Low Seat Research Articles

A Local Heating Profile to Manage Lower Back Pain in an Automotive Seat: A Pilot Study.

Lower back pain (LBP) is one of the most prevalent health losses in adults worldwide. Historically, heat has been successfully used for treating pain and relieving tight muscles. Given the effective contact with the occupant's back and proximity to the heat source, coupled with increasing commute times, automotive seats offer an opportunity to intervene. Fifteen adults (nine female) who experienced acute, subacute, and chronic lower back pain were recruited to examine the effectiveness of heat delivered to the lower back in providing temporary pain relief. Participants sat in a car seat for 38 min on two days, which included a 5-min baseline followed by a 33-min intervention; control, or localized. For the control condition, participants sat for 33 min without any thermal devices on, while the localized condition heated and maintained the seat surface temperature of the lower seat back area to ~45 °C. Over the 33-min control condition, the back skin temperature increased by ~1-2 °C and did not impact the subjective LBP. Heating the lower back for 33 min to ~39 °C reduced the subjective LBP by 10%. We demonstrated that lower back pain can be alleviated from an automotive seat providing heat to the lower back within normal commute times in those with lower back pain.

An Investigation of the Effects of a Dynamic Vibration Absorber (DVA) to the Comfort of a Bus's Driver Seat

The frequency weighted acceleration, relative displacement, and Seat Effective Amplitude Transmissibility (SEAT) of a bus driver's seat are investigated by a 4 degrees of freedom (4DOF) vertical dynamic model, including a dynamic vibration absorber (DVA). The Root Mean Squared (RMS) values of the gain responses in the frequency domain are analyzed in the DVA damping ratio domain to help determine the optimal value of the DVA' s suspension. The obtained results show that the comfort evaluation index, in the case of a bus driver's seat with DVA, can be improved by more than 15% and nearly 10%, respectively, with the seat suspension natural frequency of 1~Hz and 4~Hz respectively. The comfort is better with the lower seat suspension natural frequency and vice versa. Especially in the case of both the seat and the DVA suspensions with low natural frequencies, all the three mean of evaluation indexes in the whole damping ratio domain of the DVA, have improved by more than 12%. This is the case with all three evaluation indexes which are the best when the damping ratio of the DVA is greater than 0.6.

Historical Study of the Use of Low Seat Dingklik In Java in the Socioeconomic Activities of the Colonial Era (1800-1900)

ABSTRACT Since the 8th century, Indian traders have brought Hindu/Buddhist practices to Java, influencing the culture of sitting low. When furniture came to Indonesia during the colonial era, the Javanese started using low-wooden benches called dingklik for work and informal interactions. Despite having a simple form and being often hidden, dingklik underwent a transformation through socioeconomic activities in Java during the colonial period. Contemporary paintings, photographs, and films were used to analyse dingklik in terms of content, visual elements, and height in socio-economic activity. From an economic perspective, the shape of dingklik was oriented towards mobility so that for carry-on traders, the dingklik had smaller and lighter legs, making it easy to carry. Meanwhile, socially, the form of dingklik was influenced by philosophical symbolism, and for Javanese nobles, it had decorative features similar to royal chairs as symbols of power. This study highlights the shift in the value of traditional Javanese sitting facilities.

Breaking economies of scale: commercial and operational viability of all-electric aircraft as regional hub feeder

All-electric aircraft with a capacity of 40-50 seats are expected to come into operations before the end of this decade. This paper investigates the operational and commercial challenges in employing all-electric aircraft as feeder for a hub. Based on announcements for electric aircraft projects a probable set of specifications for a future all-electric aircraft with 44 seats will be proposed. Through a bottom-up calculation of the direct cost of operating a feeder flight it will be determined that the model all-electric aircraft has direct cost 10% below an ATR42-500 with the same seating capacity. Assuming more favorable conditions concerning electricity supply and fee structure a further 23% could be saved for the all-electric aircraft. This would undercut the unit cost of an Embraer E190 with 108 seats by 10% breaking the current economies of scale. Consequently, the profit per flight increases, since these seats can be sold at higher yields, addressing the customer segment with the highest willingness-to-pay. This positions an all-electric aircraft as a very attractive option for hub feeding by offering lower seat cost than jets with more than double the capacity. This commercial advantage is gained through the high efficiency of electric engines compared to internal combustion engines overcompensating the disadvantage of high battery weight.

Research on the Mechanical Performance of a Mountainous Long-Span Steel Truss Arch Bridge with High and Low Arch Seats

The Loushui River Bridge is a mountainous long-span steel truss arch bridge with high and low arch seats. The design and construction of the bridge follow the principle of minimizing environmental damage and promoting sustainable development. In this article, the mechanical performance of this bridge is investigated experimentally and numerically at both the construction and operation stages. A series of validated finite element models were established for linear and nonlinear analyses by introducing geometric imperfections, geometric nonlinearities, and material nonlinearities. Then, several optimized models based on different types of design are compared with the original structure. The results indicate that the stability of the asymmetric bridge met the design requirements in both the construction and operation stages. However, the lateral stability and stiffness of the asymmetric bridge are weak due to the wind hazard that occurred in its mountain ravine. The out-of-plane instability from the short half-arch is the dominant failure mode, and the weakest area is where the arch ribs intersect with the bridge deck. It can be solved by adding more cross bracings without affecting the clearance above the bridge deck or by improving the material intensity of the arch.

Reluctance of taxi drivers to use seat belts. Observed and self-reported behavior in Argentine.

Although taxi drivers are more exposed to traffic crashes, they usually exhibit riskier behaviors and more negative attitudes toward road safety. For example, previous research suggests that they are particularly reluctant to wear seat belts. The research aimed (a) to estimate the prevalence of seat belt use among taxi drivers compared to other professional and non-professional drivers (Study 1, n = 3.810) and (b) to explore attitudes toward seat belt use in taxi drivers using the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) (Study 2, n = 100). Study 1 showed lower seat belt use among taxi drivers (vs. other professional and non-professional drivers). Study 2 showed that self-reported use tends to be higher than the estimated observed use and that negative experiential attitudes appear to be essential for understanding the reluctance of taxi drivers to use seat belts. Practical implications and future lines of research are discussed.

Neuroimaging Correlates of Patient-Reported Outcomes in Multiple Sclerosis.

Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) are increasingly associated with concurrent and future impairments in persons with multiple sclerosis (pwMS). The structural and pathological relationships with PROs in pwMS have not been elucidated. One hundred and forty-two pwMS and 47 healthy controls (HCs) were scanned using 3T MRI and completed a PRO questionnaire named Lifeware® that outlines the physical and psychosocial abilities. Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI) assessed levels of depression. T1- and T2-lesion volume, volumes of the whole brain (WBV), gray matter (GMV), white matter (WMV) and lateral ventricle (LVV) were derived using JIM and SIENAX software. Additional deep GM (DGMV) and nuclei-specific volumes of the thalamus, caudate, globus pallidus, putamen, and hippocampus were calculated using FIRST. Ordinal regression models adjusted for age and depression and mediation analyses were used. When compared to HCs, pwMS reported significantly greater limitations in mobility domains, including standing up from low seat (p < 0.001), climbing flight of stairs (p < 0.001), lower limb limitation (p < 0.001), limitations in bladder continence (p = 0.001) and fatigability (p < 0.001). Patient-reported limitations related to lower extremity function were explained by age, BDI, and all DGM nuclei volumes (p < 0.029). No such relationships were seen in the HCs. Fatiguability and the extent of life satisfaction were only related to depression (BDI p < 0.001) and not associated with any MRI-based outcomes. Most relationships between structural pathology and PROs were mediated by BDI scores (p < 0.001). In the pwMS group, there were no significant differences in any MRI-based brain volumes between the levels of reported life satisfaction. PRO measures of lower extremity limitations were associated with DGM structures and DGM-specific nuclei. These findings promote the relevance of measuring DGM structures as measures directly related to subjective well-being and walking limitations. Depression is a significant mediator of PROs and in particular of life satisfaction.

Historical Study of the Use of the Dingklik in Java in the Economic Activity of the Colonial Era (1800-1900)

Low seats in Java have existed since Indian traders came to bring Hindu/Buddhist practices in the 8th century, where only high-caste people sat on low-elevated stone. During the colonial era, ordinary Javanese began using a low wooden stool named dingklik, intended for work. It has a simple form and is often hidden when unused, with little perceived importance. This study identifies the dingklik’s transformation through economic activities in Java during the colonial era. By collecting contemporary paintings, photographs, and films, the dingklik was analyzed in terms of content, visual elements, and height in the economic activities. Economically, the shape was oriented for mobility: the dingklik for pikul traders has smaller and lighter legs, hence was easier to carry. The dingklik in crafting has a greater volume of wood legs for long term use in a workplace. This research exposed the visual characteristics of the dingklik especially in the trade and craft economic activities. [Java, dingklik, Javanese sitting culture, trade and craft economy, colonial era, traditional low stool].

Effects of a chair for ophthalmic microsurgery on pressure distribution and pelvic tilt in surgeons.

Ophthalmic surgeons experience high levels of physical strain in the neck, lower back, and buttocks. While ergonomic interventions may help to solve these problems, only a few studies have reported chair designs for ophthalmic microsurgery. To design a chair that reduces the physical strain on surgeons and examine its effectiveness in improving posture and reducing seat pressure. A prototype chair with a three-dimensional seat surface and a sliding adjustment mechanism for the backrest was designed to fit the surgeon's body. A conventional chair (A) and the prototype chair (B) were compared during microsurgeries performed by five surgeons. Seat pressure was measured using a pressure-sensing device, and the pelvic tilt angle was measured using a gyroscope sensor. A paired t-test indicated significant differences between the chairs: average seat pressure was 70.4±12.7 mmHg for A and 40.5±3.8 mmHg for B (p = 0.008); the maximum seat pressure was 242.2±19.7 mmHg for A and 170.5±38.5 mmHg for B (p = 0.024); contact area was 906.1±114.5 cm2 for A and 1,255.9±60.1 cm2 for B (p < 0.001); and relative value of the pelvic tilt angle was -13.7°±3.7° for A and -7.1°±4.9° for B (p = 0.032). The prototype chair was associated with lower seat pressure and maintenance of a more neutral posture than the conventional chair, indicating that it may help to reduce physical strain in ophthalmic surgeons.

Recognition and Analysis of an Age-Friendly Intelligent Sofa Design Based on Skeletal Key-Points.

The aging population has a higher level of consumption willingness, higher quality of life demands, and more diversified spiritual pursuits. In recent years, age-friendly industries have entered a ‘blue ocean of development’; intelligent recreation and age-friendly industries have become new growth points in the double-cycle situation; however, the current generalized design of the market is not enough to meet the needs of its elderly users. Through an extensive research and demand analysis focused on the highly-frequent use of sofas by elderly individuals, an AHP analysis showed that smart sofa design guidelines are among the most important functional indicators; user ‘pain points’ focused on low seat surfaces caused by the difficulty in getting up. To further refine this action behavior, a Kinect-based experimental device was used to capture the behavior of the elderly user during the sit-to-stand transition. The experimental data were collected from 25 key skeletal points in the human body and further investigated by converting the skeletal points into 12 key joint angles to refine the joint transition threshold risk during the sit-to-stand transition for the elderly user. The test results show that the most important joint angle affecting the sit-to-stand transition process is the trunk thigh angle was 5-2, with an important value of 0.122. The two-dimensional body data of the elderly user was mapped to the joint angles under the three-dimensional activity threshold to build a comfort model of the elderly user’s sofa, providing a theoretical basis for the design parameters of the aging sofa. In response to the research results, an intelligent age-friendly sofa with three forms was designed and prototyped independently, meeting the universal size of elderly users in terms of dimensional parameters, and iterating leisure and assisted standing transformation in terms of function (to reduce the risk levels of the sitting and standing transformations of elderly users).

Examining Seat Belt Use Habits in Wyoming: A Bayesian Hierarchical Logit Approach

Wyoming has one of the lowest seat belt law compliance rates in the United States. Understanding the factors associated with seat belt non-use is crucial for the development of appropriate mitigation measures that aid in increasing seat belt usage rates. In this study, Bayesian binary logistic regression models were developed to: i) investigate the factors associated with daytime seat belt non-use using observational survey data; and ii) assess the factors related to seat belt non-use in fatal crashes while accounting for possible intra-class correlation (effects of unobserved factors common to occupants in the same vehicle). The results indicated that males were less likely to use seat belts than females. Also, trips made in pick-up trucks, those made within urban areas, those made during weekdays, and those made by means of vehicles with Wyoming license plates were likely to involve seat belt non-use. Furthermore, counties with thriving oil and gas industries had lower seat belt use rates. It was also inferred that young occupants, rear seat occupants, impairment, weekdays, traveling around midnight, traveling on collector roads, and traveling on local roads were associated with seat belt non-use. A strong correlation in seat belt non-use among occupants within the same vehicle warrants the implementation of the hierarchical logistic model to investigate seat belt use among occupants involved in fatal crashes. The findings of this study highlight remarkable trends in seat belt use habits in Wyoming, which will aid legislatures in proposing road safety measures aimed at raising seat belt usage proportions.

A naturalistic study of passenger seating position, posture, and restraint use in second-row seats

Objective The objective of the current study was to increase scientific understanding of rear-seat passenger seating position, postures, CRS use, and belt use through a naturalistic study. A secondary objective was to compare data from vehicles used in ride-hailing with data from other vehicles. Method Video cameras were installed in the passenger cabins of the vehicles of 75 drivers near the center of the windshield. The video data were downloaded after the vehicles were operated by their owners for two weeks. Video frames were sampled from near the ends and in the middle of each trip, and at five-minute intervals in trips longer than 15 min. A total of 7,323 frames with second-row passengers were manually coded. Results A total of 444 unique second-row passengers were identified in video frames from 1,188 trips taken in 65 of the 75 vehicles in the study. Two of the vehicles that were driven for commercial ride-hailing during the study period accounted for 199 (45%) of the passengers. Considering multiple passengers in some trips, a total of 1,899 passenger-trips were identified. For passengers not using child restraint systems (CRS), the belt use rate was 65% in the non-ride-hailing vehicles versus 32% among passengers in the ride-hailing vehicles. No CRS use was observed in the ride-hailing vehicles. Among children using backless boosters, the shoulder belt was lateral to the clavicle or under the arm in 26% of frames. Among belted passengers not using CRS, the belt was lateral to the clavicle or on the neck about 6% of the time. Belted passengers not using CRS were observed leaning to the left or right about 27% of the time, with leaning away from the shoulder belt more common than leaning into the belt. Conclusions This study is the first to report seating position, posture, and belt fit observations for a large naturalistic sample of second-row passengers that includes adult occupants. The data suggest that low rear seat belt use rates remain a concern, particularly in ride-hailing vehicles. Non-nominal belt placement and posture may also be common in second-row seating positions.

Effect of different seat heights on lumbar spine flexion during stand-to-sit motion.

[Purpose] This study aimed to investigate the movement of the thorax, lumbar spine, and pelvis when healthy participants sit on a chair, and to identify the kinematic characteristics due to changes in the height of the seat. [Participants and Methods] Twenty healthy participants (14 males, 6 females; mean age, 29 ± 5 years) were recruited for this study. They performed stand-to-sit motion using one seat with a height of 100% that of the lower leg length (standard) and another with a height of 60% that of the lower leg length (lower). A three-dimensional motion analysis system and four force plates were used to analyze each joint angle. [Results] The mean lumbar spine flexion angle was significantly increased in the lower versus the standard seat. As a kinematic characteristic, the pelvis tilted posteriorly while the thorax tilted anteriorly, which increased the lumbar spine flexion angle. The pelvis was tilted posteriorly when the hip joint flexed about 60° regardless of the seat height. [Conclusion] The lumbar spine flexion angle increased in the lower seat stand-to-sit motion, which suggested an increase in the load on the lumbar spine. The lumbar spine flexion angle was influenced by the characteristic movements of the thorax and pelvis.

LIMRUC. ASSESSING THE QUALITY OF REPAIR OF AUTOMOTIVE ENGINES

To improve the quality of technological processes during the restoration of parts of automotive engines, we carried out micrometrage of the geometric parameters of the working surfaces of the base part of the diesel engines, the block crankcase of the SMD-60 engine on the assembly line of the Remselmash repair plant. (Research purpose) The research purpose is increasing the shape accuracy of the working surfaces of the block crankcase after boring the beds. (Materials and methods) The goal is achieved by increasing the rigidity of the blocks by installing cylinder liners and tightening the bed covers before boring. The following parameters were monitored: upper and lower seats for the cylinder liner, the inner diameter of the cylinder liners before and after pressing into the crankcase, sockets for the inserts of the crankshaft main bearings, holes for the camshaft support necks and for pushers. The state of repair production is assessed by a comprehensive indicator of the organizational and technical level, taking into account the availability and use of regulatory and technical documentation for repairs, advanced repair and technological equipment and tools; the level of technical control, scientific organization of labor and production culture. The complex indicator of the organizational and technical level is 0.67, which is lower than the base value of 0.85. (Results and discussion) The quality of the repaired products is assessed using the Kd defect index based on the micrometreage of the main parts after the restoration and quality control of the assembly of the SMD-60 engines. The defect rate is 597 points, which is significantly higher than the standard value, which should be less than or equal to 280 points for repaired SMD-60 engines with a resource of 80 percent of the new ones. (Conclusions) In order to increase the complex indicator of the organizational and technical level of repair production and reduce the level of defects of repaired engines, it is necessary to organize systematic quality control of the repair of SMD-60 engines, input control of new and restored parts and assemblies and provide workplaces with measuring tools.

Effect of different handrail types and seat heights on kinematics and plantar pressure during STS in healthy young adults.

Handrail type and seat height both significantly influence sit-to-stand (STS) movement. However, research on the associations between handrail type, seat height, and their cumulative effect on STS kinematics and changes in plantar pressure distribution during STS under different handrail types and seat heights is insufficient.The main objective of this study was to investigate the effect of different handrail types and seat heights on the kinematics and plantar pressure in healthy adults during STS.The study was conducted on 26 healthy young adults. Six conditions were tested: low seat (LS) and vertical handrail; LS and horizontal handrail (HH); LS and bilateral handrail; high seat (HS) and vertical handrail; HSHH; HS and bilateral handrail. The movement time, trunk tilt angle, and time from hindfoot to forefoot peak pressure were analyzed and compared.A significant difference was found in handrail type (P < .001) and seat height (P < .02) for the total movement time of STS. A significant difference was also found for the maximum trunk tilt angles (P < .001) in handrail types. There was an interaction between handrail type and seat height for the time from hindfoot to forefoot peak pressure of STS (P = .003).Using HSHH could take less time to accomplish STS movement; it also reduced the maximum trunk tilt angle and thus reduce the risk of falling; the time from hindfoot to forefoot peak pressure when using HSHH was short and subjects could accomplish STS movement easier.

Effects of seat height on whole-body movement and lower limb muscle power during sit-to-stand movements in young and older individuals

Sit-to-stand (STS) movements from low seat height are not easily executed by older individuals. Although young individuals increase their lower limb muscle power (LLMP) based on the product of the ground reaction force (GRF) and center of mass velocity (CoMv) during STS movement from a low seat height, it remains unclear whether seat height has an effect on LLMP during STS movement in older individuals. The present study aimed to investigate differences in the LLMP during STS movements when seat height is lowered between young and older individuals. Twelve older and twelve height-matched young individuals were instructed to perform STS movements from low (20 cm), middle (40 cm), and high (60 cm) seat heights. STS movement and GRF were obtained by a motion analysis system and force plates. In the low-seat-height condition, the forward and upward LLMPs and the upward CoMv were significantly lower in older individuals than those in young individuals, but the forward CoMv was not. The completion time of STS movement from a low seat height was significantly longer in older individuals than in young individuals. Our findings suggest that the slower upward CoMv due to the lower upward LLMP extends the completion time of STS movement from a low seat height in older individuals. Furthermore, in the low-seat-height condition, older individuals may move their center of mass (CoM) forward in a different way when compared with young individuals, and they may not use forward LLMP for moving CoM forward.

Comment on “Economic Impacts of SARS/MERS/COVID‐19 in Asian Countries”

Comment on “Economic Impacts of <scp>SARS</scp>/<scp>MERS</scp>/<scp>COVID</scp>‐19 in Asian Countries”

Correlations between Spatial Attributes and Visitor Stay in Chinese Gardens: A Case Study of the Ningbo Tianyige Museum Gardens

Despite the growing popularity of Chinese gardens, few studies have explored Chinese garden tourism and the relationship between garden space and visitor behavior. Addressing this gap, this study examines the correlations between spatial attributes and visitor stay distribution in the Ningbo Tianyige Museum gardens. This study divided the garden space into twenty units across four types—water, architecture, veranda, and rockery—and identified spatial attributes using measurements and configurational calculations. Visitor stay data was comprised of 1061 cases with a stay interval of more than 30 s in three investigation periods. Results produced three primary findings. First, architecture and water spaces had the highest visitor stay density, followed by veranda space and then rockery space. Second, there is a correlation between visitor stay density and six spatial attributes: integration, choice, width, length, enclosure ratio, and seating. Third, although each type has distinctive attributes, they can be divided into two groups: (1) spacious and highly accessible open spaces (water and architecture types); (2) long narrow spaces with low accessibility and abundant seating facilities (veranda and rockery types). By exploring the relationship between Chinese gardens and modern tourism, this study provides valuable insights and suggestions for the planning and management of Chinese garden tourism.

Effects of seat pan and pelvis angles on the occupant response in a reclined position during a frontal crash.

Current highly automated vehicle concepts include reclined seat layouts that could allow occupants to relax during the drive. The main objective of this study was to investigate the effects of seat pan and pelvis angles on the kinematics and injury risk of a reclined occupant by numerical simulation of a frontal sled test. The occupant, represented by a detailed 50th percentile male human body model, was positioned on a semi-rigid seat. Three seat pan angles (5, 15, and 25 degrees from the horizontal) were used, all with a seatback angle of 40 degrees from the vertical. Three pelvis angles (60, 70, and 80 degrees from the vertical), representing a nominal and two relaxed sitting positions, were used for each seat pan angle. The model was restrained using a pre-inflated airbag and a three-point seatbelt equipped with a pretensioner and a load limiter before being subjected to two frontal crash pulses. Both model kinematic response and predicted injury risk were affected by the seat pan and the pelvis angles in a reclined seatback position. Submarining occurrence and injury risk increased with lower seat pan angle, higher pelvis angle, and acceleration pulse severity. In some cases (in particular for a 15 degrees seat pan), a small variation in seat pan or pelvis angle resulted in large differences in terms of kinematics and predicted injury. This study highlights the potential effects of the seat pan and pelvis angles for reclined occupant protection. These parameters should be assessed experimentally with volunteers to determine which combinations are most likely to be adopted for comfort and with post mortem human surrogates to confirm their significance during impact and to provide data for model validation. The sled and restraint models used in this study are provided under an open-source license to facilitate further comparisons.

Influence of seat belt use behavior and road traffic crash experience on the use of child restraint systems: A step further

Seat belts and child restraint systems (CRS) are important in-car safety components capable of preventing serious injuries and death in the event of a car crash. Low rates of seat belt and CRS use persist globally, particularly in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). In an effort to better understand and subsequently improve seat belt and CRS use rates, this study analyzed the factors influencing seat belt and CRS use behavior in the Eastern Province (EP) of KSA, including the connection between seat belt and CRS use and road traffic crash experience.This cross-sectional study was based on a survey of 3,421 male and female participants regarding their seat belt and CRS use behavior. Respondents were classified into four CRS use categories: cautious, helplessly negligent, ignorantly negligent, and deliberately negligent. Chi-squared tests were used to determine significant associations among seat belt use, seat belt belief, prior crash experience, CRS use, and demographic variables. Multinomial nominal logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratios for classification in one of the three negligent vs. cautious CRS use categories as a function of demographic variables, prior road traffic crash experience, and belief in and use of seat belts.Results of this study indicated a modest improvement in the rate of seat belt use in KSA’s EP, however, a significant proportion of respondents reported only sometimes or never using their seat belt. A significant proportion of respondents were also classified in one of the three negligent CRS use categories. Respondents who reported using a seat belt sometimes or never were 2.67, 2.60, and 3.48 times more likely to be categorized as deliberately negligent, ignorantly negligent, or helplessly negligent in their CRS use, respectively, than respondents who reported always using their seat belts. Respondents who reported being previously involved in a car crash or a near crash were also more likely to be classified in one of the three negligent CRS use categories than respondents who reported no prior road traffic crash experience. Previous involvement in a car crash was also found to be associated with lower seat belt and CRS use rates.These findings suggest a need for increased seat belt law enforcement by the KSA’s Traffic Police Department, as well as additional seat belt and CRS use awareness campaigns targeting individuals with prior road traffic crash experience by the KSA’s Ministry of Communications through the Road Transport Department. This study can serve as a reference for future studies that aim to understand the factors and implications related to seat belt use and belief, CRS use, and road traffic crash experience.