Low Rate Wireless Network Research Articles

Traffic-Aware 6TiSCH Routing Method for IIoT Wireless Networks

The 6TiSCH network is a key technology of the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), providing high reliability and deterministic features. However, IIoT sensors and facility applications generate heavy traffic loads. Various time-slotted channel hopping (TSCH) medium access layer (MAC) and routing protocols for low-power and lossy network (RPL) methods have been studied at each network layer to address this issue. Although TSCH MAC is standard for IIoT low-rate wireless networks, it has not been adequately considered in conventional RPL studies. Conventional RPL methods do not effectively utilize the characteristics of the TSCH MAC in heavy-traffic networks and may hinder performance. In this article, we introduce a traffic-aware (TA) RPL method that utilizes the cell allocation information of TSCH MAC. The number of allocated TSCH cells determines the bandwidth reserved by each node and includes the link quality and traffic information measured by the MAC layer. TA RPL facilitates efficient load balancing using cell allocation information and improves the bandwidth utilization of the network. Additionally, the proposed method can improve the deterministic features of the IIoT wireless network because the effect of the routing decision of each device can be predicted. Moreover, the packet delivery ratio and bandwidth utilization are improved by up to 31% and 20%, respectively, compared with the conventional methods based on simulation and testbed evaluations.

A Novel Approach to Enhance the End-to-End Quality of Service for Avionic Wireless Sensor Networks

Going wireless is one of the key industrial trends, which assists the emergence of new manufacturing and maintenance processes by reducing the complexity and cost of physical equipment. However, the adoption of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) in production environments is limited due to the strict Quality of Service (QoS) requirements of industrial applications. In particular, Wireless Avionics Intra-Communication (WAIC) systems operating in 4.3 GHz band are designed for intra-aircraft use cases with considerable restrictions on the transmission power of sensors, which results in multi-hop topologies, complicating a guaranteed QoS. The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) has developed the protocol stack IPv6 over the Time Slotted Channel Hopping (TSCH) mode of IEEE 802.15.4 (6TiSCH) based on the IEEE 802.15.4 Standard for Low-Rate Wireless Networks, which combines the TSCH reliability with ubiquitous IPv6 connectivity and with the robust Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks (RPL). The Scheduling Function (SF) is a core IPv6 over the TSCH mode of IEEE 802.15.4 (6TiSCH) component, but the specification of the SF is an open research topic: numerous scientific articles investigated how QoS for a wide range of applications can be met by developing specialized SFs. However, no full-scale information exchange between the layers of the 6TiSCH stack was considered to optimize the SFs and to improve the network performance. In this work, we propose a novel solution named 6TiSCH-CLX to satisfy demanding QoS requirements using cross-layer communication. It is an extension of the 6TiSCH framework at the network and Medium Access Control (MAC) layers, addressing latency and reliability challenges agnostic of the physical layer. 6TiSCH-CLX is evaluated both analytically and in simulations for several safety-critical avionic intra-communication use cases in WAIC. Preliminary results indicate considerable improvements to latency, while maintaining almost 100% Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) without retransmissions and they highlight the capability of the cross-layer approach compared to existing solutions.

Brokerage System for Integration of LrWPAN Technologies.

The prevalent demand for remote data sharing and connectivity has catalysed the development of many wireless network technologies. However, low-power and low-rate wireless network technologies have emerged as the preferred choice (due to cheap procurement and maintenance cost, efficiency, and adaptability). Currently, these groups of wireless networks are adopted in homes, health, and business sectors. The increase in existing WSNs has resulted in the incompatibility of wireless network protocols and poses a problem that results in high acquisition or maintenance costs, increased complexity, reliability inadequacies in some instances, lack of uniformity within similar standards, and high energy consumption. To address this problem, we develop a novel machine-to-machine software-based brokerage application (known as JosNet) for interoperability and integration between Bluetooth LE, Zigbee, and Thread wireless network technologies. JosNet allows one network protocol to exchange data packets or commands with each other. In this paper, we present a novel working network brokerage model for a one-to-one network protocol to communication (e.g., from Zigbee to Bluetooth) or one-to-many network protocol communication (e.g., from Bluetooth to Zigbee, Thread, etc.) to securely send messages in a large-scale routing process for short or long-range connections. We also present a large-scale implementation of JosNet using a routing table for large areas. The results show an industry standard performance for end-to-end latency time and throughput.

New Standards Initiatives on Ultrawideband [Standards

The IEEE 802.15 Working Group on Wireless Specialty Networks is a working group of the IEEE 802 LAN/ MAN Standards Committee of the IEEE Computer Society. It is chartered to develop interoperability standards addressing wireless networking for emerging Internet of Things applications. Among the many standards the working group has been developing, IEEE 802.15.4, IEEE Standard for LowRate Wireless Networks, is one of the popular ones whose technology is used for many different higher-layer standards, such as ZigBee, Wireless Highway Addressable Remote Transducer (HART), and 6LoWPAN. IEEE 802.15.4 defines the physical layer (PHY) and medium access control (MAC) sublayer specifications for low-data-rate, low-power, and lowcomplexity wireless connectivity with fixed, portable, and moving devices with no or very limited battery consumption requirements. In addition, it defines operating modes that support precision ranging capability, which can be accurate to 1 m.

SA-RPL: a scheduling-aware forwarding mechanism in RPL/TSCH-operated networks

Wireless sensor networks have shown to be a promising technology for industrial automation in which continuous monitoring is a critical requirement. Deploying an energy-aware sensor network permits increasing the network lifetime and prolonging the monitoring operation. IEEE 802.15.4e and RPL have been used as de-facto protocols at the access and network layer in low power and low-rate wireless networks. Specifically, the time slotted channel hopping (TSCH) of 802.15.4e has been designed to provide a reliable access method in low power and lossy networks. More importantly, the combination of TSCH and RPL facilitates providing load-balancing together with energy-saving in such networks. This paper proposes schedule aware RPL (SA-RPL) which aims at prolonging the network lifetime while improving load balancing. It periodically collects scheduling matrix information form TSCH to compute a new measure for selecting the next hop at the network layer. More precisely, the parent with minimum number of occupied cells is more likely to be chosen as the preferred parent. To evaluate the performance of SA-RPL, we modified a distributed management scheme already developed in NS2 simulator. Simulation results show that SA-RPL, compared with other methods, prolongs the network lifetime up to two times and achieves a more uniform energy consumption distribution without decreasing other performance metrics.

SA-RPL: a scheduling-aware forwarding mechanism in RPL/TSCH-operated networks

Wireless sensor networks have shown to be a promising technology for industrial automation in which continuous monitoring is a critical requirement. Deploying an energy-aware sensor network permits increasing the network lifetime and prolonging the monitoring operation. IEEE 802.15.4e and RPL have been used as de-facto protocols at the access and network layer in low power and low-rate wireless networks. Specifically, the time slotted channel hopping (TSCH) of 802.15.4e has been designed to provide a reliable access method in low power and lossy networks. More importantly, the combination of TSCH and RPL facilitates providing load-balancing together with energy-saving in such networks. This paper proposes schedule aware RPL (SA-RPL) which aims at prolonging the network lifetime while improving load balancing. It periodically collects scheduling matrix information form TSCH to compute a new measure for selecting the next hop at the network layer. More precisely, the parent with minimum number of occupied cells is more likely to be chosen as the preferred parent. To evaluate the performance of SA-RPL, we modified a distributed management scheme already developed in NS2 simulator. Simulation results show that SA-RPL, compared with other methods, prolongs the network lifetime up to two times and achieves a more uniform energy consumption distribution without decreasing other performance metrics.

Efficient routing for low rate wireless network - a novel approach

In recent years, Wireless device networks have achieved associate degree attention on a world level. This comprises small sensors with restricted power and restricted resources. The applicability of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) in various fields such as medical research and civilian applications is proliferating enormously. Every routing protocol designed for WSNs should be energy-efficient, reliable and prolong the network lifetime. Due to the resources and energy constraints in WSNs, routing can be considered as a matter of contention in networks. This research proposes a beacon-enabled least-time and energy-efficient routing protocol with single-level data-aggregation using an IEEE 802.15.4. Considering the low complexness and low power consumption it is appropriate for low-rate wireless personal area networks as WSNs. On comparison of the proposed protocol with the popular ad hoc and other WSN routing protocols, the results show that the proposed protocol outperforms the routing protocols in the literature in terms of latency, throughput, and average energy consumption.

Efficient routing for low rate wireless network - a novel approach

In recent years, Wireless device networks have achieved associate degree attention on a world level. This comprises small sensors with restricted power and restricted resources. The applicability of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) in various fields such as medical research and civilian applications is proliferating enormously. Every routing protocol designed for WSNs should be energy-efficient, reliable and prolong the network lifetime. Due to the resources and energy constraints in WSNs, routing can be considered as a matter of contention in networks. This research proposes a beacon-enabled least-time and energy-efficient routing protocol with single-level data-aggregation using an IEEE 802.15.4. Considering the low complexness and low power consumption it is appropriate for low-rate wireless personal area networks as WSNs. On comparison of the proposed protocol with the popular ad hoc and other WSN routing protocols, the results show that the proposed protocol outperforms the routing protocols in the literature in terms of latency, throughput, and average energy consumption.

A cross-layer adaptive mechanism for low-power wireless personal area networks

This article presents a novel method providing reliable data links for low-power wireless personal area networks. The method implements a dynamic frame formation using hamming-codes. The formation process is made in an optimum way to obtain high throughput while questioning channel condition in the network. A cross-layer interaction is utilized to get noise resilient link layer operations. This interaction is achieved by querying the value of bit error rate from the physical layer. The method is adapted to be used in low-power and low-rate wireless networks based on IEEE 802.15.4 protocol. Performance metrics are evaluated through extensive Monte Carlo simulations and its success is compared to IEEE 802.15.4 and IEEE 802.15.4g protocol outputs. The simulations are made over various communication types using high traffic loads. In all our experiments, the proposed method substantially increases communication throughput, reduces energy consumption, and increases network life-time.

GTS-based communication task scheduling for quantized output consensus over IEEE 802.15.4 wireless networks

This paper presents an output consensus problem for low-rate wireless networks under the IEEE 802.15.4 protocol. We consider a multi-agent system with quantized output consensus dynamics in which each agent updates its state according to quantized relative differences of outputs among its neighbor agents. Information exchanges of quantized relative outputs are done by a PAN coordinator through a static and undirected wireless network. We propose a multiple superframe structure and a non-preemptive GTS scheduling algorithm for an output consensus under the IEEE 802.15.4 protocol.

Performance Analysis of Improving ZigBee Wireless Network Using AODV Mesh Routing Model

ZigBee is an emerging standard for the low cost, low power and low rate wireless networks and the ZigBee technology is well suited to a wide range of energy management and efficiency applications in areas such as building automation, industrial, medical and home automation. ZigBee is a version of AODV routing protocol, where the routes are discovered RREQ through the network by the source broadcasting and sending RREP back the destination, so make ZigBee routing efficient, we used AODV mesh topology methods to send and receive data from source to destination and vice versa. In this paper we present an improved version of ZigBee-AODV mesh network, which utilizes and divide the topology of network into one or more logical clusters and restricts the flooding of route request outside the cluster. ZigBee-AODV mesh network uses nodes of the same cluster to share routing information, which significantly reduces the route path discovery and created cluster formation to decrease the routing path. The proposed protocol has higher reliability and lower overhead than AODV.

The Development of Wireless Personnel Positioning in Internet of Things Based on ZigBee and Sensors

Internet of Things, also known as the sensor network, refers to the combination of the network formed by a variety of sensing devices, such as radio frequency identification devices, infrared sensors, global positioning systems, laser scanners and other devices with Internet. ZigBee technology is an emerging short-range, low-rate wireless network technology; it is a cross between technology and Bluetooth wireless markup of the technical proposals. The paper proposes the development of wireless personnel positioning in Internet of Things based on ZigBee and sensors.

Design of Video Sensor Based on Wireless Sensor Networks

Introduces a wireless video sensor, which is based on wireless sensor networks technique. It can be widely used including battlefield intelligence, security monitoring, and environmental tracking. The Zigbee communication protocols is based on the IEEE 802.15.4-2003 standard. With JPEG compression, the video can be transmitted through the low rate wireless network. Wireless video sensor nodes form mesh networks, and transmit video information to coordinator. The coordinator connects to monitor station, and the monitor software display the video from the nodes in the wireless networks.

GIS 피뢰설비 관리를 위한 전문가 시스템 구현

본 논문은 가스절연변전소에 설치되어 있는 피뢰설비의 감시와 진단이 가능한 전문가 시스템의 설계 및 구현에 대하여 기술하였다. 제안한 전문가 시스템은 마이크로프로세서 기반의 데이터 취득 모듈과 진단 알고리즘으로 구성되며, 피뢰기 진단에 필요한 계통전압, 누설전류성분 및 온도 등을 검출하고 분석한다. 또한 서지전류의 발생시각, 극성 및 크기를 기록할 수 있는 지능형 서지 카운터를 내장하고 있다.<BR> 측정된 모든 데이터는 IEEE 802.15.4에 규정된 저속 무선망을 통해 원격지의 컴퓨터로 전송되며, 이로 인해 고전압 대전류 환경에서도 전자계 간섭을 피할 수 있다.<BR> 전문가 시스템에서 피뢰기의 진단은 지식 베이스와 추론 엔진, 그리고 그래픽 사용자 인터페이스로 구성된 JESS(Java Expert System Shell)를 이용하여 결정한다.