association between trauma and alcohol use initiation in Black girls; and additionally, whether low socioeconomic status (SES) and neighborhood factors account in part for the link between trauma and early alcohol use. Data were drawn from annual interviews conducted with an urban sample of girls and their primary caregivers from ages 5-8 (baseline) through age 17 (n = 2068, 57.7% Black, 42.3% White). Cox proportional hazards regression analyses using race and childhood trauma to predict alcohol use initiation were conducted in two stages, with SES and neighborhood factors added in the second stage. Childhood trauma was more prevalent (29.0 vs. 17.5%) and alcohol use initiation less prevalent (37.7 vs. 54.4%) in Black vs. White girls, but we found no evidence for differences in liability conferred by trauma. However, significant changes in hazards ratios (HRs) from the unadjusted to adjusted models were observed for Black race (HR = 0.57, CI 0.50-0.65 to HR = 0.66, CI 0.54-0.80) and childhood trauma (HR = 1.70, CI 1.46-1.99 to HR = 1.34, CI 1.05-1.71). Findings indicate that childhood trauma is an equally potent risk factor for early drinking onset for Black and White girls; the risk for early alcohol use in Black girls who have experienced traumatic events should not be underestimated. Results further indicate that low SES and neighborhood factors contribute to the associations of childhood trauma and race with alcohol use initiation.

Rural-urban differences in the use of postnatal care services in Malawi.

In Malawi, women's postpartum care services often remain underutilized despite the efforts of the government to promote the use of maternal healthcare. Consequently, maternal mortality and morbidity are persistently high. The aim of the study is to examine the factors associated with women's use of postpartum care services in urban areas as compared with the rural areas in Malawi. The study used data from the 2010 Malawi Demographic and Health Survey. A two-staged approach was used in data analysis where the logistic regression and multinomial regression methods were used first to identify the determinants of use and second to classify the determinants associated with timing of women's use of postpartum care service in the country. Of the 13776 women that constituted the sample, 7018 (50.9%) reported to use postpartum care services. Caesarean delivery in both urban [odds ratio (OR)=3.98; 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.27- 6.98] and rural settings (OR=3.56; 95% CI: 2.91-4.36) greatly increased women's likelihood of using postpartum care. On the contrary, problems of availability of health services decreased women's likelihood of using postpartum care services in both urban (OR=0.75; 95% CI: 0.57-0.97) and rural settings (OR=0.87; 95% CI: 0.80-0.93). Furthermore, pregnancy complications, lower levels of women's education, difficulties in accessing available healthcare facilities and low media exposure were significantly associated with women's delay in using postpartum care services in rural Malawi compared with their counterparts who used the services within 24 h after childbirth. In both urban and rural settings, women's use of postnatal care services remains low. The influence of low socioeconomic and service quality factors was prominent in rural areas more than in urban areas. This information is significant for health policy stakeholders to understand ways which can be adopted in order to enhance the quality and the use of postnatal care services. Therefore, there is a need to promote women-centred and community-based awareness in order to enhance the use of postnatal care in urban and rural areas, if maternal health outcomes are to improve in Malawi.

Neonatal Septicaemia in Poor Resource Settings

Neonatal septicaemia despite recent advances in hygiene and introduction of potent antibiotics has remained a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The developing countries worse as the incidence is as 56.9/1000 live birth in Nigeria. In our environment, the risk factors were low socioeconomic factors, delivery at home, maternal fever and use of traditional concoctions were the common finding and late presentation was another problem. In neonatal period, child immune defense mechanism is very low as the neonate whether term or preterm, have qualitative and quantitative deficiencies in cellular and humoral immunity compared to adults. When bacterial pathogens invade neonatal blood system, pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, TNF-γ, interleukins a response followed rapidly by a surge of anti-inflammatory cytokines which include IL-10, IL-1RA, IL-13, IL-14, etc. Early presentation and prompt treatment with potent antibiotics improve the outcomes as most of those babies that presented early to our health facility and had treatment instituted early recovered well with no residual complication. Conclusion: Therefore counselling and empowerment of mother of sick neonates play an important role in the mother to present such ill neonate whom may turn out to be a septicaemic neonate. This means early presentation to health facility, early diagnosis and early appropriate treatment thereby saving the neonate.