Low-pass Bessel Filter Research Articles

Contributions of brain regions to machine learning-based classifications of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) utilizing EEG signals

Objective The study presented focuses on the creation of a machine learning (ML) model that uses electrophysiological (EEG) data to identify kids with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) from healthy controls. The EEG signals are acquired during cognitive tasks to distinguish children with ADHD from their counterparts. Methodology The EEG data recorded in cognitive exercises was filtered using low pass Bessel filter and notch filters to remove artifacts, by the data set owners. To identify unique EEG patterns, we used many well-known classifiers, including Naïve Bayes (NB), Random Forest, Decision Tree (DT), K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), Support Vector Machine (SVM), AdaBoost and Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), to identify distinct EEG patterns. Input features comprised EEG data from nineteen channels, individually and in combination. Findings Study indicates that EEG-based categorization can differentiate between individuals with ADHD and healthy individuals with accuracy of 84%. The RF classifier achieved a maximum accuracy of 0.84 when particular region combinations were used. Evaluation of classification performance utilizing hemisphere-specific EEG data yielded promising outcomes, particularly in the right hemisphere channels. Novelty The study goes beyond traditional methodologies by investigating the effect of regional data on categorization results. The contributions of various brain regions to these classifications are being extensively researched. Understanding the role of different brain regions in ADHD can lead to better diagnosis and treatment options for individuals with ADHD. The study of categorization ability, utilizing EEG data specific to each hemisphere, particularly channels in the right hemisphere region, provides further granularity to the findings.

Serial digital QAM-modem based on complex band-pass IIR filters with LF-prototypes of Bessel

The article is devoted to the development and implementation of algorithms for the single-channel sequential quadrature amplitude modulation and demodulation based on digital complex band-pass IIR filters with LF-prototypes of Bessel. The use of complex IIR filters of Bessel allows to obtain orthogonal carrier signals which are close in shape to symmetric signals with practical non-overlapping spectra. The procedure for calculating the 4th-order digital low-pass Bessel filter using the generalized bilinear transformation method, which is used in the theory of digital signal processing to convert a continuous-time system into a discrete-time system, is considered. The variants of implementing the digital complex bandpass filters with a sequential structure using the complex delay method are considered, which allows to obtain the block diagrams of complex bandpass filters without additional calculations and to realize the restructuring of the central frequency without changing the frequency response shape by changing only two coefficients in complex delays. The procedure for obtaining of the expression of the impulse response of digital complex band-pass IIR filters of Bessel is considered. With the help of circuit modeling, the amplitude-frequency response and impulse response of such filter are determined. If the IIR filters are used in the modulator, the pulse characteristics of which are infinite and asymmetric, then it is necessary to use digital complex FIR filters consistent with the truncated pulse characteristic in the demodulator. But as an exception, the Bessel digital IIR filter has a phase-frequency response similar in shape closely to the linear one and, accordingly, a pulse response close to the symmetric one. In this case, the same recursive complex Bessel filters, similar to the filter in the modulator, can be used as matched filters in the demodulator. Therefore, the serial block diagram of the modem contains the same complex band-pass IIR filters with LF-prototypes of Bessel. The choice of the central frequency of the channel digital complex bandpass IIR filter is carried out by setting two coefficients. The results of circuit modeling of the data transmission system with the quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM-16) in the Microcap environment are presented, confirming the operability of the proposed option.

Various coding techniques under bit sequence generators operation mode effects for upgrading transceiver systems efficiency

Abstract This paper has outlined the simulation study of different operation mode for bit sequence generators variations effects on the transceiver systems efficiency with Manchester coding/decoding technique. The eye diagram signal analyzer after the light receiver is clarified in different mode operation of bit sequence generators. The different mode operation are namely probability, order, alternate, zeros, and ones modes. As well as the received signal amplitude after low pass Bessel filters is examined in different modes operation-based bit sequence generators. Available transmission data rates for this study are 10 Gb/s. The obtained results assured that the system coding performance efficiency is enhanced with alternate mode operation than other proposed modes operation-based bit sequence generators.

Electro-optic power/signal quality optimization based on the interaction between electro-optic modulators and electrical filters

Abstract This paper clarifies the effects of electrical filters with electro-optic modulators variations on the power/signal quality optimization and minimum data error rates reduction. The electro-optic modulators that are namely Mach Zehnder modulator, absorption modulator measured, single-drive Mach Zehnder modulator measured, and electro-absorption modulator. In addition to the filters are employed low pass (LP) Gaussian filter, LP Bessel filter, LP Butterworth filter, and LP Chebyshev filter. The hybrid combination between these modulators at the Tx. and the filters at the Rx. side give the chance to set the best candidate combinations from these devices for the power and signal quality optimization.

DVCC Based (2 + α) Order Low Pass Bessel Filter Using Optimization Techniques

This paper proposes the design and analysis of (2 + α) order low pass Bessel filter using different optimization techniques. The coefficients of the proposed filter are obtained by minimizing the error between transfer functions of (2 + α) order low pass filter and third-order Bessel approximation using simulated annealing (SA), interior search algorithm (ISA), and nonlinear least square (NLS) optimization techniques. The best optimization technique based on the error in gain, cut-off frequency, roll-off, passband, stopband, and phase is chosen for designing the proposed filter. The stability analysis of the proposed filter has also been done in W-plane. The simulated responses of the best optimized proposed filter are attained using the FOMCON toolbox of MATLAB and SPICE. The circuit realization of 2.5 order low pass Bessel filter is done using two DVCCs (differential voltage current conveyors), one generalized impedance converter (GIC) based inductor, and one fractional capacitor. The proposed filter is implemented for the cut-off frequency of 10 kHz using a wideband fractional capacitor. Monte Carlo and noise analyses are also performed for the proposed filter. The MATLAB and SPICE results are shown in good agreement.

Chemometric evaluations of repeatability and detection limit in high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection

The function of mutual information (FUMI) theory proposes that it is possible to obtain a relative standard deviation (RSD) of the peak area of an analyte from baseline noises and a signal on a single chromatogram when the analyte concentrations are proportional to their peak areas. In this study, we demonstrate that the FUMI theory using noise parametrization by the difference method is applicable for the evaluations of repeatability and detection limit (DL) in high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLC-ECD). HPLC-ECD for determining vincristine (VCR) was taken as an example, and VCR was detected on a glassy carbon surface at +0.8 V vs. Ag/AgCl. In the comparisons of precision profiles (plots of RSD of peak area against concentrations of an analyte), the stochastically estimated RSD (N = 1) by the FUMI theory fell within the 95% confidence intervals of statistically estimated RSD (N = 6) by repetitive measurements. Furthermore, the DL obtained by the FUMI theory (3.3×SD) was almost the same value as that by the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) = 3. Moreover, we introduced a manual method for signal-noise resolution to obtain noise parameters from a chromatogram with low-pass Bessel filter processing. In conclusion, our results show that the FUMI theory using noise parametrization by the difference method can be applied to the evaluations of repeatability and DL in HPLC-ECD without and with a low-pass Bessel filter.

A PV Based Hybrid Energy Storage System for Electric Vehicles

Abstract: Charging of electric vehicles have been a major problem as the charging stations are not installed every where, either we have to charge the vehicle at home or we should have to go to a charging point and it takes a lot of time. Addition of solar energy generation to electric vehicle will give the advantage of charging the vehicle while it is in parking. The overall performance and endurance of the battery of a electric vehicle can be improved by designing a PV based hybrid energy storage system with the magnetic integration of Bessel low pass filter to the DC-DC converter. The size of battery is reduced, endurance of the battery is also improved and the effectiveness of proposed method is validated by simulation. Keywords: Solar energy generation, hybrid-energy storage system, DC-DC converter, electric vehicle, endurance of the batter.

Simulative study on the cascaded stages of traveling wave semiconductor optical amplifiers based multiplexing schemes for fiber optic systems improvement

Abstract This study has outlined the performance analysis of the cascade traveling-wave optical amplifier (Semiconductor optical amplifier [SOA]) with multiplexing techniques based on fiber communication transceiver systems. The maximum Quality factor is measured against signal power. Signal input power level is enhanced by using the suggested model with previous model. The low pass Bessel filter removes the unwanted ripples from the original signal. The suggested model has clarified better performance efficiency than the previous model.

Designing of Fractional Order Bessel Filter using Optimization Techniques

ABSTRACT This paper proposes the design of an approximated fractional-order low-pass Bessel filter using various optimisation techniques. Simulated annealing (SA), nonlinear least square (NLS), and firefly (FF) optimisation methods are applied for the designing of (1 + α) order low-pass Bessel filter. Stability analysis has been attempted for the proposed fractional-order Bessel filter in W-plane for α ranging from 0.1 to 0.9 in the interval of 0.1. The best optimisation technique in terms of error in gain, cut-off frequency, and stopband attenuation is validated on Biquad. Further, KHN Biquad has been simulated using SPICE to validate 1.2, 1.5, and 1.8 order Bessel filters. MATLAB and SPICE simulated results of gain, cut-off frequency, and stopband attenuation have been compared for the proposed Bessel filter. MATLAB simulated magnitude response shows a great extent of closeness with SPICE simulated magnitude response. Monte Carlo analysis has also been done in the SPICE environment.

The influence of electrical filters with sequence generators on optical ISL performance evolution with suitable data rates

Abstract The work offered the analysis comparison study of optical wireless intersatellite link (ISL) for both different bit sequence generators and filters. The study clarifies the impact of varying sorts of both bit sequence generator (data source) in the transmitter and electrical filters in receiver on system performance. The two bit sequence generators used are pseudo random bit sequence generator (PRBSG) and user-defined bit sequence generator (UDBSG). The used filters in this study are low pass (LP) Bessel filter, LP Gaussian filter, LPCROF (cosine roll-off filter), and LPSCROF (squared CROF). Performance of the filter depends on the order of filter and filter bandwidth. The performance parameters in our study are quality factor, Bit Error Rate (BER), and optical received power. In this study, variation of optical received power depends on the type of sequence generator because it is measured after the channel directly.

Analysis and Design of Optimized Fractional Order Low-Pass Bessel Filter

This paper approximates the behavior of low-pass Bessel filter in fractional domain using the Interior search algorithm (ISA). A detailed analysis has been done with sensitivity analysis, W-plane stability and absolute percentage error (gain and cut-off frequency) to study the low-pass fractional order filter. The work focuses on the analysis and design of fractional filter with two cases. In the first case, the design and simulation of [Formula: see text] order low-pass Bessel filter has been done using MATLAB for [Formula: see text] value ranging from 0.1 to 0.9. SPICE simulation of 1.2, 1.5 and 1.9 order low-pass Bessel filter using fractional order capacitor of order [Formula: see text] with Tow–Thomas biquad have been performed. In the second case, low-pass ([Formula: see text] order Bessel filter has been simulated and designed using MATLAB, where [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] are two fractional order elements of a different order. SPICE simulation for different values of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] have been done using two fractional order capacitors of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] order with Tow–Thomas biquad.

Performance of grey‐coded IQM‐based optical modulation formats on high‐speed long‐haul optical communication link

In this article the performance of grey-coded advanced optical modulation formats is evaluated on a single-channel high-speed long-haul optical communication link and are compared to the respective differential-coded modulation formats. Polarisation division multiplexed optical in-phase quadrature modulator (IQM) structure and homodyne detection scheme are used to realise 100 Gbps quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK), 120 Gbps 16-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (16-QAM), 360 Gbps 32-QAM and 480 Gbps 64-QAM modulation formats. Advanced digital signal processing unit with various pre-processing and recovery stages such as direct current blocking, normalisation, low-pass Bessel filter, resampling, quadrature imbalance compensation, chromatic dispersion compensation, non-linear compensation, timing recovery, adaptive equalisation, down-sampling, frequency offset estimation, and carrier phase estimation is used at the receiving end to compensate for signal impairments during propagation. Maximum transmission distances of 7200, 1050, 560, and 360 km have been achieved at an acceptable bit error rate for QPSK, 16-QAM, 32-QAM, and 64-QAM, respectively. The grey-coded systems outperformed the differential-coded systems regarding optical signal-to-noise ratio requirement, receiver sensitivity, and transmission distance.

Precise Construction and Tuning of an Aerolysin Single-Biomolecule Interface for Single-Molecule Sensing

Precise Construction and Tuning of an Aerolysin Single-Biomolecule Interface for Single-Molecule Sensing

SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS OF AVALANCHE PHOTODIODE AND PIN DIODE DETECTORS IN OPTICAL RECEIVERS

<p>This research explained how to establish the optical receiver sensitivity and the link power budget design in terms of quality factor, receiver power and bit error rate (BER) for several values of attenuation at 100km fiber length. The design parameters which were taken into consideration were a constricted transmitter, Zender modulator, attenuator, lowpass Bessel filter, Non-Return-to-Zero modulation format, CW laser, avalanche photodiode (APD) and PIN diode detectors and the type of network coding, Bit Error Rate Analyzer (BER) etc. The objective was achieved using optisystem 7 professional simulation software layout to design the power system budget and optical receiver circuit, the avalanche photodiode and PIN diode were used as the detector. Optisystem simulations were used to determine the optimum power and the receiver sensitivity for several values of attenuation. This research investigated and analyzed the performance of optical receiver at a wavelength of 1550nm. Simulations were made and the Bit Error Rate analyzer values for the various parameters taken. Several values of Q-Factor and Bit Error Rate were tabulated, and the corresponding graphs plotted. There was an improvement in the quality factor, the quality of signal with a low noise value and the extended transmission or propagation time was reduced.</p>

SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS OF AVALANCHE PHOTODIODE AND PIN DIODE DETECTORS IN OPTICAL RECEIVERS

This research explained how to establish the optical receiver sensitivity and the link power budget design in terms of quality factor, receiver power and bit error rate (BER) for several values of attenuation at 100km fiber length. The design parameters which were taken into consideration were a constricted transmitter, Zender modulator, attenuator, lowpass Bessel filter, Non-Return-to-Zero modulation format, CW laser, avalanche photodiode (APD) and PIN diode detectors and the type of network coding, Bit Error Rate Analyzer (BER) etc. The objective was achieved using optisystem 7 professional simulation software layout to design the power system budget and optical receiver circuit, the avalanche photodiode and PIN diode were used as the detector. Optisystem simulations were used to determine the optimum power and the receiver sensitivity for several values of attenuation. This research investigated and analyzed the performance of optical receiver at a wavelength of 1550nm. Simulations were made and the Bit Error Rate analyzer values for the various parameters taken. Several values of Q-Factor and Bit Error Rate were tabulated, and the corresponding graphs plotted. There was an improvement in the quality factor, the quality of signal with a low noise value and the extended transmission or propagation time was reduced.

A novel design of hybrid energy storage system for electric vehicles

In order to provide long distance endurance and ensure the minimization of a cost function for electric vehicles, a new hybrid energy storage system for electric vehicle is designed in this paper. For the hybrid energy storage system, the paper proposes an optimal control algorithm designed using a Li-ion battery power dynamic limitation rule-based control based on the SOC of the super-capacitor. At the same time, the magnetic integration technology adding a second-order Bessel low-pass filter is introduced to DC-DC converters of electric vehicles. As a result, the size of battery is reduced, and the power quality of the hybrid energy storage system is optimized. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is validated by simulation and experiment.

An Optical Duobinary Downlink Access Scheme Using Low Pass Filter and its Application

In this letter, a novel optical duobinary (ODB) downlink access scheme using low pass filter was proposed. The ODB downlink signal was generated by one continuous-wave (CW) laser, one pseudo-random binary sequence (PRBS) generator, one NRZ generator, one precoder, one Mach-Zehnder modulator and one low pass Bessel filter. The downlink signal can be transmitted over 20km singlemode fiber (SMF) and successfully received. We analyzed the time-domain waveforms, optical spectrum and eye diagrams before and after downstream transmission. The simulation results show that, compared to the traditional downlink scheme, this scheme has the advantages of high bandwidth efficiency, resistance to dispersion and good reception performance.

Simulated Sensitivity Improvement of Optical Receiver in Fiber Optic Network

With the increasing demand and growth in optical telecommunication networks, the sensitivity of an optical receiver become an important part of telecommunication transmission networks. The unlimited bandwidth of an optical fiber create a path for large volume of signals to flow rapidly in a fraction of a seconds. This increase in the volume of transmitted signals causes severe traffic congestion, making the receiver insensitive, prolong the signal processing time and identified bits wrongly. In this research, Optisystem 7 professional software using Erbium Doped Fiber (EDF), Avalanche photodiode (APD), Non-Return-to-Zero modulation format, optimization tool and low pass Bessel filter, CW laser, pump laser, a gain flattering filter, attenuator, Bit Error Rate Analyzer (BER) etc, was used to improve the sensitivity of the receiver. The procedure of the design was to first improve on the gain using Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA), reduce loss and propagation time and increase the signal flow. Optisystem simulation was used to determine the optimum gain and the receiver sensitivity for several values of attenuation. This research investigated and analyzed the performance of the optical receiver at a wavelength of 1550nm, optic fiber of length 100km. Simulations were made and the Bit Error Rate analyzer values taken. Several values of Q-Factor and Bit Error Rate were tabulated and the corresponding graphs plotted. There was an improvement in the gain, quality factor, the quality of signal with a low noise value and the extended transmission or propagation time was reduced. The result of the design showed an improvement in the sensitivity of the receiver.

A fiber-optic analog isolator of up to 10 MHz bandwidth

The electromagnetic interference (EMI) around the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST) device is very harsh during plasma discharge experiment. In order to reduce the effect of EMI and enhance signal to noise ratio (SNR), a fiber-optic high speed isolator has been designed. Each channel of the isolator has a transmitter unit connected via fiber-optic cable to the receiver unit. A transmitter unit which consists of a 6th order Bessel low-pass anti-aliasing filter, an analog-to-digital converter (ADC), a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA), a serializer and an optical transceiver, while a receiver unit comprises an optical transceiver, a deserializer, a FPGA, a digital–to-analog converter (DAC) and a 6th order Bessel low-pass filter. Data from the ADC is serialized by the serializer using 8b/10b encoding before transmission, and 10b/8b decoding was used by the deserializer in the receiver unit. A prototype of this isolator has been realized and tested. The test results show that the transmission bandwidth of analog signal is up to 10MHz, the transmission delay is typically 500ns, the transmission distance is up to 250m and the output noise is less than 5mV, which can meet the requirements of EAST experimental campaigns.

Simulation of VLC system under the influence of optical background noise using filtering technique

Visible light communication (VLC) has recently gained recognition as an alternate to RF communication. Optical background noise sources generated by conventional fluorescent light, optical shot noise and thermal noise demean the performance of the VLC system. In this paper, the simulation design and performance analysis of RZ-OOK VLC system under the influence of optical background noise using optisystem software is proposed. Rectangular optical filter, placed before the photo-diode and electrical low pass Bessel filter after the trans-impedance amplifier are used to mitigate the noise. Our proposed design of indoor VLC system helps to attain the best performance with minimum cost, effort and time, after that it can be applied physically in real-time experimentation. This paper also discusses the performance analysis of optical to electrical power conversion, BER, qualitative eye opening, evaluation of BER with respect to the distance between the transmitter and receiver for RZ-OOK VLC system. Simulation results make clear that the performance of RZ-OOK modulation is better achieved for data rate of 20 Kb/s and 20m distance between the transmitter and receiver.