Low Positive Attitude Research Articles

Cyclothymic affective temperament and low positive attitude coping strategies as predictors of comorbid depressive symptomatology in adult ADHD patients

IntroductionAttention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults could be frequently underdiagnosed due to concomitant psychiatric disorders, including depressive symptomatology, which could determine inappropriate treatments. Our study aims at clinically characterizing adult ADHD with or without depressive symptomatology in order to identify the relationship with specific affective temperamental profiles and coping strategies. MethodsA total of 225 outpatients consecutively afferent to our outpatient adult ADHD service since September 2019 were retrospectively screened for eligibility and administered Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced Inventory (COPE-NV) and Temperament Evaluation of the Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego (TEMPS-M). Results64.7 % of patients displayed a significant comorbid depressive symptomatology. According to the multivariate linear regression model, depressive levels were positively predicted by TEMPS-M cyclothymic subscale (B = 0.567, p = 0.004) and negatively predicted by COPE-NVI “positive attitude” subscale (B = −0.438, p = 0.024) (R = 0.496, R2 = 0.246, F(2,66) = 10.747, p < 0.001). LimitationWhile considering the results, it should be taken in consideration that: the assessment was carried out only at baseline, our sample is constituted only by adult ADHD patients and mostly without a previous ADHD diagnosis, the presence of a discrepancy between the rates of ADHD subtypes, the absence of a healthy control group and emotional dysregulation was not directly assessed. ConclusionAffective temperamental profiles and coping strategies could help in clinically characterizing and personalizing treatment in adult comorbid ADHD-depressive symptomatology patients. Further research is warranted to explore the efficacy of targeted psychotherapeutic and pharmacological interventions within this ADHD sub-sample.

Healthy Life Habits in Caregivers of Children in Vulnerable Populations: A Cluster Analysis.

Intervention programs aimed at mitigating the effects of chronic noncommunicable disease (CNDs) focus on promoting healthy lifestyle habits (HLH), especially in the early stages of life. Because of this, different typologies of caregivers have been identified according to HLH during middle childhood and adolescence. However, the available studies have focused on aspects such as nutrition, physical activity, and rest, ignoring other HLHs that are equally important for children's well-being. Likewise, few studies address HLH during the first five years of life and how caregivers affect children's health. In a sample of 544 caregivers of children aged zero to five years from low-income Colombian communities, we established a typology of attitudes toward different HLHs. The results indicate the presence of three clusters that grouped caregivers with (1) positive attitudes toward all HLHs, (2) toward some HLHs, and (3) relatively low positive attitudes toward all HLHs. Membership in clusters with less positive attitudes toward HLHs was also found to be associated with low educational levels and living in rural areas. This study detected profiles of caregivers who may have unhealthy lifestyles, so the results would allow social workers to design differential interventions on HLHs in non-industrialized countries.

Use, beliefs, and attitude towards the use of complementary and alternative medicine in a sample among medical students in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-sectional Study

Background: Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is increasingly recognized globally as a utilized approach and a subject of study. This study aimed to examine the use, beliefs, and attitudes toward the use of CAM in a sample of medical students in Saudi Arabia. Methods: A cross-sectional online survey was undertaken in Saudi Arabia with a sample of medical students between December 2020 and August 2021. A previously developed questionnaire was adapted and used in this study. Results: A total of 502 students were involved in this study. Only one-quarter of the study participants (25.3%; n= 127) confirmed that they had previous exposure to CAM courses. The most commonly agreed upon attitude statement was that &amp;quot;they agree that it is necessary to ask every patient about the previous usage of CAM during history-taking&amp;quot; (87.8%). The study participants showed a low positive attitude toward CAM. This was demonstrated through their mean attitude score, which was 3.2 (SD: 1.7) out of 7 (which is equal to 45.7% of the maximum score). Students who were previously exposed to CAM courses were 2.5-fold more likely to have a positive attitude toward CAM compared to others (p

Safety Risk of Nonmotorized Vehicles from the Perspective of Motorized Vehicle Drivers

Collisions with motorized vehicles (MVs) are one of the leading causes of nonmotorized vehicle (NMV) crashes in a heterogeneous traffic stream. As well as NMVs’ inherent vulnerability, MV drivers’ risk perceptions of NMVs may also influence MV–NMV crashes. However, until now, this subjective perception has been little explored in the literature. This study examines the potential impact of numerous factors associated with motorized road users’ perception of risk and the operational aspects of NMVs on MV–NMV crashes. An ordered probit model was developed using self-reported data from 1,560 Dhaka city motorists (motorcyclists, and car and bus drivers). Findings revealed that motorists have a higher probability of becoming aggressive, deem NMV drivers’ behavior to be risky, and have low positive attitudes toward such vehicles when they have a stronger MV–NMV crash history. The results also suggest that bus drivers have fewer crashes with NMVs, although they feel these vehicles are structurally unsafe. In addition, age, education, and perceptions of lane separation, movement, stops, and users’ trip frequency were significant in predicting crash frequency. Further, older and illiterate drivers were more likely to be involved in collisions with NMVs. Because of the bias of self-reported data, analysis of variance tests were conducted, and the results demonstrated a significant difference in risk perceptions between motorcyclists, car drivers, and bus drivers. Risk perceptions of NMVs were the highest among motorcyclists. The findings of this study are expected to aid policymakers in improving motorists’ perceptions of NMVs and in increasing the latter’s safety in developing nations with heterogenous traffic systems.

Knowledge, attitudes and decision regret: a longitudinal survey study of participants offered genome sequencing in the 100,000 Genomes Project

We used cross-sectional surveys to compare the knowledge, attitudes, and decision regret of participants who had consented for genome sequencing (GS) for rare disease diagnosis in the 100,000 Genomes Project (100kGP) across two timepoints (at the time of consenting for GS (T1) and 12–18 months later (T2)). At T1, participants (n = 504) completed a survey that included measures of general knowledge of GS (“Knowledge of Genome Sequencing” (KOGS)), specific knowledge of GS and attitudes towards GS (“General attitudes” and “Specific attitudes”). At T2, participants (n = 296) completed these same assessments (apart from the specific knowledge scale) together with an assessment of decision regret towards GS (“Decisional Regret Scale”). At 12–18 months after consenting for GS, participants’ basic knowledge of GS had remained stable. General knowledge of GS varied across topics; concepts underlying more general information about genetics were better understood than the technical details of genomic testing. Attitudes towards GS at T2 were generally positive, and feelings towards GS (both positive and negative) remained unchanged. However, those who were more positive about the test at the outset had greater specific knowledge (as opposed to general knowledge) of GS. Finally, although the majority of participants indicated feeling little regret towards undergoing GS, those with low positive attitude and high negative attitude about GS at T1 reported greater decision regret at T2. Careful assessment of patient knowledge about and attitudes towards GS at the time of offering testing is crucial for supporting informed decision making and mitigating later regret.

Proposition of a theoretical model for leisure practices based on constraints and attitudes

ABSTRACT This study proposes a theoretical model for leisure practices based on constraints and attitudes towards leisure. The instruments applied were the Leisure Practices Scale, Leisure Attitude Scale, and Leisure Constraint Scale. The sample comprised 992 industrial workers in the Greater Florianopolis, Brazil. The proposed model consists of a quadrant based on a combination of constraint variables (low to high levels) and attitude variables (positive to negative). The best conditions for engaging in leisure practices were a combination of low constraints and positive attitudes (Q4). A second group, characterized by high constraints and positive attitudes (Q2), was considered to have favoruable conditions for participation in leisure activities. Subjects with low constraints and negative attitudes (Q3) were considered to be in a slightly unfavourable condition, whereas groups at risk of low involvement in leisure practices had high constraints and negative attitudes (Q1). The proposed model explained the greater or lesser involvement of individuals in leisure practices based on constraint and attitude variables. Repercussions of the relation between constraint and attitude variables on leisure participation are discussed herein.

EEG alpha wave responses to sounds from neighbours in high-rise wood residential buildings

This study explored electroencephalogram (EEG) alpha waves (α-EEG) in response to neighbours’ sounds in wood residential buildings. Experiments were carried out in a laboratory to collect α-EEG data in distinct acoustics scenarios. A series of impact and airborne sounds were generated using loudspeakers and subwoofers, while the participants sat comfortably in a simulated living room wearing EEG headsets. Impact sounds were those of footsteps of adults walking on floors equipped with different timber floor configurations, whereas airborne sounds were of speech and music digitally filtered to resemble the good and poor sound insulation performances of lightweight vertical partitions. The sound sources were presented both individually and in combination (e.g. footsteps combined with music or speech). Noise sensitivity and attitudes towards neighbours were introduced as non-acoustic factors. The study highlighted significantly higher α-EEG in response to footsteps heard through floors characterised by low impact sound pressure levels (SPL) and to music heard through partition walls with low sound reduction indices. The effective duration of the autocorrelation function, τe, was computed to investigate subjective preference, and significant differences between sounds heard at various SPLs were identified for speech and music. Footsteps sounds in combination with an airborne source elicited higher α-EEG when compared to single footsteps sounds. Participants with self-reported low noise-sensitivity and positive attitude towards neighbours showed significantly larger α-EEG responses when exposed to sounds from neighbours than those who had high noise-sensitivity and negative attitude towards neighbours.

Dehumanization of women and men in elective abortion: A preregistered replication in China

AbstractAlthough abortion in China has been legalized for several decades, it is still controversial and the woman and man involved are at risk of being stigmatized. The current research replicated two studies conducted in Italy by investigating how the abortion decision of the woman and man influence received moral outrage, dehumanization, and perceptions of female professional competence. Study 1, which only included female participants, found higher moral outrage toward a woman having an abortion when the pregnancy was depicted as referring to a “child” (vs. “foetus”), and higher dehumanization of the woman in terms of human nature. Study 2, which included both male and female participants, and clarified responsibility for the abortion decision with respect to the woman and the man, revealed higher moral outrage and a reduction in the attribution of human uniqueness to the man, and of human nature to both the woman and the man. Moral outrage mediated dehumanization when participants had low positive attitudes toward abortion in Study 1 and high positive attitudes in Study 2. Both studies showed a negative impact of the decision to have an abortion on the woman's perceived traditional professional competence. The results generally align with the findings from Italy and yield some practical implications on reducing abortion stigma. Future abortion stigma research should consider more gender‐related factors.

Penguatan Bahasa Indonesia di Kancah Persaingan Global dan Signifikansinya bagi Studi Filsafat

The study of Indonesian language issues in higher education states that the low positive attitude of Indonesian citizens towards Indonesian language is the root of the birth of problems surrounding Indonesian language. Therefore, this study affirms the position of Indonesian in the global competition. Through regular and serious efforts to increase vocabulary, the ability of Indonesian vocabulary in expressing intellectual thoughts or in the development of science, technology and art cannot be underestimated. This optimism is supported by the positive attitude of the Indonesian people towards the Indonesian language, the increase of groups who cannot speak Indonesian and groups who are not proficient in Indonesian, the dissemination of codification results (Indonesianization of foreign words and terms) to Indonesian speakers, and the publication of codification results and language development as much as possible. In addition, this study reveals the central position of Indonesian as a means of studying philosophy. This point is intended to further convince the academic community of the philosophy campus of the importance of Indonesian as a means of revealing cultural treasures, a means of logical consideration, and a means of personality development.

SUBJECTIVE VIEWS OF AGING AND SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS AMONG OLDER ADULTS: THEORY OF MIND AS A MEDIATOR

Abstract Research has demonstrated the importance of subjective views of aging (VoA) for older adults’ well-being. However, little is known regarding how understanding others’ emotional states may affect this association. Accordingly, we examined whether Theory of Mind (ToM), or the ability to comprehend others’ emotions, may mediate the effect of VoA on older adults’ social functioning. Thirty community-dwelling older adults (mean age= 71.23, SD= 8.57, 50% women) filled out daily questionnaires concerning ageist attitudes, attitudes toward aging, and satisfaction with social relationships for two weeks. Positive VoA (i.e., low ageist attitudes and positive attitudes toward aging) were associated with increased ToM and higher satisfaction with social relationships. Moreover, ToM was a significant mediator for the VoA-social relationships link, as positive VoA on a given day were indicative of higher ToM levels, which were associated with increased positive social relationships. Results are discussed from the perspective of Socioemotional Selectivity Theory.

Attitude and its associated factors towards the nursing profession among BSc nursing students learning at governmental universities in Amhara region, northwest Ethiopia, 2021

BackgroundNursing is a noble profession that requires nurses to devote their entire lives to provide comprehensive care to those who are suffering. Nursing has faced numerous cultural challenges, including negative attitude that may hinders people from entering the field, and not performing their responsibilities as expected. This isn't a problem for a single country; it's a worldwide concern. In Ethiopia, no published research on nursing students' attitude. This study aimed to assess the attitude and to determine its associated factors towards the nursing profession among Bachelor of Science nursing students in Amhara region, northwest Ethiopia. MethodsAn institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted from April 1 to 15, 2021. Simple random sampling technique was used to select 423 participants. Data were collected by using a structured self-administered questionnaire, entered into Epi-data version 4.6, and exported to SPSS version 23.0 for analysis. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to present findings. Binary logistic regression was employed to identify associated factors. ResultAmong 413 respondents, 66.8% had a positive attitude towards the nursing profession. The result showed that being female [AOR = 2.150, (95% CI: 1.341–3.449)], admitted in the generic program [AOR = 3.241, (95% CI: 2.038–5.154)], and reason for choosing the nursing school by the desire to help others [AOR = 3.066, 95% CI (1.838–5.113)] were significantly associated with nursing students’ attitude towards their profession. ConclusionThis study found that the study participants had relatively low positive attitude towards the nursing profession. Universities should work to improve the nursing students' attitude towards their profession.

Are Retail Customers Ready for Service Robot Assistants?

The use of service robots is rapidly expanding in many industries, including the retail sector. In some Asian countries retail companies already deploy in-store humanoid robot assistants that interact with customers in a personalized and dynamic way. However, little is known about customers' perceptions of these robot-assisted interactions. Therefore, we compared customers' perceived service quality of a human-robot interaction with a human-human interaction in a retail store, using an experiment with hypothetical scenarios (N = 425). Participants' general attitudes towards robots, their age, gender, and educational level were included as moderators in the analyses (a mixed-design ANOVA model). Results showed that participants valued service quality higher in the human-human interaction scenario. Additionally, findings from the moderation analyses indicated that perceived service quality of the human- robot interaction and the human-human interaction did not statistically significantly differ for participants with relatively high positive attitudes towards robots. Participants with relatively low positive attitudes towards robots, however, held statistically significantly lower perceptions of service quality for the human-robot interaction. Neither age, gender nor educational level statistically significantly influenced participants' perceived service quality scores for both service encounters.

Parents' Attitudes toward Childhood Vaccines and COVID-19 Vaccines in a Turkish Pediatric Outpatient Population.

Our participants were the parents of children admitted to hospitals in three different cities in Turkey between September 2021 and December 2021. The parents were asked to complete sociodemographic data and their attitudes toward COVID-19 diseases, the Parental Attitudes Toward Childhood Vaccines (PACV) scale, and the Attitudes Toward COVID-19 Vaccine (ATV-COVID-19) scale. Participants were categorized as "non-hesitant", with a score of &lt;50, and "hesitant", with a score of ≥50. A total of 1087 parents with a mean age of 33.66 (SD 9.1) years old participated in the study. VH was noted in 102 (9.38%) parents. Age, gender, education, and income levels did not significantly differ from one another, according to the PACV; however, parents who delayed vaccinating their children and indicated that social media had an impact on vaccination decisions were more hesitant. Parents who were male and had a family member diagnosed with COVID-19 showed more positive attitudes in the ATV-COVID-19. Parents who were hesitant about childhood vaccinations had lower positive attitudes toward the COVID-19 vaccine (2.84 ± 0.97) than parents who were not hesitant (3.77 ± 0.9). A total of 761 (70.14%) parents need more information about childhood immunizations. Parents who are hesitant about childhood immunization programs in Turkey have a less positive attitude toward COVID-19 vaccines and are affected by social media. Parents need information about vaccines, and because the controversy surrounding COVID-19 vaccines can diminish parents' confidence in routine childhood immunizations, understanding the complex causes behind vaccination hesitancy can help public health policy break through barriers and increase immunization rates.

Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice Towards Reproductive Health Issue of Adolescents in Rural area, Indonesia: A Cross-sectional Study

Background: Indonesia’s population is dominated by adolescents; however, reproductive health (RH) issues significantly affect them. Limited access to information and taboo issues regarding reproductive health are significant problems in Indonesian rural areas. Objectives: This study investigates the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) regarding RH issues among high school adolescents in rural areas in Indonesia and provides information about RH issues. Methods: This is a quantitative, pre-and post-workshop evaluation, cross-sectional descriptive study determining the KAP of adolescents regarding reproductive health issues. We used a questionnaire to measure the KAP. It was conducted on all high school students in Mekong 1 High School of Meranti district, Riau province, Indonesia. After filling out the questionnaire, there was a 25-minute workshop to educate them on RH issues. A statistical significance was set at p&lt;0.05 Results: 121 students completed the questionnaire. Most of them were 17 years old lived with parents (93.4%), with their father’s occupation being labor (42.9%) and housewife (89.3%) for their mothers. The median results of their knowledge were low, although they had a positive attitude and mostly had good practice. There were no differences in knowledge and attitude based on class or gender, but there was a difference of practice between genders. The workshop improves their knowledge level significantly. Conclusion: High school students in the rural district have low knowledge, positive attitudes, and poor sexual health and reproduction practices. There are five of the 121 students who had sex before. The workshop that had been done significantly increased their knowledge and attitude.

The relationship between university students' depression, anxiety, and stress with positivity attitudes and the COVID-19 pandemic.

The physical activity of university students is restricted during the pandemic, changes in education and training, and uncertainties during the pandemic caused their social lives to change completely. This study aims to determine the relationship between the depression, anxiety, and stress, and positivity attitudes of university students during the Covid-19 (coronavirus disease-2019) outbreak and their attitudes and behaviors toward the pandemic. This cross-sectional study was conducted online among university students, n = 2153 from April 30, 2020 to May 10, 2020. Data were collected with the Positivity Scale and the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale. The proportion of those with moderate and above depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms in the study group, respectively, were 40.6%, 24.6%, and 22.5%. The risk ratio of these symptoms is higher among those with lower positive attitudes (OR [odds ratio] = 0.804, 0.897, 0.895, respectively), being women (OR = 1.446, 1.666, 1.471), who are concerned with the transmission of the Covid-19 (OR = 1.144, 1.374, 1.201), who believe their intra-family relations (OR = 1.886, 1.728, 2.083) and education (OR = 1.680, 1.682, 2.132) are negatively affected, and those who are more worried about life after the pandemic. Compared with the pre-pandemic period, the frequency of university students showing symptoms of depression increased, and there was no significant change in anxiety and stress levels.

MEDICAL PERSONNEL PERCEPTION ON SAFETY ATTITUDE IN A TERTIARY TEACHING HOSPITAL IN MALAYSIA

Evaluation of the perception of safety attitudes among physicians and nurses in hospitals is important to ensure optimum patient care. The objectives are to assess the perception of medical personnel on safety attitudes at their workplace and to measure the correlation between domains and factors studied. A cross-sectional study involving 160 physicians and 304 nurses is conducted at a teaching hospital. A validated Safety Attitudes Questionnaire (SAQ) consisting of 6 domains is used to measure the perception of medical personnel on safety attitude at their workplace. The Mann-Whitney test was performed for the comparison of the mean scores between two categorical variables and Spearman’s correlation coefficient was used to evaluate the relationship between two numerical variables in terms of strength and direction. Job satisfaction (73.4 ± 17.6) and management perception (56.1 ± 12.9) domains recorded the highest and lowest mean scores respectively. Doctors showed the highest perceived positive attitudes towards stress identification (57.5%) whereas perception of management (9.4%) has the lowest score, and the nurses showed the highest perceived positive attitudes towards job satisfaction (74.3%), and a low score of perception of management (10.9%). Overall, climate safety and stress recognition domains showed significant correlations with age, level of education, years in specialty, and history of attending safety training. The study results indicated that the medical personnel had low positive safety attitudes towards the management perceptions domain. However, they reported a high level of job satisfaction domain. It is imperative for the management team to take the necessary steps to ensure the personnel develops a positive safety attitude.

Knowledge and Attitude Toward Organ Donation Among the Adult Population in Jazan, Saudi Arabia.

BackgroundOrgan transplantation is recognized as a life-saving procedure for patients with potentially terminal illnesses. However, the population's awareness of organ donation and related issues is variable throughout the world.ObjectivesThe study purposes to evaluate the knowledge and attitude toward organ donation among the adult population in the Jazan region, Saudi Arabia.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional questionnaire-based study on the general population in Jazan using the convenient sampling method. The questionnaire was composed of 21 items distributed over demographic characteristics, knowledge, and attitude domains. The knowledge and attitude domain levels were categorized into low, moderate, and high based on the scoring of its items. The data had been analyzed using SPSS software version 23 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY). Frequency and percentages were used to display categorical variables. Mean and standard deviation was used to present numerical variables. The independent t-test and analysis of variance (ANOVA) test were both used to test for factors associated with knowledge score and attitude score toward organ donation.ResultsA total of 1019 participants were included in the study. The majority were between the ages of 18 and 30 years and 3.4% of them were older than 50 years. Eighty percent of participants had a university level of education or higher and 48% were students. This survey showed that 493 (48.4%) had a moderate knowledge level of organ donation (total score between 50% and 75%) with younger age, being a student, and residence status associated with a higher level of knowledge while gender and the education levels were not. Five hundred one (49.2%) of the participants reported being in agreement with organ donation and 56 (5.5%) of them reported disagreement. Most of the participants exhibited a low positive attitude toward organ donation, with 592 (58.1%) of the participants (a total score less than 50%) (score of 4 and less). Young age and being a student were the factors associated with a positive attitude while gender, education levels, residence status, and monthly status were having no significant associations with the positive attitude toward organ donation.ConclusionThis study concluded that study participants had a moderate level of knowledge and a low positive attitude toward organ donation. The advocacy in promoting organ donation should be increased through the use of appropriate mediums to change the attitudes and enhance the willingness of people.

A comparison of knowledge and attitude toward mental illness among secondary school students and teachers

AimThe current study aimed to assess and compare the level of knowledge and attitude towards mental illness between secondary school students and their teachers in Oman.MethodsAn online survey was carried out to collect data from 400 students and 411 teachers about their knowledge and attitudes toward people with mental illness. Two independent case studies about depression and schizophrenia were also tested.ResultsStudents have a poor knowledge of mental illness compared with their teachers, as more than half scored less than 60% compared with 16.5% of the teachers. More than two-thirds of the students (80%) and teachers (76.4%) have a low or minor positive attitude toward people with mental illness. The study identified significant differences in knowledge in favour of teachers, although the opposite was found regarding attitudes.ConclusionsSince students spend a significant amount of time in school, bridging the gap between teachers' and students’ knowledge and attitudes toward mental illness is an essential part in enhancing the knowledge and attitudes of the students. In addition, knowledgeable teachers with positive attitude can assist in early identification of mental illnesses and help students when needed. In turn, students who possess knowledge and positive attitude toward mental illness can share their concerns with their teachers. In the presence of such accepting and cooperative environment, the stigma can be decreased and early detection of mental illness and help-seeking behaviour can be promoted.

307 Patients expectations of benefits from large-panel genomic tumor testing in rural community oncology practices

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Large-panel genomic tumor testing (GTT) is a new technology that promises to make cancer treatment more precise. However, patients may have unrealistic expectations of its benefits. The goal of this project is to assess expectations for GTT among cancer patients in community oncology practices. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: A survey assessing expectations of the benefits of GTT was administered to cancer patients participating in a statewide study of GTT implementation, prior to receiving test results. Descriptive and regression analyses were conducted to assess expectations and the factors associated with these expectations. The study sample (N = 1,139) consisted of patients with a range of cancer types (22% gynecologic, 14% lung, 10% colon, 10% breast,and 46% other malignancies). Mean age was 64 years (standard deviation = 11); 668 (59%) were women; 71% had no college degree; 57% came from households with less than $50,000 US dollars household income; and 73% lived in a rural area. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Generally, patients had high expectations that they would benefit from GTT (M = 2.81 on 0-4 scale) and positive attitudes toward it (M = 2.98 on 0-4 scale). Patients also had relatively poor knowledge about GTT (48% correct answers on an objective test of GTT knowledge). Greater expectations for GTT were associated with lower knowledge (b = –0.46; p &lt; .001), more positive attitudes (b = 0.40; &lt; .001), and lower education (b = –0.53; &lt; .001). DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: This research suggests patients have high expectations that they will benefit from GTT, which is associated with low knowledge, positive attitudes, and low education. Interventions may be needed to boost understanding and moderate expectations, particularly for disadvantaged patients.

Designing and Validating an Integrated Environmental Education Curriculum Model for General Medicine

Background: Concerns about the environment have persisted over decades, and governments determinedly pursue the issue of environmental education. Designing an integrated curriculum is an effective approach to learning, participation, behavior, and critical thinking. Objectives: The presented study aimed to propose and validate an integrated model of environmental education curriculum for general medicine. Methods: This study was conducted using a mixed method (quantitative and qualitative). Data were collected using a questionnaire and via interviews. By using the Morgan’s table, the target population was determined to be 280 in Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (15 professors and 265 students). Results: The students had inadequate knowledge and low positive attitudes toward environmental education. Given the maximum consistency of the data obtained and the curriculum models provided by Silver and Alexander and Taylor and Kelvin, the integrated environmental education curriculum model was designed in 11 stages, including needs assessment, objectives, content, area determination, learning materials and resources, learning-teaching strategies, implementation and the role of professors, grouping, time, place, and evaluation. The proposed model was validated based on experts’ comments, and the content validity ratio was considered appropriate. Conclusions: Considering the integrated features of the proposed model, it applies to all stages of medical education and could foster effective interactions between students and environmental education during the seven-year study period, which confirms the efficacy of the model if implemented correctly. Considering the subjects of environmental education based on health-centered environment and the effects on physical, mental, and social health, the proposed model recognizes the contents of the current medical curriculum (i.e., disease prevention and treatment and the position of integration in organizing the content). In addition, it selects the contents of the model, which are reflected in its integrated approaches. The model composes of thematic knowledge, efficient knowledge, and functional knowledge in environmental education in medicine in the form of an integrated curriculum.