Low-pressure Environment Research Articles

Compensating loss via non-Hermiticity in optically trapped and bounded particles

The non-Hermiticity in the optical trapping and binding originates from their open nature. Once the non-Hermiticity is sufficiently large such that it pushes the system across the exceptional point, the non-Hermitian force will provide an effective gain to the systems. In this scenario, the trapped particles acquire additional energies as a consequence of the non-Hermitian force field, which effectively serve as a gain. Conversely, these trapped or bound particles can also dissipate energy as a result of the damping effect experienced during oscillation within optical trapping or binding. People usually employ vacuum extraction to extend the lifetime of particles’ vibrational modes. However, low-pressure environments can induce instability in the systems. Here, we propose using the “non-Hermitian gain” to compensate for damping loss and enhance the quality factor (lifetime, Q-factor) of vibrational modes. Our study also takes into account the Brownian motion in optical trapping. Nevertheless, even after taking the Brownian motion into account, the Q-factors remained high. We further unveil the physical mechanism that can enhance or diminish non-Hermitian forces, such as increasing particle radius and refractive index and utilizing propagating or standing waves

Comprehensive Thermodynamic, Economic, and Environmental Analysis of a Novel Cooling and Water Cogeneration System Based on Seawater Evaporation

In this study, an innovative system is presented to co-generate water and cooling energy on the base of seawater evaporation. Salt-free vapor can be separated from the seawater through the evaporation process, meanwhile, seawater evaporated under low pressure can provide cooling energy. The compressor is employed to create a low-pressure environment for seawater, and the compression heat is recovered by a multi-effect desalination subsystem to produce freshwater. A comprehensive comparison is conducted between this system and conventional systems, considering thermodynamic, economic, and environmental aspects. Meanwhile, the exergoeconomic analysis was conducted for the proposed system. The calculation results indicate that the specific energy consumption of the proposed system is 19.77 kWh/t, which is 4.53 kWh/t lower than that of the conventional system (23.76 kWh/t). Additionally, higher gain output ratio and performance ratio can be achieved. The proposed system has a payback period of 4.24 years, which is shorter than the 6.21 years required by the conventional system, thereby demonstrating a greater economic advantage. For the environmental performance, the proposed system demonstrates a reduced CO2 emission of only 12.55 kg/$, indicating a significant decrease of 40.29% compared to the conventional system's 21.02 kg/$. Therefore, the proposed system demonstrates improved economic and environmental performance.

Effect of steam curing regime on the mechanical properties, drying shrinkage, and microstructure of mortar in high-altitude areas with low air pressure

Low air pressure in plateau regions impacts the microstructure and macroscopic properties of cement-based materials by altering water transport. However, the efficiency of steam curing, a frequently-used curing approach, under these conditions has been inadequately studied. This work compares the effects of steam curing on the mechanical properties, drying shrinkage, and microstructure of cement-based materials at low air pressure. Results show that low air pressure decreases the compressive strength and increases the drying shrinkage of steam-cured mortar due to reduced hydration and increased total pore volume. Optimally, a steam curing temperature of 40°C to 60°C minimizes thermal damage, and a pre-curing time of 3 hours yields the best mechanical properties and drying shrinkage. Additionally, a field case confirms the effectiveness of the proposed steam curing regime; the demolding strength of precast beams meets engineering standards, and drying shrinkage fluctuates significantly with daily temperature changes. Notably, a 25.30 % difference in 90-day drying shrinkage between steam-cured and non-steam-cured specimens underscores the necessity of steam curing in high-altitude areas. These findings are crucial for optimizing steam curing practices in low-pressure environments.

Highly sensitive low-temperature, low-pressure ultra-thin microbubble FPI sensors

We present an ultrathin microbubble Fabry-Perot interferometer (FPI) sensor designed for low-pressure and low-temperature sensing applications. The preparation of the ultrathin microbubbles was achieved through an improved arc discharge technique. Consequently, a pressure sensitivity of 63 pm/kPa and a temperature sensitivity of 220 pm/°C at room temperature (20°C) and low air pressure (110–200 kPa) were attained, a performance that is highly commendable for a sensor of its kind. Furthermore, the use of a Bragg grating was employed to eliminate the effect of temperature on pressure, thereby enhancing the accuracy of the measured pressure. Experimental findings indicate that this ultrathin microbubble FPI sensor exhibits ultra-high sensitivity to pressure and temperature at low temperatures and pressures, offering what we believe to be a novel solution for the measurement of low temperatures and low-pressure environments.

Research on Monitoring the Speed of Glacier Terminus Movement Based on the Time-Series Interferometry of a Ground-Based Radar System

The Tibetan Plateau (TP) is the largest glacier reserve outside the Antarctic and Arctic regions. Climate warming has affected the reserve of freshwater resources and led to frequent glacier disasters. However, due to its extreme environment of hypoxia and low pressure, it is extremely difficult to obtain data. Compared with other traditional monitoring methods such as makers and satellite remote sensing technology, Ground-Based (GB) radar systems have the advantages of convenient carrying and installation, sub-second level sampling, and sub-millimeter measurement accuracy. They can be used as an effective way to study the short-term rapid movement changes in glaciers. Based on a self-built GB radar system, monitoring experiments were conducted on two glacier termini on the TP. The movement speed of the Rongbuk glacier terminus on Mount Qomolangma was obtained through time-series interferometric measurement as 4.10 cm/day. When the altitude was about 5200 m, the glacier movement speed was 7.74 cm/day, indicating the spatial differences with altitude changes. And in another region, the movement speed of the Yangbulake glacier terminus on Mount Muztag Ata was 198.96 cm/day, indicating significant changes in glacier movement. The cross-validation of Sentinel-1 data during the same period proved the effectiveness of GB radar system interferometry in measuring glacier movement speed and also provided field validation data for remote sensing inversion.

Exploring the Blood Biomarkers and Potential Therapeutic Agents for Human Acute Mountain Sickness Based on Transcriptomic Analysis, Inflammatory Infiltrates and Molecular Docking.

A high-altitude, low-pressure hypoxic environment has severe effects on the health and work efficiency of its residents, and inadequate preventive measures and adaptive training may lead to the occurrence of AMS. Acute exposure to hypoxia conditions can have a less-favorable physiological effect on the human immune system. However, the regulation of the immune system in high-altitude environments is extremely complex and remains elusive. This study integrated system bioinformatics methods to screen for changes in immune cell subtypes and their associated targets. It also sought potential therapeutically effective natural compound candidates. The present study observed that monocytes, M1 macrophages and NK cells play a crucial role in the inflammatory response in AMS. IL15RA, CD5, TNFSF13B, IL21R, JAK2 and CXCR3 were identified as hub genes, and JAK2 was positively correlated with monocytes; TNFSF13B was positively correlated with NK cells. The natural compound monomers of jasminoidin and isoliquiritigenin exhibited good binding affinity with JAK2, while dicumarol and artemotil exhibited good binding affinity with TNFSF13B, and all are expected to become a potential therapeutic agents.

Experimental Study of Hot-Sphere Anemometer Response in Stratospheric Environment.

Accurate wind speed measurement in low-pressure conditions is crucial for the thermal performance validation and attitude control of stratospheric aircraft. As air density decreases, traditional wind speed measurement systems based on principles such as dynamic pressure, heat transfer, ultrasound, and particle velocimetry face significant challenges when applied in low-pressure environments, often failing to achieve the required measurement accuracy. This paper presents the development of a wind speed simulation system based on a rotation method designed to operate in low-pressure conditions, utilizing a space environment simulation chamber in conjunction with a high-precision turntable. The system was employed to conduct response tests on a constant heat flow thermal sphere anemometer within a stratospheric pressure range of 1 kPa to 30 kPa. The experimental results revealed that at extremely low Reynolds numbers, the probe signal exhibited increasing nonlinearity, significantly affecting the response curve at pressures below 15 kPa. While the sensitivity of the hot-sphere probe remained relatively stable at wind speeds above 5 m/s, it decreased nonlinearly as the pressure dropped when wind speeds fell below 5 m/s. Furthermore, this paper analyzes the impact of various interpolation methods on wind speed conversion errors, providing valuable data to support the future development and validation of stratospheric aircraft.

AI-CiciBot as Conversational Partners in EFL Education, focusing on Intelligent Technology Adoption (ITA) to Mollify Speaking Anxiety

This study examines the role of AI-CiciBot as a conversational partner in mitigating speaking anxiety among Indonesian EFL (English as a Foreign Language) students. The aim is to explore the integration of intelligent technology adoption (ITA) into classrooms to enhance language learning and reduce anxiety during speaking activities. The primary gap addressed in this research is the lack of technology-based solutions for oral language practice in Indonesia, where traditional curricula emphasize reading and writing over speaking. This study aims to fill the gap by introducing AI-CiciBot, a novel AI-powered conversational tool that provides a supportive, low-pressure environment for students to practice speaking English. The study uses a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative data from pre-test and post-test scores and qualitative insights from student interviews. The research tools include a questionnaire and an AI-CiciBot platform for speaking practice. IBM SPSS Statistics analyzed the data, focusing on students' speaking performance and anxiety levels before and after using AI-CiciBot. Findings in this study show a significant improvement in students' speaking skills and a reduction in anxiety. The mean score for pre-tests was 49.17, which increased to 90.47 in post-tests, indicating AI-CiciBot's effectiveness. Interviews revealed that students initially hesitant to engage in speaking activities due to fear of judgment became more confident and willing to participate after practicing with the AI bot. This study contributes to the field of EFL education by demonstrating the potential of AI-driven tools like AI-CiciBot to address speaking anxiety and improve oral proficiency. It also highlights the importance of ITA in encouraging students to embrace AI-based learning solutions. To maximize learning outcomes, future research should investigate the long-term impact of AI-CiciBot on students' speaking proficiency and its integration with human instructors.

Air infiltration characteristics in oxygen-enhanced and heated chambers on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau

The Qinghai-Xizang Plateau is characterized by a low-pressure and oxygen-deficient environment due to its high altitude, causing discomfort and major safety problems for the inhabitants. To address this, oxygen-enriched chambers can be used to alleviate the plateau reaction. However, little consideration has been given to air infiltration in these chambers, with a lack of information on the corresponding infiltration heat loss phenomenon. This paper addresses this by investigating the phenomenon of air flow in an oxygen-enriched chamber using experiments and simulations. The results highlight that when there is a difference in oxygen concentration between the interior and exterior of the chamber, mass transfer occurs due to both the molecular diffusion in addition to a flow due to the air density difference caused by the variation in concentration. Also, the simultaneous stack effect is roughly equivalent to 10 times the oxygen pressure, and the two pressure effects act in opposite directions. It is also noted that both the oxygen pressure and the stack effect decrease as the atmospheric pressure decreases. Overall, the oxygen-enriched chambers exhibit less infiltration in plateau areas with a low atmospheric pressure compared to plains areas with a relatively high atmospheric pressure. Finally, this study establishes formulas that can be used to calculate air infiltration rates in oxygen-enriched chambers. This study fills a gap in the existing literature regarding the air infiltration mechanism in oxygen-enriched chambers at high altitudes and low pressures, providing a theoretical foundation for improving indoor environments in the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau and other high-altitude regions.

Improved YOLOv8 for Gas-Flame State Recognition under Low-Pressure Conditions

This paper introduces a lightweight flame detection algorithm, enhancing the accuracy and speed of gas-flame state recognition in low-pressure environments using an improved YOLOv8n model. This method effectively resolves the aforementioned problems. Firstly, GhostNet is integrated into the backbone to form the GhostConv module, reducing the model’s computational parameters. Secondly, the C2f module is improved by integrating RepGhost, forming the C2f_RepGhost module, which performs deep convolution, extends feature dimensions, and simplifies the inference structure. Additionally, the CBAM attention mechanism is added to enhance the model’s ability to capture fine-grained features of flames in both channel and spatial dimensions. The replacement of CIoU with WIoU improves the sensitivity and accuracy of the model’s regression loss. Experimental results on a simulated dataset of the theoretical testbed indicate that compared to the original model, the proposed improvements achieve good performance in low-pressure flame state detection. The model’s parameter count is reduced by 12.64%, the total floating-point operations are reduced by 12.2%, and the detection accuracy is improved by 21.2%. Although the detection frame rate slightly decreases, it still meets real-time detection requirements. The experimental results demonstrate that the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed algorithm have been significantly improved.

Benchmark problems for simulating Hyperloop aerodynamics

Hyperloop is proposed as the next generation of sustainable high-speed transport. Recently, an increasing body of literature has been amassed on Hyperloop aerodynamics, however, the vast majority of this work is numerical. Experimentally, there are few relevant studies and none are suitable for validating computational approaches. This paper presents three benchmark cases to provide a framework for computational research and to address this significant gap. Benchmark 1 provides experimental data from existing work on a projectile traveling at Mach 1.1 in ground effect. This incorporates many of the flow characteristics of a Hyperloop system, including (i) transonic Mach numbers, (ii) wall confinement, and (iii) shock formation/reflection. These experimental data are compared to Computational Fluid Dynamics simulations with a very good match seen. Next, Benchmark 2 is proposed which extends these simulations toward a baseline Hyperloop pod design operating in an axisymmetric low-pressure tube environment. This is achieved in stages by adding a full tube, scaling up the domain, reducing the air pressure, and introducing a baseline pod design. It is shown that the enclosed tube environment causes the most significant change in aerodynamic characteristics via flow choking. Nevertheless, a number of aerodynamic similarities remain, compared to Benchmark 1. Finally, Benchmark 3 is proposed to explore the impact of ground clearance of the pod. This aspect has a significant influence on the flow by deflecting the wake and the downstream shock pattern. Furthermore, the drag, downforce, and pitching moment are all found to increase with lower ground clearances.

Quantitative Modelling of Residual Molecular Contamination in Low-Pressure Processing Environments

Some published experimental results of organic molecule contamination in vacuum processing are reviewed. The build-up of gaseous contamination from the residual gas in vacuum ambient to the surface of a substrate is quantitatively modelled. Calculations show that the build up of contaminants from the residual gas phase to the surface is very fast, essentially because in very dilute gas there are little molecular collisions to slow down the transport towards the substrate.

Numerical simulations of a low-pressure electrodeless ion source intended for air-breathing electric propulsion

Abstract Air breathing electric propulsion (ABEP) systems offer a promising solution to extend the lifetime of very low earth orbit (VLEO) missions by using residual atmospheric particles as propellants. Such systems would operate in very low-pressure environments where plasma ignition and confinement prove challenging. In this contribution, we present results of a global plasma model (GPM) of a plasma ignited in a very low-pressure air mixture. The results are validated against experimental measurements acquired using a laboratory electrodeless ion source utilizing a resonator for plasma ignition. The device is specifically designed to operate within low-pressure environments as it holds potential applications in ABEP systems for VLEO missions. Parametric studies are carried out via GPM to investigate the resonant behavior and its implications. The potential of the model serving as a predictive tool is assessed through experimental validation against measured data, mainly investigating the extracted ion current dependency on operational pressure and external magnetic field strength. The verified model is further utilized to extrapolate additional information about the resonant plasma such as ion composition or a degree of ionization.

Research on Modification of Oxygen-Producing Adsorbents for High-Altitude and Low-Pressure Environments

In oxygen production on plateaus, pressure swing adsorption (PSA) oxygen production is currently the most commonly used oxygen production method. In plateau regions, low pressure leads to a decrease in adsorbent nitrogen–oxygen separation performance, which affects the performance of PSA oxygen production, so it is particularly important to enhance adsorbent nitrogen–oxygen separation performance. In this paper, Li-LSX (lithium low-silicon aluminum X zeolite molecular sieve) adsorbents were modified using the liquid phase ion exchange method, and five kinds of modified adsorbents were obtained, namely AgLi-LSX, CaLi-LSX, ZnLi-LSX, CuLi-LSX, and FeLi-LSX, respectively. The influences of different metal ions and modification time lengths on the adsorbent nitrogen adsorption and nitrogen–oxygen separation coefficients were analyzed. Through theoretical calculations, the nitrogen and oxygen adsorption and separation performances of the modified adsorbents at different altitudes and low adsorption pressures were investigated. It is shown that the nitrogen adsorption capacity of the AgLi-LSX-1 adsorbent obtained from the modification experiment reaches 27.92 mL/g, which is 3.24 mL/g higher than that of Li-LSX; the nitrogen–oxygen separation coefficients of S1 and S2 are 19.24 and 7.54 higher, respectively; and the nitrogen–oxygen separation coefficients of S4 are 20.85 and 7.54 higher than those of Li-LSX, respectively. With the increase in altitude from 50 m to 5000 m, the nitrogen–oxygen separation coefficient of the AgLi-LSX-1 adsorbent increased rapidly from 20.85 to 57, and its nitrogen–oxygen separation coefficient S4 exceeded that of the Li-LSX adsorbent to reach 47.61 at an altitude of 4000 m. Therefore, the modified adsorbent AgLi-LSX-1 in this paper can enhance the performance of the PSA oxygen process for oxygen production in plateau applications.

Flame propagation, explosion hazard, and pollutant emission characterization of typical clean fuels leaks in plateau low-pressure region

To accelerate energy transformation and sustainable development, various countries are rushing to lay hydrogen doped natural gas pipelines. However, the installation of pipelines will pass through plateau low-pressure region, and the impact of low-pressure environments on the flame propagation, explosion hazards, and pollutant emission characteristics of hydrogen doped natural gas is not yet clear. To solve this problem, a combination of constant volume combustion experiment and numerical simulations is used. The characterization parameters of flame, explosion and pollutant concentration of natural gas/H2/air under low-pressure environment are obtained, and their chemical reaction kinetics are analyzed. When the pressure drops, the laminar burning velocity (LBV) of them increases, and the Lewis number (Le) gradually increases by more than 1. Thermal diffusion is stronger than mass diffusion, and the growth rate of flame thickness exceeds 26 %. The effect of hydrodynamic instability enhances, causing an increment in the average size of flame cells, the critical instability radius, and the Markstein length (Lu). At the equivalent ratio (φ) of 1, there is a change from negative to positive in the Lu, and flame stability continuously strengthens. The explosion overpressure is reduced by 78 % to 90 %, the explosion temperature by 16 % to 20 %. As the φ increases, the LBV exhibits an inverted U-shaped relationship, reaching its maximum value near “φ = 1″. The flame stability first weakens and then strengthens. The explosion hazard is strongest in the range of ”φ = 1–1.2″. With a decrease in pressure, the total reaction rate of fuel consumption is reduced by more than 50 %. The continuous reaction distance is extended by 12 %. Changes in pressure have a relatively weak impact on the content of CO and CO2. The increase in the φ results in an increase in CO content of over 7 %. The content of CO2 reaches its maximum value around “φ = 1″. It is an essential reference for the safe delivery of hydrogen energy and the reduction of environmental pollution.

Acoustic emission spectrum characteristics of structural coal destruction in negative pressure environment

Abstract The uniaxial compression experiments under a low-pressure environment were performed by using structural coal samples. The frequency domain response characteristics of coal mass failure under loading in a low-pressure environment were acquired by FFT transformation and wavelet packet decomposition. The results show: As the loading stress of coal increases, the AE spectrum becomes more abundant, and the whole AE spectrum shows a left-shift trend. When the gas pressure increases, the acoustic emission signals change from low-frequency high-energy to high-frequency low-energy, the frequency band gradually narrates, and the spectrum changes from complex multi-peak shape to single-peak shape. As stress increases, the proportion of energy in the band 0-4.38 kHz gradually increases, while that in other bands gradually decreases. The energy response to stress changes in the two frequency bands of 2.92-4.38 kHz and 4.38-5.84 kHz is the most obvious. When the pressure changes, the energy in three frequency bands of 2.92-4.38 kHz, 4.38-5.84 kHz, and 7.3-8.76 kHz present an evident response trend with the pressure change, and the response trend (increase) of the latter two is exactly opposite (decrease) to that of the former. This phenomenon indicates that 2.92-4.38 kHz and 4.38-5.84 kHz are the characteristic frequency bands of the coal fracture process. The findings of this research offer crucial foundational data to support the monitoring and early warning of coal and gas outburst hazards.

Performance of an additive-manufactured precooler under high-temperature and negative pressure environment

This paper introduces an original plate-fin precooler designed for potential applications in extreme low-pressure environments. Utilizing additive manufacturing technology, the heat transfer plate thickness is constrained to 2.0 mm, with channel widths inside the plate achieving 0.8 mm. Through experimental methods, this study aims to assess the precooler’s performance and identify critical influencing factors. Experimental results indicate that the hot fluid inlet temperature to the precooler exceeds 1100 K, with static pressures dropping below 30 kPa. Despite these conditions, the precooler demonstrates an impressive pressure recovery coefficient exceeding 97 % and achieves a maximum temperature drop of 731.4 K for the hot fluid. Furthermore, it is observed that the overall performance of the precooler diminishes with increasing mass flow rates of the hot fluid, showing fluctuations of up to 25 % when assessed by the j/f1/3 factor. Additionally, while the hot fluid inlet velocity exceeds 90 m/s, laminar flow predominates during the heat transfer process. Moreover, regardless of whether the cooling fluid experiences a phase change within the precooler, its heat transfer performance show priority than that of the hot fluid. Thus, changes in the mass flow rate of the cooling fluid have minimal impact on the overall precooler performance. Finally, the first-stage heat exchanger plays a critical role in the heat transfer process, accounting for over 2/3 of the total temperature and pressure drop for the hot fluid. This research is expected to contribute to the design of high-efficiency, low-resistance precoolers, particularly those applied for operation under negative pressure conditions.

Ripple formation on TA2 pure titanium surface induced by annular laser beam at low pressure environment

Formation of the micron-scale circular ripples on metal surfaces produced by continuous wave laser irradiation in low-pressure environment was investigated experimentally and numerically in this manuscript. It is found that splashing of the molten material and oxidation of the metal surface, which usually happened in the atmospheric environment, were avoided in low-pressure environment. Therefore, circular ripples were formed during the solidification process of the molten pool. Numerical simulations based on the finite element method (FEM) and the moving mesh method were applied to investigate the evolution of the flow field behavior of the molten pool. It is found that the Marangoni effect and capillary force during solidification process dominate the formation of the micron-scale circular ripples. In addition, the ripple spacing can be controlled by the temperature gradient. At the same power density, a higher temperature gradient on the molten surface can be produced by an annular laser beam, compared to a Gaussian beam, thus a denser circular ripple structure were produced, which were confirmed by the experimental results. The results of this paper may enrich the investigations on the metal surface texturing methods, laser vacuum processing and laser material engineering.

Investigation on Thermal Runaway Hazards of Cylindrical and Pouch Lithium-Ion Batteries under Low Pressure of Cruise Altitude for Civil Aircraft

Thermal runaway characteristics and hazards of lithium-ion batteries under low ambient pressure in-flight conditions are studied in a dynamic pressure chamber. The influence of ambient pressures (95 kPa and 20 kPa) and packaging forms (cylindrical and pouch commercial batteries) were especially investigated. The results show that the values of heat release, temperature, and CO2 concentration decrease with the reduction in pressure from 95 kPa to 20 kPa, while the total hydrocarbon and CO increase. Without violent fire, explosion, and huge jet flames, the thermal hazards of TR fire under 20 kPa are lower, but the amount of toxic/flammable gas emissions increases greatly. The amount of CO and hydrocarbons varies inversely with the thermal hazards of fire. Under low-pressure environments of cruise altitude, the thermal hazards of TR fire for pouch cells and the toxic/potentially explosive hazards of gas emissions of cylindrical cells need more attention. The performance of TR hazards for two packaging types of battery is also different. Pouch cells have higher thermal hazards of fire and lower combustible/toxic emitted gases than cylindrical cells. The thermal runaway intensity of individual cells decreases under lower ambient pressure, but the burning intensity increases dramatically when thermal runaway occurs in a battery pack. The open time of a safety valve (rupture of the bag) is shortened, but the trigger time for a thermal runaway varies for different formats of batteries under 20 kPa. Those results may be helpful for the safety warning and hazard protection design of Li batteries under low-pressure conditions.

‘Find your groove’: exploring how dancing can support physical literacy for individuals with Parkinson’s

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to examine teaching strategies utilized by instructors within a dance class for individuals with Parkinson’s, and to describe ways in which dancers respond to the teaching strategies utilized; both through the lens of physical literacy. Dance instructors offer important insight into the content design and facilitation of these classes for individuals with Parkinson’s so they can experience the physical, psychological, and social benefits of dancing. Observations of nine dance classes (occurring online and via hybrid format) were conducted. Data was analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis and five themes were created: (1) Tuning in and connecting dancers with their bodies; (2) Creating a fun, low-pressure, and responsive environment; (3) Designing opportunities for dancers to be creative during class; (4) Overcoming challenges and feeling successful; (5) Connecting and dancing together. Dance classes led by adaptable, encouraging, and responsive instructors offer joyful and motivating dancing experiences for individuals with Parkinson’s. These findings paint a picture of specific pedagogical strategies and behaviours utilized by dance instructors to support expressions of physical literacy within classes for individuals with Parkinson’s.