Low Prosocial Behavior Research Articles

The Effect of Authoritative Parenting and Self-Esteem on Prosocial Behavior in Adolescents in Palopo City

This research is motivated by the phenomenon of low prosocial behavior among high school teenagers in Palopo City. Authoritative parenting by parents and self-esteem are supporting factors for adolescents to increase prosocial behavior. Therefore, this study aims to prove the influence of authoritative parenting and self-esteem on prosocial behavior in high school teenagers in Palopo City. This research employed quantitative research with an ex-post facto type of research with a sample of 335 teenagers. The data collection technique used an accidental sampling technique with research instruments in the form of psychological scales, namely the prosocial behavior scale, authoritative parenting scale, and self-esteem scale. The validity test used the results of factor loading, and the reliability test used Cronbach's Alpha, with a reliability coefficient value for the prosocial behavior scale = 0.910, the self- esteem parenting scale = 0.885, and the self-esteem scale = 0.890. Data were analyzed using multiple regression analysis techniques. The study's results show that authoritative parenting and self-esteem influence prosocial behavior in adolescents (p=0.000). Therefore, it can be concluded that authoritative research and self-esteem influence prosocial behavior in adolescents. The regression line equation is 14.204 + 0.326 X1 + 0.539 X2. The effective contribution of authoritative parenting and self-esteem to prosocial behavior was 44.8%, consisting of authoritative parenting at 17.2% and self-esteem at 27.6%.

Reduced prosocial motivation and effort in adolescents with conduct problems and callous-unemotional traits.

Prosocial behaviours - acts that benefit others - are of crucial importance for many species including humans. However, adolescents with conduct problems (CP), unlike their typically developing (TD) peers, demonstrate markedly reduced engagement in prosocial behaviours. This pattern is particularly pronounced in adolescents with CP and high levels of callous-unemotional traits (CP/HCU) who are at increased risk of developing psychopathy in adulthood. While a substantial amount of research has investigated the cognitive-affective mechanisms thought to underlie antisocial behaviour, much less is known about the mechanisms that could explain reduced prosocial behaviours in adolescents with CP. Here we examined the willingness to exert effort to benefit oneself (self) and another person (other, prosocial condition) in children with CP/HCU, CP and lower levels of CU traits (CP/LCU) and their TD peers. The task captured both prosocial choices, and actual effort exerted following prosocial choices, in adolescent boys aged 11-16 (27 CP/HCU; 34 CP/LCU; 33 TD). We used computational modelling to reveal the mechanistic processes involved when choosing prosocial acts. We found that both CP/HCU and CP/LCU groups were more averse to initiating effortful prosocial acts than TD adolescents - both at a cognitive and at a behavioural level. Strikingly, even if they chose to initiate a prosocial act, the CP/HCU group exerted less effort following this prosocial choice than other groups. Our findings indicate that reduced exertion of effort to benefit others may be an important factor that differentiates adolescents with CP/HCU from their peers with CP/LCU. They offer new insights into what might drive low prosocial behaviour in adolescents with CP, including vulnerabilities that may particularly characterise those with high levels of CU traits.

Breastfeeding and behavioral problems in five-year-old Japanese children: The Kyushu Okinawa Maternal and Child Health Study

PurposeThis prebirth cohort study examined the relationship between breastfeeding duration and behavioral problems in five-year-old Japanese children. MethodsStudy subjects were 1198 mother–child pairs. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire. Emotional, conduct, hyperactivity, and peer problems and low prosocial behavior were assessed using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). ResultsNeither exclusive breastfeeding duration nor breastfeeding duration regardless of exclusivity was significantly associated with childhood emotional, conduct, hyperactivity, or peer problems or low prosocial behavior. In children with older siblings only, ≥ 4 months of exclusive breastfeeding was significantly inversely associated with hyperactivity problems (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 0.57, 95 % confidence interval [CI]: 0.31−0.99). In children without older siblings, ≥ 4 months of exclusive breastfeeding was inversely significantly associated with low prosocial behavior (adjusted OR = 0.54, 95 % CI: 0.30−0.93). No interactions were observed between exclusive breastfeeding duration and the presence of older siblings regarding the two outcomes. ConclusionsNo associations were found between breastfeeding duration and any of the outcomes based on the SDQ. Exclusive breastfeeding for ≥ 4 months may be inversely associated with hyperactivity problems in children with older siblings and with low prosocial behavior in children without older siblings.

Nut consumption during pregnancy is associated with decreased risk of peer problems in 5-year-old Japanese children.

Nuts are nutrient-dense foods rich in unsaturated fatty acids, protein, dietary fiber, vitamins, and minerals. The present prebirth cohort study examined the association between maternal nut intake during pregnancy and the risk of childhood behavioral problems in 5-year-old Japanese children. Study subjects were 1199 mother-child pairs. Dietary intake was assessed using a diet history questionnaire. Emotional problems, conduct problems, hyperactivity problems, peer problems, and low prosocial behavior were assessed using the parent-reported version of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Adjustments were made for a priori-selected nondietary confounders and potentially related dietary factors. Compared with mothers who had not eaten nuts during pregnancy, mothers who had eaten nuts had a significantly reduced risk of peer problems in children; the adjusted odds ratio was 0.64 (95% confidence interval: 0.42-0.97). There were no measurable associations between maternal consumption of nuts during pregnancy and the risk of childhood emotional problems, conduct problems, hyperactivity problems, and low prosocial behavior. Maternal consumption of nuts during pregnancy may be associated with a decreased risk of peer problems in 5-year-old children.

Prosocial behavior in children involved in peer violence.

Peer violence is a serious type of school violence that is associated with emotional and behavioral problems. To analyze violence between peers associated with students' social skills. We used a cross sectional survey nested in a cluster randomized controlled trial to evaluate peer violence among elementary school students and its association with prosocial behaviors and mental problems. Teachers answered an adapted version of the Revised Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire and the Brazilian adaptation of the Teacher Observation of Classroom Adaptation-Checklist (TOCA-C) scale for each student. Children completed a sociodemographic questionnaire. The participants were 1,152 5-14-year-old children from Brazilian public schools; 79.70% reported being involved in violent situations. Children who had both committed and suffered violence were less likely to exhibit prosocial behaviors. Children who committed and suffered violence and those who only committed were more likely to experience concentration problems and disruptive behaviors. This study suggests that peer violence is associated with lower prosocial behaviors and more behavioral problems. Thus, more specialized mental health care is required for children involved in peer violence, in addition to the possibility of implementing and maintaining programs to prevent and reduce violence and to develop prosocial behaviors in schools.

ADDRESSING PROSOCIAL DEFICITS: A COMPREHENSIVE INTERVENTION FOR CHILDREN IN A SOCIAL WELFARE HOME - A CASE STUDY AT UPT PSPA PEKANBARU, RIAU

This report presents an assessment and intervention plan aimed at addressing low prosocial behaviour among children residing at the Unit Pelaksana Teknis Panti Sosial Pengasuhan Anak (UPT PSPA), a social welfare home established in 2016 in Pekanbaru, Riau Province, Indonesia. The UPT PSPA serves as a haven for orphans, underprivileged children, and those facing various socio-economic challenges. Their honesty and empathy have become a constant concern, which may affect their daily behaviour as an individual and in a group. As a qualitative research method, the assessment phase involved a combination of interviews and participant observations conducted over the course of several weeks. The Respondents are all the Children (37 children) at UPT PSPA. Using the description analysis of the data results, the finding revealed a significant lack of prosocial behaviours, including honesty, empathy, and helping others, among the children. Instances of lying, bullying, and reluctance to assist peers were frequently observed. These behaviours prompted the need for intervention to foster prosocial behaviours and emotional intelligence. The intervention plan consisted of group counselling sessions and psychoeducation. The counselling sessions aimed to instil the values of honesty, gratitude, empathy, and mutual assistance in daily life. The psychoeducation component emphasized the importance of prosocial behaviour, including the use of “please”, “thank you”, and “I’m sorry” in interactions with others. Following the intervention, a post-assessment was conducted to evaluate changes in the children’s behaviours. While improvements were observed in some children, challenges remained, particularly with those who continued to engage in dishonesty due to fear of punishment or a desire for attention. In conclusion, this report highlights the importance of addressing prosocial behaviour deficits among children in social welfare homes. It underscores the need for ongoing efforts to nurture these behaviours, given their significance in promoting healthy social interactions and personal development. Future interventions will explore additional strategies to further enhance prosocial behaviours in the context.

Examination of promotive and protective effects on early adolescent prosocial behavior through a bioecological lens.

Prosocial behavior during childhood has been associated with numerous positive developmental and behavioral outcomes in adolescence and adulthood. Prosocial behavior, which includes cooperation and helping others, develops within a bioecological context. Considering it through such a lens enhances the understanding of the roles of different bioecological factors in its development. Using data from a longitudinal study of adopted children and children reared with their biological parents, this paper examined if positive aspects of a child's bioecological system at age 7 predict prosocial behavior in early adolescence (age 11), and whether these bioecological factors could offset risk due to biological family psychopathology and/or maternal prenatal substance use. The analyses incorporated variables from different levels of Bronfenbrenner's bioecological model (the individual, microsystem, exosystem, and macrosystem) and examined the promotive, and potentially protective, effect of each contextual factor, while also considering their interplay with biological family psychopathology and prenatal substance use. Results from linear regression models indicated that the microsystem variable of parental warmth at age 7 had a promotive effect on age 11 prosocial behavior. Further, in addition to its main effect, parental warmth was protective against maternal substance use during pregnancy when children were raised with their biological parent (s). Household type (biological family) and biological family internalizing psychopathology were the only other significant predictors in the model, with each associated with lower prosocial behavior at age 11. Study results extend prior work on the benefits of parental warmth on child outcomes by employing a strength-based, bioecological approach to the development of prosocial behavior during early adolescence and examining "for whom" the effects of parental warmth are most protective.

KECERDASAN INTERPERSONAL, RASA SYUKUR, DAN PERILAKU PROSOSIAL PADA REMAJA

Prosocial behavior is very important and must be owned by every teenager. The research objective is to determine the relationship between interpersonal intelligence, gratitude, and prosocial behavior. Where currently many teenagers have low prosocial behavior. Meanwhile, this prosocial behavior will have a positive impact on both oneself and others, especially during the adolescent phase when they begin to adapt and establish good relationships with other people or a new environment. The population of this study was high school students of school X with a total of 760 and a sample of 254 students. The technique for taking samples is purposive sampling technique. Research data collection techniques using interpersonal intelligence scale, gratitude, and prosocial behavior. To find out the relationship between interpersonal intelligence and gratitude variables with prosocial behavior variables, we used the product moment correlation statistical method with the help of SPSS 25. This study produced a significant positive relationship between interpersonal intelligence and prosocial behavior, and gratitude with prosocial behavior, namely (p) 0.000 <0.05. In this study the results of the correlation test between interpersonal intelligence and gratitude towards prosocial behavior also have a significant positive relationship. It is hoped that this research can provide information to future researchers and school agencies to improve prosocial behavior because it is important for the stage or phase of its development.

Relationship between cognitive disengagement syndrome (CDS) (formerly sluggish cognitive tempo) and social functioning in child autism, ADHD, and elementary school samples

Background and aimsNo studies have compared relationships between specific social functioning deficits and cognitive disengagement syndrome/CDS (formerly sluggish cognitive tempo) in autism, ADHD, and general population child samples. MethodsMothers rated 1177 children with autism, 725 with ADHD-Combined, and 307 with ADHD-Inattentive (4–17 years) and 665 elementary school children (6–12 years) on the Pediatric Behavior Scale. ResultsIn all four groups, children with CDS had significantly greater frequencies of rejection by peers than children without CDS, and in the three clinical groups, withdrawn/shy behavior was significantly more prevalent in children with CDS. Low prosocial behavior did not differ between children with and without CDS. CDS contributed significantly and independently to predicting withdrawn/shy behavior and peer rejection, although its contribution was small compared with some other psychological problems. Overall, autism symptoms were the most powerful predictors of withdrawn/shy behavior and peer rejection. Conclusions and implicationsCDS studies sometimes control for ADHD and other psychopathology in multivariate analyses, but autism is usually overlooked. This is a critical oversight because CDS is as common in autism as in ADHD and because social problems, autism symptoms, and CDS are significantly interrelated.

Proposed Specifiers for Conduct Disorder (PSCD) self-report: Factor structure and validation in a community sample of Belgian youth.

The current study examined the psychometric properties of the Proposed Specifiers for Conduct Disorder (PSCD) in a sample of school-attending adolescent Belgian youth (N = 599; M age = 16.51 years, SD = 1.27). Given the recent interest in the PSCD-Short Version (PSCD-SV), this study focused on the 13-item variant of the PSCD. Study findings showed that the PSCD-SV had a hierarchical four-factor structure including the components of grandiose-manipulative (GM), callous-unemotional (CU), daring-impulsive (DI), and conduct disorder (CD). These interrelated factors were found to be internally consistent. The study also showed that the PSCD-SV total score was positively and significantly related to an alternate measure of psychopathy. Further, the study revealed the PSCD-SV was meaningfully related to the five-factor personality domains (i.e., extraversion, conscientiousness, agreeableness) as well as peer functioning and prosocial behavior. Bivariate correlations demonstrated that the dimensions differed in their associations with external correlates (e.g., peer functioning). Regression analyses showed that the GM, CU, and CD components of the PSCD-SV were uniquely associated to externalizing difficulties, whereas only the GM and CU components of the PSCD-SV were associated with low prosocial behaviors. These findings shed light on the conceptual and developmental models for the consideration of psychopathy and conduct problems. The use of the broader psychopathy condition as well as its underpinning dimensions may have important implications for assessment, treatment, and diagnostic manuals. The implications of the current study are further discussed.

Design and Development of Android-Based E-Modul Application to Improve Prosocial Early Children by Family

The aim of this research is to address the issue of low prosocial behavior in children, both at home and in public spaces. This was identified through observations and interviews with parents, who believe that the lack of their participation in their children’s prosocial development is due to their limited understanding. To improve early childhood prosocial behavior, the research team developed an Android-based E-Module that is practical and user-friendly, as well as accessible to a wider audience. This type of research is referred to as development research. The study’s objective is to design an Android-based E-Module application that can improve early childhood prosocial behavior within families. The ADDIE Model development method was utilized, with a survey conducted to assess the application’s validity, which was further validated by multiple experts. The results showed that the Android-based E-Module application’s validation test was deemed valid, and can be concluded that it is a useful tool to enhance early childhood prosocial behavior within families, specifically in the city of Padang.

Psychosocial correlates of neurodevelopmental disabilities in 2- to 3-year-olds

RationaleCanada’s National Longitudinal Study of Children and Youth survey data provide insights into chronic health conditions in children. Children with neurodevelopmental disabilities (NDD) are at increased risk for adverse behavioral outcomes. MethodsWe examined data from 3 cycles of Canada’s National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth for the presence of epilepsy (Epi), cerebral palsy (CP), and intellectual disability (ID) in 2- to 3-year-olds. We then examined the relationship of NDD to composite measures of behavior: hyperactivity-inattention (HI), prosocial behaviors (PS), emotional disorder-anxiety (EA), physical aggression oppositional behavior (AO), and separation anxiety (SA). ResultsThere were 15 children with Epi, 25 with CP and 28 with ID in a sample of 10,879, which represented a population of 756,848 2- to 3-year-old Canadian children. Comparison of mean scores of the NDD groups and controls (Welch’s ANOVA), indicated statistically significant differences in HI, PS, EA, and SA at the p < 0.001 level. Post hoc analysis showed significant intergroup differences. Children with epilepsy did not differ from controls on any of the behavioral measures. However, in comparison to controls, children with intellectual disability had higher EA and SA scores and lower PS scores, and those with cerebral palsy had lower PS scores. ConclusionsChildren with NDD show differences in behavioral outcomes at a very early age when compared with controls. Screening for these behaviors and early intervention programs may help avoid longer term psychiatric comorbidity associated with these disabilities.

Patterns of mental health problems and well-being in children with disabilities in Sweden: A cross-sectional survey and cluster analysis.

Children with disabilities have an increased risk of mental health problems. Patterns of mental health problems and well-being may vary. To identify patterns of mental health problems and well-being in children with disabilities in Sweden, and investigate the influence of parental background (migration, education), and child cognitive level. In this cross-sectional study, cluster analysis was used to analyse parents' ratings of conduct problems, emotional symptoms, and prosocial behaviour on the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) in children with disabilities (n = 136). The influence of parental background (migration, education) and child cognitive level on cluster membership was explored through multinomial logistic regression. Five clusters of mental health patterns emerged. Three clusters had mean ratings near or past clinical cut-off for one each of the SDQ-subscales. One cluster had difficulties on all three subscales. Greater child cognitive difficulties increased the likelihood of low prosocial behaviour (OR 2.501, p < .001) and of difficulties on all three subscales (OR 2.155, p = .006). Parental background did not influence cluster membership. Children with disabilities display varying mental health patterns. Awareness of the complexity of mental health patterns among children with disabilities is important. Screening and support for emotional symptoms and prosocial behaviour deficits should be considered for children with conduct problems.

Psychopathic Traits, Externalizing Problems, and Prosocial Behavior: The Role of Social Dominance Orientation.

Psychopathic traits in community and referred youths are strongly associated with severe externalizing problems and low prosocial behavior. However, less is known about the mechanisms that may link youth psychopathy and these outcomes. Social dominance orientation (SDO), defined as the general individual orientation toward unequal and dominant/subordinate relationships, might represent a valuable construct to explore to better understand the association between psychopathic traits, externalizing problems, and prosocial behavior. Based on this, the current study aimed to investigate the relationship between psychopathic traits, SDO, externalizing problems, and prosocial behavior in a community sample (N = 92, 45.57% females, mean age = 12.53, and SD = 0.60) and in a clinical (N = 29, 9% female, mean age = 12.57, and SD = 0.57) samples of adolescents with Oppositional Defiant Disorder or Conduct Disorder. Results showed that SDO mediated the relationship between psychopathic traits and externalizing problems and between psychopathic traits and prosocial behavior only in the clinical sample. These findings can provide valuable information on psychopathic trait correlates in youths with aggressive behavior disorders; treatment implications are discussed.

BIMBINGAN KELOMPOK MELALUI TEKNIK SOSIODAMA TERHADAP PERILAKU PROSOSIAL SISWA KELAS X SMK NUSA BHAKTI BANDUNG PADA MASA PANDEMI

This study aims to determine how the implementation of group guidance services through sociodrama techniques for class X at SMK Nusa Bhakti in developing prosocial behavior. The type of research used is qualitative research. For the subject, students are selected according to the characteristics, namely students aged 15-16 years and students in class X who have less prosocial behavior. Data was collected by interviewing homeroom teachers, BK teachers, and students who had low and high prosocial behavior. The results show that students who have low prosocial behavior can understand that prosocial behavior is very important to have and apply in the surrounding environment, it can be seen from the behavior of students who previously did not have a sense of help with the surrounding environment after being given group guidance services with sociodrama techniques. the student becomes have a sense of help towards the surrounding environment. Group guidance services through sociodrama techniques can be used as a service that can assist in developing students' prosocial behavior at school.Keywords:Â Â Â group guidence, sociodrama, procosial behavior

‘What We Are and Have - To Behave’: Behavioural Problems and Nutritional Status of Children from an Urban Slum in Pune

Slums are high-risk environments for children, which increase the likelihood of development of behavioral problems and poor nutritional status. A definite relationship between behavior and nutrition has been defined in children living in other settings, but evidence from slums is lacking. Thus, the purpose of this study was to understand the nature of the association between behavior and nutrition in children from an urban slum. This study included children of age 6-12 years (n=70). Convenience sampling was used to recruit participants. The parents of the children were interviewed, and details on socio-demography, socioeconomic status (SES), behavior (by Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire), and diet of the child were recorded. Anthropometrics of the children were measured using standard procedures, which were used to categorize them by body mass index (BMI) and mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and analytical tests. It was observed that children who were underweight or with an undernourished MUAC were less likely to display conduct problems and low prosocial behavior than children of normal weight. Children with an over nourished MUAC were more likely to be hyperactive. Decreased intake of protein and micronutrients corresponded to a lower prosocial behavior score. Intake of potassium was less among children who were hyperactive, while intake of sodium from food was more among children with a raised total difficulties score. All these associations continued to be significant even after controlling for demographic variables. The findings of this study reiterate the need to include nutrition as an important component of studies and interventions targeting the mental health and behavior of vulnerable children in slums.

Carer Burden and Burnout in Relation to Behavioral and Emotional Problems in Children’s Homes

Introduction: Carers in children’s homes encounter challenges in dealing with the children’s behavioural and emotional problems. This may lead to burden and burnout among carers. Aim: The objectives of this study were to determine the burden and burnout among carers in selected children’s homes. The correlation between them and the children’s behavioural and emotional problems were measured. Method: This was a comparative cross-sectional study among 3 governments’ (40 carers) and 11 private children’s homes (40 carers) in Kuala Lumpur, Selangor and Pahang. Assessments were carried out using the Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey (MBI-GS), Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI) for the carers and Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) for the children. Result: Carers at both types of homes showed high levels of burnout. Majority of the carers from both types of homes had a mild to moderate burden of 52.5% government and 47.5% for private homes. Carers at government children’s homes showed moderate to severe burden at 15% compared to private children’s homes at 5% (p = 0.226). Children at government homes had more behavioural problems. Carers at government homes showed significant association but a low correlation of cynicism with total difficulties, exhaustion and cynicism with conduct problems. Carers at private homes showed a significant association but a low correlation of decreased sense of personal efficacy with total difficulties, conduct problems and exhaustion with low prosocial behaviour. There was a significant association but a low correlation of burden with total difficulties and emotional problems in private homes. Simple logistic regression on association of children’s behavioral and emotional problems with carer’s burden and burnout did not reveal significant findings. Conclusion: Carer’s burden and burnout levels are high in children’s homes even though they were not significantly contributed by the children’s behavioural and emotional problems.

Relationship Between Empathy and Prosocial Behavior in High School Students

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; This study investigates the relationship between empathy and prosocial behavior among vocational school students, aiming to elucidate the dynamics underlying their empathetic tendencies and their impact on prosocial acts. The research utilized a quantitative correlation design, with a sample of 241 students from SMK Antarctica 1 Sidoarjo, selected through Quota Sampling. Empathy and prosocial behavior were measured using psychological scales. Data analysis employing Pearson's product moment correlation revealed a significant positive association between empathy and prosocial behavior (rxy = 0.236, p &lt; 0.005), indicating that higher levels of empathy correspond to greater engagement in prosocial behaviors. The findings emphasize the importance of fostering empathy to cultivate a culture of altruism among students, providing valuable implications for educational programs and interventions aimed at promoting prosocial behavior in diverse contexts.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Highlights:&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Positive relationship: The study demonstrates a significant positive association between empathy and prosocial behavior among vocational school students. (rxy = 0.236, p &lt; 0.005)&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Importance of empathy: The findings highlight the crucial role of empathy in promoting prosocial behavior, emphasizing the need to cultivate empathetic tendencies among students.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Implications for education: The results offer valuable insights for educational interventions, suggesting the integration of empathy-building strategies to foster a culture of altruism and enhance prosocial behaviors among students. &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Keywords: empathy, prosocial behavior, vocational school students, quantitative correlation, educational interventions&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

Technology-based communication among Hurricane Maria survivors in the United States: a trans-territorial lens.

Rooted in a trans-territorial framework, the present study was designed to provide new evidence regarding the patterns of communication among Hurricane Maria survivors who migrated to the U.S. in the aftermath of the storm. A total of 319 Hurricane Maria survivor adults ages 18 and older were recruited into the Adelante Boricua study between August 2020 and October 2021. Most participants had relocated to the U.S. between 2017 and 2018. We used latent profile analysis and multinomial regression to examine the relationship of technology-based communication with depressive symptoms, well-being, cultural connection, and migration stress. We identified a five-class solution, consisting of (1) moderate communication (32%), (2) disengaged (24%), (3) no social media (18%), (4) daily with family in Puerto Rico (6%), and (5) daily trans-territorial (13%) typologies. Participants in the disengaged class were more likely to report elevated depressive symptoms and limited English proficiency, lower prosocial behaviors, lower levels of religiosity, lower attendance at religious services in the U.S., and less engagement in social activities, compared to participants in the Moderate Communication class. Roughly one in four individuals in our sample reported very limited technology-based communication with friends/family in their sending and new-receiving communities. As technology and smartphones continue to become integrated into 21st-century life, it is vital that researchers explore how the tremendous potential for connectedness relates to trans-territorial crisis migrants' well-being and adaptation.

Association between parental occupations, educational levels, and household income and children's psychological adjustment in Japan

ObjectivesMost research on the association between parental or family socio-economic status and psychological adjustment in children has been performed mainly in Western countries, while there is limited evidence of such research in Asian countries. We examined the association of parental occupation and educational levels and household income with children's psychological adjustment in Japan. Study designThis was a cross-sectional study. MethodsStudy subjects were 6329 children aged 3 years. Children's psychological adjustment was assessed using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. ResultsCompared with having an unemployed father, having a father who worked in an administrative and managerial or clerical job was associated with a lower prevalence of peer problems. Compared with having an unemployed mother, having a mother who worked in the professional and engineering, sales, service, or manufacturing process area was associated with a lower prevalence of low prosocial behaviors, whereas having a mother who worked in the clerical, service, or manufacturing process area was associated with an increased prevalence of emotional problems. Having a mother who worked in a clerical area was associated with a higher prevalence of conduct problems. Higher paternal and maternal educational levels were inversely associated with the prevalence of conduct problems and hyperactivity but were positively associated with low prosocial behaviors. A higher household income was inversely associated with the prevalence of emotional problems, conduct problems, and hyperactivity. ConclusionParental occupation, educational levels, and household income may affect children's psychological adjustment in Japan.