Phenolic Compounds Research Articles

Impact of season and maturity stage on biochemical parameters of Averrhoa carambola fruits

The nutritional quality of fruits can be affected by changes in physiological indicators during fruit ripening, which is why it is important to identify the stage of maturity and the appropriate season for harvesting. Based on this observation, this study was carried out to evaluate the influence of the two different seasons and the stage of maturity on the nutritional parameters of Averrhoa Carambola. The results showed a significant effect (p<0.0001) of the two seasons and maturity stage on the biochemical parameters of A. carambola fruits. Ash contents and pH were significantly high in rainy seasons and at the ripe stage. Their values ​​were respectively (6.80±0.59%) and (3.54±0.27). Moisture and titratable acidity concentrations decreased significantly during maturation while total sugars, reducing and non-reducing sugars, and total soluble solids increased significantly during maturation. vitamin C and phenolic compounds were more abundant in the dry season and at the green stage. The values ​​were Vitamin C (15,869.64±0.03 mg/g), polyphenols (30.92±0.03 mg GAE/mg), flavonoids (30.59±0.28 mg EQ/g) and tannins (21-.02±0.01 mg GAE/g). This study suggests that there are differences in the biochemical parameters of starfruit between seasons depending on the maturity stage. The data provided useful information on the season and ideal stage of maturity for harvesting and their use in food products.

Evolution of antioxidant potential during fruit maturation Pancovia laurentii (De Wild.) Gilg ex De (Sapindaceae)

Pancovia laurentii (De Wild.) Gilg ex De (Sapindaceae) is a plant species of the spontaneous flora of Central Africa, which grows easily in the Republic of Congo. It produces very succulent edible fruits. The evaluation of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity in the pulp and seed of the fruit during its maturation was done by spectrophotometer. The results reveal the increase of total polyphenols, total flavonoids and anthocyanins in the pulp and seed of the fruit during maturation. Flavonoids accumulate more in the seed than in the pulp. At taste maturity, the seed with 400.85 mg EQ/DM is richer in flavonoids than the pulp which has 322.26 mg EQ/DM. Polyphenols and anthocyanins accumulate more in the pulp than in the seed with respectively 432.8 mg EAG/mg DM for polyphenols and 157.50 mg/mL for anthocyanins. The pulp and seed presented a DPPH radical scavenging activity. The antioxidant activity increases during maturation. It is greater than 50%, particularly in the pulp with 0.25 mg/mL and in the seed with 0.37 μg/mL at taste maturity. These results show the existence of a good linear correlation between the content of total polyphenols, total flavonoids, anthocyanins and the antioxidant power of the pulp and seed of the fruit during maturation. With these contents, the fruit can be considered as a potential source of natural antioxidants.

Machine learning-aided enhancement of white tea extraction efficiency using hybridized GMDH models in microwave-assisted extraction

White tea is valuable for having a high antioxidant content, which is considered to possess numerous beneficial effects on health. This study investigated the application of microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) for the extraction of total phenolic compounds from white tea. The experimental setup included four independent variables: microwave power (ranging from 100 to 300 W), extraction time (ranging from 10 to 40 min), temperature (ranging from 35 to 50 °C), and the ratio of food to solvent (ranging from 0.25 to 0.5 g/10 mL). The responses that were evaluated were IC50 (ppm) and total phenolic content (mg/g). The experimental design consisted of thirty runs conducted within the MAE system. The group method of data handling (GMDH) models were used to predict important efficiency measures (IC50 and total phenol content) in the extraction process. The models were assessed based on their ability to capture the relationships between input conditions and efficiency outputs. Three GMDH variants were compared: baseline GMDH, GMDH optimized with a genetic algorithm (GMDH-GA), and GMDH optimized with a harmony search algorithm (GMDH-HS). While all models achieved high predictive ability on a test set, GMDH-HS emerged as the superior performer. It achieved near-perfect agreement with observations (d-index > 0.998), minimal errors (NRMSE < 0.02), and effectively captured data variance (NSE > 0.99) for both outputs. Correlation diagrams and Taylor diagrams confirmed the superior performance of GMDH-HS in terms of linearity, correlation, and error minimization. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of hybridizing GMDH with a harmony search algorithm for complex modeling tasks, paving the way for improved efficiency and yield optimization in extraction processes.

Efficacy of using grape cane extracts against &lt;i&gt;Plasmopara viticola&lt;/i&gt; under field conditions and their impact on the composition of berries and musts of &lt;i&gt;Vitis vinifera&lt;/i&gt; L. cv. Riesling

Grapevine downy mildew caused by Plasmopara viticola is a deleterious vine disease currently controlled using synthetic and copper-based fungicides. Environmental concerns surrounding such fungicides necessitate sustainable alternatives like grape cane extracts. However, studies into their efficacy and effects on the product remain limited. This study aimed to assess the open-field efficacy of a novel grape cane extract formulation, alone and combined with a copper agent, against downy mildew, and to examine its impact on berry and must composition. The results were compared to standard fungicides frequently used in integrated and organic viticulture. In 2022, the grape cane extract formulation reduced downy mildew severity by 78 % on berry clusters, comparable to the maximum acceptable dose of copper for organic farming in Germany (3 kg/ha/a). Combining the grape cane extract with the copper agent was more effective than the copper agent alone, but not more effective than the grape cane extract alone. In 2023, disease development was marginal, despite artificial inoculation. Compositional differences detectable by FTIR were insignificant between musts derived from all treatments, increased copper levels were observed whenever copper had been applied. The phenolic content in freeze-dried, de-seeded berries of 2022 was significantly lower after copper (14.6 mg/g dry weight DW) and grape cane extract treatments (6.6 mg/g DW) when compared to the control (36.1 mg/g DW), with discrepancies in stilbenoid and flavan-3-ol levels in particular, as analysed by HPLC-DAD. However, these differences were not confirmed in 2023, with results showing no correlations between different treatments and phenolic contents. These findings suggest that applications of the phenolic grape cane extract do not lead to artificially altered levels or relevant residues of the active constituents; i.e., the phenolic compounds in the product. In brief, grape cane extracts might represent a promising natural alternative to controlling grapevine downy mildew, particularly in organic viticulture, which, to date, heavily relies on (eco-)toxic copper-pesticides. Further multi-year studies including wine analyses are warranted to follow the entire flow towards the final product.

Evaluation of Selected Plant Phenolics via Beta-Secretase-1 Inhibition, Molecular Docking, and Gene Expression Related to Alzheimer’s Disease

Background: The goal of the current study was to investigate the inhibitory activity of six phenolic compounds, i.e., rosmarinic acid, gallic acid, oleuropein, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), 3-hydroxytyrosol, and quercetin, against β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme-1 (BACE1), also known as β-secretase or memapsin 2, which is implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Methods and Results: The inhibitory potential against BACE1, molecular docking simulations, as well as neurotoxicity and the effect on the AD-related gene expression of the selected phenolics were tested. BACE1 inhibitory activity was carried out using the ELISA microplate assay via fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) technology. Molecular docking experiments were performed in the human BACE1 active site (PDB code: 2WJO). Neurotoxicity of the compounds was carried out in SH-SY5Y, a human neuroblastoma cell line, by the Alamar Blue method. A gene expression analysis of the compounds on fourteen genes linked to AD was conducted using the real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method. Rosmarinic acid, EGCG, oleuropein, and quercetin (also used as the reference) were able to inhibit BACE1 with their respective IC50 values 4.06 ± 0.68, 1.62 ± 0.12, 9.87 ± 1.01, and 3.16 ± 0.30 mM. The inhibitory compounds were observed to occupy the non-catalytic site of the BACE1. However, hydrogen bonds were found to be present between rosmarinic acid and EGCG and aspartic amino acid D228 in the catalytic site. Oleuropein and quercetin effectively suppressed the expression of PSEN, APOE, and CLU, which are recognized to be linked to the pathogenesis of AD. Conclusions: The outcomes of the work bring quercetin, EGCG, and rosmarinic acid to the forefront as promising BACE1 inhibitors.

Mathematical Modelling and Chemical Analysis to Characterise Anthocyanin Self-association Interactions Influencing Colour Expression and Stability in Young Red Wines

AbstractAnthocyanins are phenolic compounds that provide colour to young red wines following extraction from grape skins, and their reaction kinetics are not well understood as they exist within a complex pH-dependent multistate system. For commercial wineries to best control anthocyanin colour expression that is a major determinant for red wine quality, there is a critical need for behaviours of all pH-dependent monomeric and self-associated anthocyanins to be considered together. In response, the current study employed mathematical and experimental techniques to reveal kinetic and steady-state behaviours of all species of a model anthocyanin, malvidin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (M3G), within three Shiraz red wines throughout fermentation. Investigator-developed models represented the following: (i) acid–base reactions that form red, purple, and blue anthocyanin monomers; (ii) hydration reactions that result in monomeric colour loss; and (iii.) physical self-association interactions that temporally stabilise anthocyanin colour. Simulations were validated experimentally using high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector (HPLC–DAD) and colourimetric analysis of wine samples. Moreover, a unique predictive modelling framework was developed that takes in measured values for anthocyanin concentration, pH, and temperature at the onset of fermentation, and output data describing corresponding wine colour expression and stability characteristics that would arise after fermentation has progressed. Results of the current study elucidate complex reaction kinetics occurring between anthocyanin species under dynamic red wine conditions and provide meaningful predictions for future wine colour and shelf-life characteristics. Outputs may be used to inform key winemaking decisions influencing red wine quality and to optimise the use of winery resources throughout the fermentation process.

Valorization of Potato Peels (Solanum tuberosum) Using Infrared-Assisted Extraction: A Novel Sprouting Suppressant and Antibacterial Agent

Recently, there has been a growing interest in reducing waste to promote environmental sustainability, with particular focus on agricultural by-products, especially fruits and vegetables. Potato, a widely used crop across various industries, generates a significant amount of peel waste. This study aims to valorize potato peels using water bath extraction (WBE) and infrared-assisted extraction (IRAE), both with distilled water as the solvent, followed by assessments of antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-sprouting activities. Optimization using response surface methodology identified optimal extraction conditions for WBE (90 °C for 70 min) and IRAE (80 °C for 10 min), with both methods yielding 3.5 mg GAE/g DM in polyphenol content. IRAE demonstrated superior energy efficiency and enhanced antioxidant activity. The extracts exhibited antibacterial properties against both Gram-positive (Listeria monocytogenes) and Gram-negative bacteria (Proteus sp. and Salmonella sp.), with inhibition zones ranging from 10 to 14 mm. Furthermore, the potato peels extract showed significant anti-sprouting effects at room temperature, reducing both the number and size of sprouts compared with the control. HPLC analysis showed the presence of different phenolic compounds such as rutin, catechin, caffeic acid, protocatechuic acid, chlorogenic acid, p-coumaric acid, and gallic acid in one or both extracts. These findings suggest that potato peels extract holds potential for applications in the food industry as a natural preservative due to its antioxidant properties, as well as a sprout suppressant. The antibacterial activity of the extracts suggests their potential as a natural preservative as well, offering protection against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria that may be present in food.

Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs) Act as Nanoelicitors in Melissa officinalis to Enhance the Production of Some Important Phenolic Compounds and Essential Oils

ABSTRACTNanoparticles (NPs) are well‐known biostimulants in plant biotechnology, utilised to enhance the physical properties of plants and exhibit positive effects on them. The important key role is the most suitable type, effective dose and size of NP to be used in plant tissue culture systems. In this study, various concentrations of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs; 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 μg L−1) were tested as elicitors in callus culture with the aim of enhancing secondary metabolite production in lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.). According to the results obtained, callus formation rates have shown an increase in all applications compared to the control group. The highest callus formation, weight and diameter were observed in 50 μg L−1 application. In this application, the callus structure was compact and its colour was green. However, the aromatic compounds, neral and geranial increased significantly in 25 μg L−1 application. The maximum increase in phenolic compounds such as caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, proto‐catechic acid, hesperidin and p‐coumaric acid was observed in the 75 μg L−1 AgNP and the highest increase in rosmarinic acid compound was determined in the 50 μg L−1 application. The study found that AgNP applications are an effective method for increasing the production of secondary metabolites in medicinal and aromatic plants, such as lemon balm, in vitro.

Relationships Between Photosynthetic Efficiency and Grain Antioxidant Content of Barley Genotypes Under Increasing Nitrogen Rates

Nitrogen fertilization may affect the functioning of photosynthesis as well as the chemical composition and antioxidant potential of cereal grains. Little is known about the relationship between the efficiency of photosynthesis and the content of phenolic compounds in barley grain, especially in conditions of varying nitrogen availability. In this regard, a field experiment was conducted to examine the responses of two primary barley genotypes with elevated phenolic compound content (TPC) in grain and an intensive modern cultivar H. v. vulgare with high protein content to increasing nitrogen fertilization (rates of 0, 30, 60 and 90 kg N ha−1) during the study years, which differed in terms of hydrothermal conditions. The leaf greenness index (SPAD) and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were evaluated on three occasions throughout the growing season. Following the harvest, the chemical composition of the grains, including phenolic acids, flavonoids and antioxidant potential, was evaluated. The antioxidant potential and chemical composition of the grain, including TPC and protein content, depended to the greatest extent on genetic and environmental factors, and only then on nitrogen fertilization. Nitrogen increased the TPC content and antioxidant capacity ABTS+ of the grains of all studied genotypes and the protein content in H. v. vulgare grain. Rates of 60 and 90 kg N ha−1 resulted in a significant increase in the SPAD, PIabs and Fv/Fm in BBCH 34 and 57. A positive correlation was confirmed between the SPAD and PIabs and the content of TPC and ABTS+ in the grain. The dependence of qualitative characteristics on the Fv/Fm was also demonstrated. The primary genotypes are characterized by a greater genetic potential for the synthesis of phenolic compounds than the modern cultivar H. v. vulgare. The synthesis of phenolic compounds, and thus their accumulation in the grain, is clearly stimulated by unfavorable environmental factors and moderate nitrogen rates and depends on the chlorophyll content in the leaves and the efficiency of photosynthesis. N fertilization has a beneficial effect on the content of phenolic compounds in grain resulting from the improvement in the SPAD and PIabs. The chemical composition of grain and the increase in antioxidant potential are determined by the Fv/Fm, which is low under hydrothermal stress conditions.

Improvement of Properties of Bio-Oil from Biomass Pyrolysis in Auger Reactor Coupled to Fluidized Catalytic Bed Reactor

The goal of this research work was to investigate the improvement of bio-oil issued from beechwood biomass through catalytic de-oxygenation. Pyrolysis was conducted in an auger reactor and the catalytic treatment was performed in a fluidized catalytic bed reactor. Lab-synthesized Fe-HZSM-5 catalysts with different iron concentrations were tested. BET specific surface area, BJH pore size distribution, and FT-IR technologies were used to characterize the catalysts. Thermogravimetric analysis was used to measure the amount of coke deposited on the catalysts after use. Gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS), flame ionization detection (GC-FID), and thermal conductivity detection (GC-TCD) were used to identify and quantify the liquid and gaseous products. The pyrolysis temperature proved to be the most influential factor on the final products. It was observed that a pyrolysis temperature of 500 °C, vapor residence time of 18 s, and solid residence time of 2 min resulted in a maximum bio-oil yield of 53 wt%. A high percentage of oxygenated compounds, such as phenolic compounds, guaiacols, and the carboxylic acid group, was present in this bio-oil. Catalytic treatment with the Fe-HZSM-5 catalysts promoted gas production at the expense of the bio-oil yield, however, the composition of the bio-oil was strongly modified. These properties of the treated bio-oil changed as a function of the Fe loading on the catalyst, with 5%Fe-HZSM-5 giving the best performance. A higher iron loading of 5%Fe-HZSM-5 could have a negative impact on the catalyst performance due to increased coke formation.

Identification and Analysis of Phenolic Compounds in Vaccinium uliginosum L. and Its Lipid-Lowering Activity In Vitro

Vaccinium uliginosum L. (VU), rich in polyphenols, is an important wild berry resource primarily distributed in extremely cold regions. However, the detailed composition of Vaccinium uliginosum L. polyphenols (VUPs) has not been reported, which limits the development and utilization of VU. In this study, VU-free polyphenols (VUFPs) and VU-bound polyphenols (VUBPs) were, respectively, extracted using an ultrasonic, complex enzyme and alkali extraction method; the compositions were identified using ultra-performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, and lipid-lowering activity in vitro was evaluated. The results showed that 885 polyphenols and 47 anthocyanins were detected in the VUFPs and VUBPs, and 30 anthocyanin monomers were firstly detected in VU. Compared with the model group, the accumulation of lipid droplets and the total cholesterol and triglyceride contents in the high-concentration VUP group reduced by 36.95%, 65.82%, and 62.43%, respectively, and liver damage was also alleviated. It was also found that VUP can regulate the level of Asialoglycoprotein receptor 1, a new target for lipid lowering. In summary, this study provides a detailed report on VUP for the first time, confirming that VUP has lipid-lowering potential in vitro. These findings suggest new strategies and theoretical support for the development and utilization of VU, especially in the field of functional foods.

Preharvest salicylic acid and chitosan treatments reduce red drupelet reversion and enhance antioxidant capacity in blackberry fruit

Red drupelet reversion (RDR) is a postharvest physiological disorder affecting fresh blackberries during commercialization. The drupelets revert from fully black to red, causing detriments of the commercial value. The specific mechanism is still being investigated, some reports suggest that the occurrence of RDR is associated with pigment degradation in the fruit, and can be caused or aggravated by mechanical damage and storage conditions. Even, though studies report no significant alteration in blackberry organoleptic properties caused by RDR, the visual aspect of it affects the consumer perception of the fruit quality reducing marketability and ultimately generating economic losses. In this regard, preharvest treatments have been recently reported to have positive effects in reducing RDR in blackberries. In this study, we investigated the effects of chitosan (COS) and salicylic acid (SA) as preharvest treatments on the phenolic compound content and antioxidant capacity of blackberry fruit. The results showed that SA 3 mM and COS 0.25% treatments increased the total phenolic and flavonoid content while also enhancing the antioxidant capacity of blackberries. We also observed that the content of specialized metabolites and the activity of antioxidant enzymes have a negative correlation with the occurrence of RDR in blackberries.

Multi-functional tyrosinase inhibitors derived from kojic acid and hydroquinone-like diphenols for treatment of hyperpigmentation: Synthesis and in vitro biological evaluation.

A series of multi-functional tyrosinase inhibitors derived from kojic acid (KA) and hydroquinone-like diphenols were designed and synthesized using click chemistry. The in vitro enzymatic assay revealed that all compounds containing a free enolic structure showed excellent activity against tyrosinase (IC50 = 0.14-3.7 µM), being significantly more potent than KA. The most active compounds were catechol (6c) and α-naphthol (6i) analogs with 138- and 96-fold higher potency than KA. On the other hand, all free phenolic compounds (6a-c and 6g-j) derived from aromatic diols showed outstanding free radical scavenging activities superior to KA. Certainly, the α-naphthol derivative 6i with IC50 = 10.1 µM was the most active anti-oxidant, being as potent as quercetin. The SAR analysis indicated that the enolic head of the conjugate molecules mainly contributes to the anti-tyrosinase activity, and the free phenolic part of the molecules can offer anti-oxidant potency. The anti-melanogenic assay of the most promising derivative, 6i, against melanoma (B16F10) cells demonstrated that the prototype compound 6i can significantly reduce the melanin content, more effectively than KA. By using a conjugation strategy, we have improved the tyrosinase inhibitory and radical scavenging activity in the multi-functional agents such as 6i over the parent compound KA, being potentially useful in the treatment of hyperpigmentation and other skin disorders.

Co-composting: A Comprehensive Review of Its Potential in Transforming Coir Pith Waste into Nutrient-rich Manure

Coir industries in India generates around 7.5Mt of coir waste yearly, which is unsuitable for agricultural use due to its high C:N ratio, lignin, phenol, cellulose and tannin content. The accumulation of coir pith leads to adverse environmental problems due to the release of phenolic compounds, lignin, tannins etc. Biodegradation or composting is the best way to manage coir waste and thereby the environmental pollution can be avoided. Co-composting is a method of decomposing multiple organic materials, which aims to create stable humus, and overcome the limitations of composting with a single organic source. Co-composting of coir pith reduces the C:N ratio, lignin content, cellulose content and increases the nutrient contents. In co-composting technology more than one feed stock are used for composting. It can be done by treating the coir pith with organic source of nutrients viz., farm yard manure or poultry manure or agro-industrial wastes or green manure crops or leguminous weeds or treating the coir pith with organic wastes and earthworms, or treating the coir pith lignin degrading micro-organisms and or supplementing the coir pith with lime, rock phosphate etc. along with the organic sources of nutrients mentioned above to speed up the composting process. Co-composting of coir pith resulted in the production of nutrient rich organic manure within a short period of time. Application of coir pith compost had significant effect on the growth and yield attributes of crops. Harnessing the potential of coir pith can lead us towards a more sustainable and greener future.

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles containing Cichorium intybus to treat the sepsis-induced DNA damage in the liver of Wistar albino rats

Abstract Sepsis is a severe reaction of the body to an infection, presenting a critical medical crisis. It represents an imbalance between the body’s anti- and pro-inflammatory reactions. The occurrence of sepsis, which leads to multiple-organ failure and increased mortality, is marked by dysfunction in the lungs, heart, kidneys, and liver. The involvement of reactive oxygen species is believed to contribute to the progression of sepsis. Data suggest potential advantages of phenolic compounds derived from plants in combating sepsis. Plant polyphenols can be antioxidants by scavenging free radicals, chelating metals, and binding to proteins. In this research, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were produced by the aqueous extract of Cichorium intybus leaf for the purpose of treating sepsis-induced DNA harm. The recent study focused on the biological aspect including the cytotoxicity properties on normal (HUVEC) cell line. The AgNPs were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, and UV-Vis. The TEM and SEM images of AgNPs exhibited the average size of 35.29 nm with spherical morphology. In the in vivo study, the animals were categorized into four groups: sepsis-induced, sham, AgNPs-20, and AgNPs-100. AgNPs treatment resulted in a significant decrease in tissues damage (p &lt; 0.01). The sepsis-induced group showed a significantly elevated malondialdehyde (MDA) level in comparison to the sham group (p &lt; 0.01). Nevertheless, the groups that received AgNPs experienced a decrease in MDA levels and an increase in glutathione and superoxide dismutases levels (p &lt; 0.01). Additionally, the rats treated with AgNPs exhibited a reduction in the IL-1β mRNA expression levels (p &lt; 0.01).

Nutrient limitation shortly before harvest promotes high accumulation of antioxidants in lettuce

AbstractPlants exposed to drought not only have to cope with a shortage of water, but also with a simultaneous decrease in nutrient availability. In this greenhouse experiment, the responses of antioxidants and key metabolites to 2 or 4 days of water limitation immediately prior to harvest were compared to the effect of nutrient limitation with continued water supply in lettuce leaves. Water limitation led to a faster increase in stress intensity than nutrient limitation. While moderate drought stress led to a slight increase in the antioxidant compounds studied, there was a concomitant sharp decrease in starch content. Under nutrient limitation, an increase in the content of ascorbic acid, the proportion of reduced ascorbic acid and the content of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, soluble sugars and starch was observed in the mild phase of stress. These results suggest that reducing nutrient availability shortly before harvest could be a suitable means of improving the nutritional value of crops through cultivation practices as opposed to breeding.

Potential of convective drying in valorization of broccoli leaves: kinetic study, bioaccessibility of phenolic compounds and structural characteristics

Potential of convective drying in valorization of broccoli leaves: kinetic study, bioaccessibility of phenolic compounds and structural characteristics

Wine Phenolic Compounds: Chemistry, Functionality and Health Benefits

Wine phenolic compounds, often known as polyphenols, are a diverse group of secondary bioactive compounds derived from grapes. They play a crucial role in defining the sensory characteristics, functionality, and health benefits of wine. This review explores the complex chemistry of these compounds, focusing on key classes such as flavonoids, which include flavanones, flavonols, anthocyanins, and flavan-3-ols, and non-flavonoids, such as hydroxycinnamic acids, hydroxybenzoic acids, and stilbenes. The health benefits of wine phenolics, particularly their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, are also discussed in relation to preventing and reducing the risk of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as cardiovascular diseases, cancers, and neurodegenerative conditions. Furthermore, this review summarized the most current data from human population-based research that investigated the bioactivity of these red wine phytochemicals with relevant health benefits for NCDs. Finally, this review proposes some perspectives for future research to better understand the bioavailability, metabolism, and long-term health effects of these compounds.

Coconut Testa Flour Sub-Fractions: Correlation Between FTIR Spectral Data and α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activities

Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) serves as a rapid analytical technique to characterize food specimens chemically. The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential of FTIR combined with multivariate statistics to detect Alpha-glucosidase (Alpha-glu) inhibitory activities of a non-cereal flour-like coconut testa flour (CTF). CTF of five distinct local cultivars was sequentially extracted with hexane, ethyl acetate (EtOAc), and methanol (MeOH) to assay the Alpha-glu inhibitory activity. FTIR spectra of CTF extracts were obtained within the range of 4000–500 cm−1 and the prominent spectral peaks obtained for both hexane and EtOAc extracts were roughly similar but some additional peaks were observed in EtOAc extracts representing phenolic constituents. The major absorbance peaks found in MeOH extracts were primarily indicative of the occurrence of the hydroxyl group associated with carbohydrates and phenolic compounds. The multivariate predictive models developed using partial least squares (PLS) and orthogonal partial least squares (OPLS) regression analyses indicated a strong correlation between Alpha-glu inhibitory activity and spectral data. Models developed for the spectral regions 3700–2800 cm−1 and 1800–500 cm−1 exerted the highest regression coefficients with the lowest root mean square errors. In OPLS regression analysis, the model obtained with third-derivative spectral data was identified as the best, exhibiting the highest regression coefficients and the lowest root mean square errors. Both PLS and OPLS regression analyses indicated a potential correlation of Alpha-glu inhibitory activity with FTIR spectral regions. Notably, OPLS models offered enhanced interpretability of the model parameters. This study suggests that the application of multivariate regression analysis of FTIR spectral data on coconut-based products could help to detect Alpha-glu inhibitory activities.

Properties of Antioxidant Film Based on Protein Isolate and Seed Coat Extract from Bambara Groundnut

Bambara groundnut (BG)-based films containing seed coat extract at different concentrations were prepared and characterized. BG seed coat extract (BGSCE) had a total phenolic content of 708.38 mg GAE/g dry extract. BGSCE majorly consisted of quercetin 3-galactoside, rutin, and azaleatin 3-arabinoside. BGSCE exhibited ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging activities (ABTS-RSAs and DPPH-RSAs), a ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and an oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) of 66.44, 4.98, 4.42, and 0.91 mmol Trolox equivalent/g dry extract, respectively. When BGSCE at various concentrations (0–8%, w/w, protein content) was incorporated into the BG protein isolate (BG-PI)-based films, film containing 4% BGSCE exhibited higher thickness, tensile strength, elongation at break, water vapor and UV-light barrier properties, and a*-value (redness) than the control film (p &lt; 0.05). Films containing BGSCE had greater ABTS-RSA, FRAP, and ORAC than the control film (p &lt; 0.05). An FTIR analysis elucidated that the proteins interacted with phenolic compounds in BGSCE. Nonetheless, less thermal stability was attained in films added with BGSCE. Hence, the addition of BGSCE possessing antioxidant activity exhibited an important role in properties and characteristics of BG-PI-based film. The developed active film could be applied as packaging material possessing antioxidant property for food applications.