Low-power Wireless Technologies Research Articles

CC2530-Based Wireless Data Long-Distance Communication Simulation Design and Application

With the rapid development of IoT, low-power wireless networks are becoming more and more important in engineering applications. For different IoT applications, a variety of corresponding low-power wireless technologies are studied and used. Among them, ZigBee technology is widely used for wireless data long-distance communication networks that require low-power consumption, low communication rate and large capacity self-organizing networks. However, the standard ZigBee module is limited by the large noise factor of the receiver and the small radiation power of the transmitter in the module, which cannot meet the requirements of long-distance communication. In this paper, we combine RF and communication technologies to design a long-range, low-power transceiver based on ZigBee technology for wireless data long-range communication simulation design and application. Experimental results show that the model in the urban area of 500[Formula: see text]m range, the system’s packet loss rate is kept at a low 0.03 or so, and the average Rssi is kept above and below [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]dBm, which can meet the general communication requirements and achieve the expected communication effect. Under the same packet rate, the model combines the improved AODVjr and Cluster_Tree algorithms, and the packet delivery rate can reach 98.5%, which greatly extends the wireless data long-distance communication life.

Smart Traffic Light Prototype Implementation using LoRa Technology

Smart traffic light systems have the potential to significantly improve traffic flow and safety in both urban and suburban areas. Most smart traffic lights were deployed in a city with adequate infrastructure. However, building a smart traffic light in suburban areas can be challenging due to the limited availability of communication infrastructure. This paper aims to build and implement a smart traffic light system in a suburban area by incorporating LoRa (Long Range) technology for communication. LoRa is a low-power wireless technology that allows long-distance communication between devices and has low data rates and power consumption. It was created especially for Internet of Things (IoT) devices that run on batteries. The peer-to-peer method was used, which utilized three LoRa nodes for enabling the communication between traffic lights. Usability testing was conducted to determine the impact of the smart traffic light system on traffic flow and safety. The result of the testing shows that the system is necessary to improve traffic management in suburban areas, and the respondents were positive about its potential benefits. Received Signal Strength (RSS) was measured in two different environments: paddy field and residential areas in Kampung Alor Ara, Arau, Perlis. Results show a slight difference in RSS indicator versus distance for the placement of traffic lights in three-junction lanes. The optimum distance between any two traffic lights is 100m in the paddy field area. While for residential areas, the optimum distance is only 50m. The successful implementation of this prototype demonstrates the potential of LoRa technology in enhancing traffic management in suburban areas. Further research such as implementing artificial intelligence (AI) and utilizing advanced LoRa devices and antennas is needed to explore the scalability and long-term sustainability of the system.

A novel Architecture for Sensor-based Rescue Management using Smart Band and Handheld Device Prototypes based on Low-Power Wireless Technology

A novel Architecture for Sensor-based Rescue Management using Smart Band and Handheld Device Prototypes based on Low-Power Wireless Technology

Análisis del cumplimiento de Bluetooth 5 con los requisitos de IoT de la UIT

Bluetooth is an open, short-range, and low power Wireless technology, which aims to simplify communication between different kinds of devices. Bluetooth has five versions, divided into two main operation modes, Classic Bluetooth and Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE). BLE is designed for the use of IoT (Internet of Things) applications. The fifth version of Bluetooth improves all the features to surpass other technologies that want to be the base of IoT communications. Bluetooth 5 achieves greater range, higher data transmission speed, improved support for advertising, and energy efficiency than previous versions. The new mesh topology feature makes Bluetooth a good candidate for IoT communications since it allows decentralized architectures. In this work, a revision of the Bluetooth version 5 is carried out. Furthermore, the IoT's operating requirements, based on the recommendations of ITU (International Telecommunication Union), are presented. The contribution of this work is the analysis of the characteristics of Bluetooth 5 to determine whether or not they meet the IoT requirements proposed by the ITU. The analysis results indicate that Bluetooth 5 meets the high-level requirements and approximately half of each category's standard IoT requirements.

Intelligent Microsystem for Sound Event Recognition in Edge Computing Using End-to-End Mesh Networking

Wireless acoustic sensor networks (WASNs) and intelligent microsystems are crucial components of the Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystem. In various IoT applications, small, lightweight, and low-power microsystems are essential to enable autonomous edge computing and networked cooperative work. This study presents an innovative intelligent microsystem with wireless networking capabilities, sound sensing, and sound event recognition. The microsystem is designed with optimized sensing, energy supply, processing, and transceiver modules to achieve small size and low power consumption. Additionally, a low-computational sound event recognition algorithm based on a Convolutional Neural Network has been designed and integrated into the microsystem. Multiple microsystems are connected using low-power Bluetooth Mesh wireless networking technology to form a meshed WASN, which is easily accessible, flexible to expand, and straightforward to manage with smartphones. The microsystem is 7.36 cm3 in size and weighs 8 g without housing. The microsystem can accurately recognize sound events in both trained and untrained data tests, achieving an average accuracy of over 92.50% for alarm sounds above 70 dB and water flow sounds above 55 dB. The microsystems can communicate wirelessly with a direct range of 5 m. It can be applied in the field of home IoT and border security.

Securing IoT Devices by Exploiting Backscatter Propagation Signatures

The low-power radio technologies open up many opportunities to facilitate Internet-of-Things (IoT) into our daily life, while their minimalist design also makes IoT devices vulnerable to many active attacks. Recent advances use an antenna array to extract fine-grained physical-layer signatures to identify the attackers, which adds burdens in terms of energy and hardware cost to IoT devices. In this paper, we present ShieldScatter, a lightweight system that attaches low-cost tags to single-antenna devices to shield the system from active attacks. The key insight of ShieldScatter is to intentionally create multi-path propagation signatures with the careful deployment of tags. These signatures can be used to construct a sensitive profile to identify the location of the signals’ arrival, and thus detect the threat. In addition, we also design a tag-random scheme and a multiple receivers combination approach to detect a powerful attacker who has the strong priori knowledge of the legitimate user. We prototype ShieldScatter with USRPs and tags to evaluate our system in various environments. The results show that even when the powerful attacker is close to the legitimate device, ShieldScatter can mitigate 95 percent of attack attempts while triggering false alarms on just 7 percent of legitimate traffic.

REAL-TIME HIDDEN DATA TRANSMISSION USING LORA

Nowadays, it has become a crucial task in transferring confidential data for military departments, many multinational companies, etc. The important requirement is that the data that has been transmitted should not be visible to hackers or third parties from another end. To satisfy this requirement LoRa technology is used. Long-distance and low-power wireless communication technologies such as LoRa, Sigfox, and Narrowband-Internet of Things (NB- IoT) were developed in recent years. These technologies can contribute to indoor and outdoor smart applications with minimal power consumption. In this study, the LoRa wireless communication technique was used as the primary data communication method, enabling the device to communicate without requiring an Internet connection or a SIM card. This technology can be implemented in military and defense areas. KEYWORDS: Lora, Arduino Nano, Bluetooth, Zigbee, Wi-Fi

Real-Time Hidden Data Transmission Using Lora

Nowadays, it has become a crucial task in transferring confidential data for military departments, many multinational companies, etc. The important requirement is that the data that has been transmitted should not be visible to hackers or third parties from another end. To satisfy this requirement a wireless technology LoRa is used. Long-distance and low-power wireless communication technologies such as LoRa, Sigfox, and Narrowband-Internet of Things (NB-IoT) were developed in recent years. These technologies can contribute to indoor and outdoor smart applications with minimal power consumption. In this study, the LoRa wireless communication technique was used as the primary data communication method, enabling the device to communicate without requiring an Internet connection or a SIM card. This technology can be implemented in military and defense areas.

Real-Time Hidden Data Transmission Using Lora

Nowadays, it has become a crucial task in transferring confidential data for military departments, many multinational companies, etc. The important requirement is that the data that has been transmitted should not be visible to hackers or third parties from another end. To satisfy this requirement a wireless technology LoRa is used. Long-distance and low-power wireless communication technologies such as LoRa, Sigfox, and Narrowband-Internet of Things (NB-IoT) were developed in recent years. These technologies can contribute to indoor and outdoor smart applications with minimal power consumption. In this study, the LoRa wireless communication technique was used as the primary data communication method, enabling the device to communicate without requiring an Internet connection or a SIM card. This technology can be implemented in military and defense areas.

Research of LoRaWAN productivity performance models for building IoT networks

The study of the LoRaWAN method applicationperformance models intheIoT networks, which is currently being intensively developed, improved and is an important component of the information society. LoRa is a new long-range, low-power wireless technology that is key to building IoT networks around the world. Unlike other wireless technologies, the signal range and autonomy are enormous. Unlike GSM networks, it does not require bulky equipment with a high level of radiation.Itcan be easily used in places with mass construction without harm to human health. Two main scenarios for modeling performance improvement were investigated. Based on the results of the research, it is concluded that doubling the bandwidth effectively doubles the baud rate, and increasing the bandwidth reduces the sensitivity of the receiver, while increasing the propagation factor increases the sensitivity of the receiver. It is shown that by slightly changing the ACK procedure, it is possible to significantly improve the system performance in terms of packet delivery factor, system capacity, and energyefficiency. Conversely, it is determined that other system parameters are already well configured.

Smart System Using Lora Technology to Connect Rural Areas Underserved By Existing Internet and Telecommunication Technologies

LoRa, Sigfox, and Narrowband-Internet of Things (NB-IoT) are some of the long-distance, low-power wireless communication technologies developed in the recent past. The proposed system consists of mainly nodes and a gateway as the fundamental system architecture. Nodes only communicate with the gateway individually and the gateway communicates with all the nodes separately and wirelessly. System in this proposed study, uses long range low power RF wireless communication technique for primary data communication, where an Internet connection will not be required for the communication between the gateway and the nodes. Any number of nodes can be paired with the gateway, and the gateway can individually communicate with each and every node. Furthermore, gateways have the ability of storing real-time data. Due to its unique design, the proposed system in this study, can achieve addressable, bidirectional, and continuous data communication even without the Internet connection. The bidirectional communication design of this proposed system facilitates real time and uninterrupted simultaneous handling of monitoring/sensor devices and controller devices without the need of a separate controlling system. As this system consists of those unique features, it is recommended to use in the rural areas underserved by current internet and telecommunication technologies. With the in-built option to get connected to the Internet, this system can be further expanded to an IoT based addressable data communication, processing, and visualization systems by eliminating the major technical problems in typical IoT systems such as interrupted communication and data losses during an Internet connection failure, power concerns and customization issues.

Footstep Power Generation

Abstract: Piezoelectric energy harvesting is the new upcoming green and clean energy which works on piezoelectric principle. The lost energies are being captured and restored by the transducer and piezoelectric sensor in to a battery. The vibrations and motions caused by humans and machines will be used and stored in battery are being used by the small and low power electronic component and wireless technology, starts being to develop recently and so, necessary steps are taken to develop and find a new power source from harvesting technique. The power and energy from different sources are commonly used and simple power harvesting circuits will replace the power supplies which is currently used. These materials harvest small amount of energy which are ignored and wasted in the surrounding but this energy can be useful for powering the small electrical components in a system. The research made to accumulate the power through this method and sources so an estimate amount of energy can be produced and stored. At the end of this project, the outcomes should be a stable power source to charge a battery and light a bulb of small watt and further can be used for multiple tasks and applications. Keywords: Energy harvesting, Piezoelectric sensors, Solid works Analysis

Internet of Things (IoT) Security Alarms on ESP32-CAM

The article presents the basic requirements for systems operating on the technology of the industrial / industrial "Internet of Things" (Industrial Internet of Things, IIoT). presents the main technologies with which it is recommended to develop IIoT devices. These are low-level programming of microcontrollers using the STM32 example, working with real-time systems (using Mbed OS as an example), using low-power wireless technologies, such as LoRa, 6LoWPAN, NB-IoT, ZigBee, Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE). It is also necessary to use special protocols, for example, the MQTT application layer protocol, the use of special cloud services, for example, Artik Cloud, IBM Cloud, Intel Cloud. The article also provides the main features of the choice of hardware - a development board for a microcontroller, wireless communication modules, as well as features of choosing software to accelerate the stage of initial debugging and development of a device prototype. It also provides a brief overview of existing security alarm solutions based on the Internet of Things (IoT) and Smart Home technologies. The idea of creating a budget solution based on Arduino and ESP32-CAM is presented. A prototype was assembled, the device was tested in operation.

Smart energy monitoring based on IoT Lora-Wan on the campus buildings: Case study Indonesian Defence University (Unhan), Sentul, Bogor

Smart building constructions such as Campus Buildings have been designed for use, where the physical structure and system components are interrelated and can maximize functionality for operation and maintenance. So that the Campus building can be used with a longer age. One of the sub-systems that can monitor and notify the range of energy usage on a campus building is a smart electrical energy meter (kWh meter), which is connected to all devices that consume electrical energy in campus buildings. These interconnected smart devices use IoT (Internet of Things) interconnection networks and low power wireless technology (Lora). In a case study of the use of this system at the Indonesian Defense University, Unhan, Sentul, Bogor, West Java, it can be seen how the maximum efficiency in the use of electrical energy can be obtained in the smart campus building construction, which runs automatically.

Can Haptic Stimulation Enhance Music Perception in Hearing-Impaired Listeners?

Cochlear implants (CIs) have been remarkably successful at restoring hearing in severely-to-profoundly hearing-impaired individuals. However, users often struggle to deconstruct complex auditory scenes with multiple simultaneous sounds, which can result in reduced music enjoyment and impaired speech understanding in background noise. Hearing aid users often have similar issues, though these are typically less acute. Several recent studies have shown that haptic stimulation can enhance CI listening by giving access to sound features that are poorly transmitted through the electrical CI signal. This “electro-haptic stimulation” improves melody recognition and pitch discrimination, as well as speech-in-noise performance and sound localization. The success of this approach suggests it could also enhance auditory perception in hearing-aid users and other hearing-impaired listeners. This review focuses on the use of haptic stimulation to enhance music perception in hearing-impaired listeners. Music is prevalent throughout everyday life, being critical to media such as film and video games, and often being central to events such as weddings and funerals. It represents the biggest challenge for signal processing, as it is typically an extremely complex acoustic signal, containing multiple simultaneous harmonic and inharmonic sounds. Signal-processing approaches developed for enhancing music perception could therefore have significant utility for other key issues faced by hearing-impaired listeners, such as understanding speech in noisy environments. This review first discusses the limits of music perception in hearing-impaired listeners and the limits of the tactile system. It then discusses the evidence around integration of audio and haptic stimulation in the brain. Next, the features, suitability, and success of current haptic devices for enhancing music perception are reviewed, as well as the signal-processing approaches that could be deployed in future haptic devices. Finally, the cutting-edge technologies that could be exploited for enhancing music perception with haptics are discussed. These include the latest micro motor and driver technology, low-power wireless technology, machine learning, big data, and cloud computing. New approaches for enhancing music perception in hearing-impaired listeners could substantially improve quality of life. Furthermore, effective haptic techniques for providing complex sound information could offer a non-invasive, affordable means for enhancing listening more broadly in hearing-impaired individuals.

A LoRa-Based Mesh Network for Peer-to-Peer Long-Range Communication.

LoRa is a long-range and low-power radio technology largely employed in Internet of Things (IoT) scenarios. It defines the lower physical layer while other protocols, such as LoRaWAN, define the upper layers of the network. A LoRaWAN network assumes a star topology where each of the nodes communicates with multiple gateways which, in turn, forward the collected data to a network server. The main LoRaWAN characteristic is the central role of the gateways; however, in some application scenarios, a much lighter protocol stack, relying only on node capabilities and without the presence of gateways, can be more suitable. In this paper, we present a preliminary study for realizing a LoRa-based mesh network, not relying on LoRaWAN, that implements a peer-to-peer communication between nodes, without the use of gateways, and extends node reachability through multi-hop communication. To validate our investigations, we present a hardware/software prototype based on low-power-consumption devices, and we preliminarily assess the proposed solution.

Characterizing the Impact of Doppler Effects on Body-Centric LoRa Links with SDR.

Long-range, low-power wireless technologies such as LoRa have been shown to exhibit excellent performance when applied in body-centric wireless applications. However, the robustness of LoRa technology to Doppler spread has recently been called into question by a number of researchers. This paper evaluates the impact of static and dynamic Doppler shifts on a simulated LoRa symbol detector and two types of simulated LoRa receivers. The results are interpreted specifically for body-centric applications and confirm that, in most application environments, pure Doppler effects are unlikely to severely disrupt wireless communication, confirming previous research, which stated that the link deteriorations observed in a number of practical LoRa measurement campaigns would mainly be caused by multipath fading effects. Yet, dynamic Doppler shifts, which occur as a result of the relative acceleration between communicating nodes, are also shown to contribute to link degradation. This is especially so for higher LoRa spreading factors and larger packet sizes.

Near-Field Communication in Biomedical Applications.

Near-field communication (NFC) is a low-power wireless communication technology used in contemporary daily life. This technology contributes not only to user identification and payment methods, but also to various biomedical fields such as healthcare and disease monitoring. This paper focuses on biomedical applications among the diverse applications of NFC. It addresses the benefits of combining traditional and new sensors (temperature, pressure, electrophysiology, blood flow, sweat, etc.) with NFC technology. Specifically, this report describes how NFC technology, which is simply applied in everyday life, can be combined with sensors to present vision and opportunities to modern people.

Feasibility of LoRa for Smart Home Indoor Localization

With the advancement of low-power and low-cost wireless technologies in the past few years, the Internet of Things (IoT) has been growing rapidly in numerous areas of Industry 4.0 and smart homes. With the development of many applications for the IoT, indoor localization, i.e., the capability to determine the physical location of people or devices, has become an important component of smart homes. Various wireless technologies have been used for indoor localization including WiFi, ultra-wideband (UWB), Bluetooth low energy (BLE), radio-frequency identification (RFID), and LoRa. The ability of low-cost long range (LoRa) radios for low-power and long-range communication has made this radio technology a suitable candidate for many indoor and outdoor IoT applications. Additionally, research studies have shown the feasibility of localization with LoRa radios. However, indoor localization with LoRa is not adequately explored at the home level, where the localization area is relatively smaller than offices and corporate buildings. In this study, we first explore the feasibility of ranging with LoRa. Then, we conduct experiments to demonstrate the capability of LoRa for accurate and precise indoor localization in a typical apartment setting. Our experimental results show that LoRa-based indoor localization has an accuracy better than 1.6 m in line-of-sight scenario and 3.2 m in extreme non-line-of-sight scenario with a precision better than 25 cm in all cases, without using any data filtering on the location estimates.

The Downside of Software-Defined Networking in Wireless Network

Mobile traffic volumes have grown exponentially because of the increase in services and applications. Traditional networks are complex to manage because the forwarding, control, and management planes are all bundled together and, thus, administrators are supposed to deploy high-level policies, as each vendor has its own configuration methods. Software-Defined Networking (SDN) is considered the future paradigm of communication networks. It decouples control logic from its underlying hardware, thereby promoting logically centralized network control and making the network more programmable and easy to configure. Low-power wireless technologies are moving toward a multitenant and multiapplication Internet of Things (IoT), which requires an architecture with scalable, reliable, and configured solutions. However, employing an SDN-based centralized architecture in the environment of a low-power wireless IoT network introduces significant challenges, such as difficult-to-control traffic, unreliable links, network contention, and high associated overheads that can significantly affect the performance of the network. This paper is a contribution toward a performance evaluation for the use of SDN in wireless networking by evaluating the latency, packet drop ratio (PDR), data extraction rate (DER), and overheads. The results show that SDN adds a high percentage of overheads to the network, which is about 43% of the 57% user packets, and the DER drops when the number of mesh nodes are increased, in addition to the high loss that was observed for packets that traveled over more hops.