Low Molecular Alcohols Research Articles

ANALYSIS OF DISSOLVING ABILITY OF LOWER ALCOHOLS AND ESTERS AQUEOUS AND HYDROCARBON SOLUTIONS TO ORGANIC MATTER OF BAZHENOV FORMATION ROCKS

This work is devoted to studying the characteristics of treatments with organic solvents on bazhenov formation rock samples, which contains a large amount of unconverted organic matter (kerogen, bitumen). This article contains the results of studying the dissolving abilities of individual low-molecular alcohols and esters, and solutions of these compounds in water and in a non-polar aromatic solvent (petroleum solvent). Among the individual solvents studied, esters of acetic acid showed the greatest dissolving ability; alcohols are less active. Petroleum solvent slightly dissolves the rock’s organic matter and needs the addition of more polar organic compounds. The dependences of dissolving ability of alcohols’ hydrocarbon solutions on alcohol concentration is extreme, with a maximum of 10 wt.%. Based on the obtained results, the mutual influence of solvents in the hydrocarbon fluid was additionally evaluated. It has been established that solutions of isopropanol and aromatic solvent show a synergistic effect to the dissolution of rock organic matter more than hydrocarbon solutions of esters. For the compositions that showed the greatest dissolving ability, a qualitative and semi-quantitative analysis was made for establishing changes in the composition of rock samples after extraction using X-Ray diffraction and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. It is shown that mixtures of polar and non-polar solvents provide a more regular extraction of aliphatic and aromatic components of rock organic matter. Systems containing petroleum solvent, isopropanol and isopropyl acetate have been identified as the basis for the development of process fluids for increasing oil recovery in organic-rich reservoirs.

Simulation of Binder Jetting and Analysis of Magnesium Alloy Bonding Mechanism.

Binder jetting (3DP) is a kind of additive manufacturing at room temperature and atmospheric environment, which can reduce the risk of magnesium alloy forming. Magnesium alloy powder is bonded to a certain structure by a binder, so the appropriate binder is very important in 3DP. In this study, according to the characteristics of magnesium alloy, a simple and easy-to-obtain water-based low-molecular alcohol binder was used to reduce the difficulty of magnesium alloy 3DP. Additionally, we use COMSOL Multiphysics simulation software to establish a simulation model of the movement and deposition process of the binder. The results show that the increase in jet velocity will increase the quality and saturation of droplets. More importantly, the larger the jet velocity is, the larger the spreading width of the binder droplet after impacting the powder bed, which seriously affects the dimensional accuracy of the green part. In addition, lower binder saturation will weaken the formation of interparticle bonding neck and cannot form a stable structure. Furthermore, we analyzed the bond reactants of the binder and magnesium alloy powder, which eventually decompose into MgO, and the experimental results show that the final sintered sample has considerable performance.

Переработка жиросодержащих отходов разного состава с использованием технологии гибкого типа

Present issue proposes a solution to the problem of the waste oils with different composition recycling into esters of fatty acids and low-molecular alcohols by using flexible type technology. Waste oils differ in the composition of hydrocarbon radicals of the vegetable oils triglycerides and in the content of the free fatty acids impurities. For waste oils processing it is advisable to use technology options that differ in combinations of basic technological operations. An algorithm is proposed for selecting the main technological operations and their combinations for inclusion in the technology process, taking into account the composition of the recycling raw materials and the type of product obtained. The flexibility of the technology is provided by using different combinations of reactor blocks, each of which is designed to perform one of the provided technological operations. The developed flexible type technology was tested in the recycling of experimental batch of the low-eruption rapeseed oil waste.

Regularities of Conductivity of Aqueous Molecular Solutions

The work presents the results of measurements of specific conductivity in aqueous solutions of low–molecular alcohols: mono-, di-, tri-, and nonaethylene glycols, glycerol, ethanol, sorbitol, and acetone in the full concentration range. It is shown that not only hydroxyl groups should be considered as the donor–active charge carrier centers in the studied systems, but also oxygen atoms, which is illustrated by a linear dependence of the conductivity maximum on the number of hydration centers. A new method of normalization of specific conductivity is suggested that allows extracting the component corresponding to the charge carrier donor.

Relationship of catalase activity distribution in serum and tissues of small experimental animals

In the process of physiological activity of the body, a wide range of toxic metabolites is formed, in particular, hydrogen peroxide, superoxide and hydroxyl radical, which have a destructive effect on cells and cell membranes. One of the natural body protection mechanisms is the enzyme catalase, which accelerates the decomposition of constantly formed hydrogen peroxide to the final products, while oxidizing low molecular alcohols and nitrites, involved in the process of cellular respiration and does not require energy for activation. Catalase activity in blood and tissues is a marker of metabolic disorders. Catalase is localized mainly in the peroxisomes and cytoplasm of the cell, saturates the erythrocytes, liver and kidneys. Catalase activity allows assessing the level of endotoxicosis in the body. In order to study the relationship of the distribution of catalase concentration in serum and rat tissues, the following tasks were solved: the concentration of catalase in serum and tissues of the liver, brain, heart, as well as in skeletal muscle tissues of rats was determined; the correlation of catalase concentration distribution in blood serum and tissues of rat was revealed. The paper presents the results of nonparametric correlation analysis to assess the relationship of catalase activity distribution in serum and tissues of small experimental animals.

Foam stabilized by alkyl polyglycoside and isoamyl alcohol for enhancing oil recovery in the low-permeable reservoir

Few studies have delved into the effect of low molecular alcohol on foam stability. This study firstly investigated the improvement in adsorption behavior and viscoelastic behavior at the surface of the APG solution in the presence of isoamyl alcohol, and then we observed that isoamyl alcohol could hinder the liquid drainage and retard the foam rupture by introducing the stabilization capacity (i.e., reducing the surface tension, increasing the surface viscoelasticity, creating the H-bond and providing the disjoining pressure). Afterwards, the addition of isoamyl alcohol can efficiently diminish the defoaming effect of crude oil and impose a considerable oil resistant in foam system. Finally, the flooding experiments were conducted in the tight formation. The results indicate that APG-alcohol foam presents a fine texture and reaches the maximum apparent viscosity at the transition foam quality of 0.67. As presented in the NMR experiment, APG-alcohol foam can efficiently displace the oil in pores with various sizes and substantially promote the EOR to 30.35%.

Preparation and Properties of Thermoplastic Expandable Microspheres with P(AN-MMA) Shell

Thermoplastic expandable microspheres (TEMs) having a core/shell structure were prepared via suspension polymerization with acrylonitrile (AN) and methyl methacrylate (MMA) as monomers and i-butane as blowing agent. The relationship between monomer compositions and expansion properties of the TEMs was explored. When the weight ratio of AN and MMA is 1: 1, suspension polymerization could yield TEMs having good expansion properties and heat stability at 120–130°C. The maximum expansion volume is 22.5 times of the original volume. The temperatures at the maximum expansion volume (Tm.e.), at the onsets of expansion (To.e.) and the onset of shrinkage (To.s.) are 80, 120–130, and 145°C, respectively. The micromorphologies were observed by polarizing optical microscope (POM), the results show that the TEMs have a core/shell structure. The blowing agent content in TEMs is–20 wt %, which was determined by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Dynamic light-scattering (DLS) measurements show that the TEMs have an average particle size of–20 μm and a wide particle size distribution. The presence of low-molecular alcohol in water phase could help to reduce the particle size distribution.

KINETIC OF ESTERIFICATION OF CITRIC ACID IN PRODUCTION OF TRIALKYL CITRATES

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is a body of a great many of composite materials and takes one of the leading places in thermoplastic polymers production capacity. Annual intake of PVC in the world (data of 2014 years) achieves to 35 mtpa. and has a consistent trend to further increase. PVC recycling is impossible without using of plasticizers. Nowdays scopes of use and plasticizers market used in the polymer materials production intended for contact with alimentary products, for medical equipment and children's toys production, are upon essential impact of policy statements of health, safety, security, environment. Plasticizers with citric acid – trialkyl citrates have needed properties: hazard class 4, high plasticize ability, full miscibility with polymer, high boiling and flash points, low volatility. The citric acid is available renewable raw produced from saccharified residues; world production volume is 1.6 mtpa. There are no local plasticizers production technologies with citric acid. Development of plasticizers production technologies with renewable raw material is relevant objective. Purpose of research is to create method of producing of trialkyl citrate, study of esterification regularities of citric acid with low molecular alcohol over different catalysts. In this research, the kinetic of performances of citric acid esterification by pentanol was estimated over different catalysts. Reaction orders were defined using three catalysts: sulphuric acid, orthophosphoric acid and p-toluene sulphonic acid. The rate constants and activation energies of esterification were found. Kinetic formulas were obtained. The time of esterification was defined to achieve 95 % conversion of citric acid. The time varies from 1.5 to 5 h depending on used catalyst. For citation:Sushkova S.V., Levanova S.V., Glazko I.L., Pavlova K.V. Kinetic of esterification of citric acid in production of trialkyl citrates. Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol. 2017. V. 60. N2. P. 74-78.

Esterification of dichloromaleic anhydride with low molecular (C1-C4) aliphatic alcohol in the presence Zeolite catalysts

Esterification of dichloromaleic anhydride with low molecular (C1-C4) aliphatic alcohol in the presence Zeolite catalysts

Oxidation of Sodium Hypophosphite by Oxygen in Alcoholic Solutions of Ferrum (III)

<p>Hypophosphites are widely used as reducers in the metal protection coating, as reagents in the synthesis of various organophosphorus compounds, in analytical chemistry, and in many other fields. NaH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>2</sub> difficultly reacts with many oxidizers without catalysts despite of the significant reduction potential. The kinetics and the mechanism of hypophosphite oxidation in aqueous acid solution of the metal and nonmetal salts are studied in detail. The reactivity of hypophosphite in the organic solvents was not almost studied. In this work the basic possibility of synthesis dialkylphosphites from cheap, accessible and harmless NaH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>2</sub> and alcohols is shown. Sodium hypophosphite is oxidized by oxygen in alcoholic solutions of FeCl<sub>3</sub> at 50-80 °С to dialkylphosphites. Kinetic and mechanism of the reaction are investigated by methods of volumetry, redox-potentiometry, GC, IR-, UV-, EPR-, Mössbauer- and NMR <sup>31</sup>Р-spectroscopy and X-ray powder diffraction analysis, optimum conditions are found, kinetic and activation parameters of the reaction are calculated. It is shown, that the process follows redox-mechanism and consists of two key stages: reduction of Fe (III) by hypophosphite with formation of dialkylphosphite and reoxidation of Fe (II) by oxygen. The coordination mechanism of reduction reaction of Fe (III) by hypophosphite is proposed. According to this mechanism the dialkylphosphite forms through innersphere redox-decomposition of intermediate alcoxyhypophosphite complex of Fe (III). The coordination mechanism of the process is confirmed by low values of Е<sup>≠</sup> and negative activation entropies ∆S<sup>≠</sup>. The availability in an inner sphere of Fe (III) bromide, low-molecular alcohols, water, characterized by high acidity, increases the reaction rate of oxidative alcoxylation of hypophosphite and promotes the further transformation of dialkylphosphite to di- and trialkylphosphate.</p>

Influence of the additives of low-molecular alcohols on the adsorption of mixtures of tween and sodium dodecyl sulfate at the liquid–gas interface

The influence of nonelectrolyte additives (low-molecular alcohols) on the surface tension of individual and mixed solutions of nonionic and anionic surfactants at the air interface and on the patterns of their flotation extraction is investigated. The alcohol additives are found to reduce the surface tension of both individual and mixed surfactant solutions. Additive Fainerman–Miller model is shown to be used to predict the equilibrium surface tension of the surfactant solutions with alcohols.

Synergization of silicone with developed crosslinking to soy-based polyurethane foam matrix

Flexible polyurethane foam obtained from reaction of soybased polyol with TDI:MDI (80:20), and surfactant. The goal of this research is to determine the synergization effect of silicone with low molecular alcohols; methanol and ethylene glycol (EG) in soy-polyurethane formula on holding moisture of foams to density, foam solutions capacity, and cellular morphology. The optimized of polyol was achieved by ratio of epoxide/methanol 1:6 (mol/mol), and epoxide/EG 1:3 (mol/mol). It was found silicone surfactant can minimize solution absorbency in polyurethane foam matrix.

Comparison and analysis of the emissions of a small non-road spark-ignition engine operating under different alcohol–gasoline blended fuels

In this experimental study we focused our interest on comparing the effect of lower and higher molecular mass alcohol–gasoline-blended fuels on the regulated emissions emitted by a small non-road spark-ignition engine. Twenty-one test fuels were used in this experimental study that included gasoline as a reference as well as low and high molecular mass alcohol–gasoline blends containing 5%, 10%, 20% and 40% v/v. In exhaust gases that originated from alcohol gasoline test fuels, low CO/HC and high CO2/NOx emissions were observed as the total percentage of alcohol in the blend increased. Methanol–gasoline blends seemed to achieve good combustion efficiency, but the engine will require a catalytic converter against high NOx emissions. Butanol–gasoline blends in several cases gave lower emissions in comparison with the ethanol and propanol–gasoline blends. Finally, the pentanol–gasoline blends showed exactly the same emission patterns as those of neat gasoline.

Cryostructuring of polymeric systems. 36. Poly(vinyl alcohol) cryogels prepared from solutions of the polymer in water/low-molecular alcohol mixtures

Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) cryogels are formed via freezing–storing frozen–thawing of concentrated solutions of the polymer. In this study the influence of the additives of the first four members of the series of aliphatic low-molecular alcohols to the initial aqueous PVA solution on the physicomechanical and thermal properties of the resulting cryogels has been explored. Addition of increasing amounts of methanol, ethanol and n-propanol were shown to cause a decrease in both the rigidity and the fusion temperature of the respective cryogels, and in the case of n-butanol additives the dependence of gel strength vs. alcohol concentration turned out to be bell-shaped. It was supposed that one of the basic reasons for such ‘deteriorative’ effects was the microcoagulation of PVA caused by growing concentration of the low-molecular alcohol in the unfrozen liquid microphase upon the ice crystallization. This assumption was confirmed in the optical microscopy experiments that revealed the formation of PVA microcoagulation zones entrapped in the macroporous cryogel bulk. Such an effect was previously unknown for PVA cryogels. The morphometric analysis (using specially developed algorithms) of the microscopic images of thin sections of such cryogels showed a sophisticated, without obvious direct correlations, pattern of properties–structure dependencies of such heterogeneous cryogels prepared from the solutions of the polymer in water/low-molecular alcohol mixtures.

Transferase activity of horse blood serum cholinesterase at hydrolysis of 1-methyl-8-acetoxychinolinium iodide in the presence of aliphatic alcohols

To check whether the horse blood serum butyrylcholinesterase expresses transferase activity at the complex ester hydrolysis in the presense of several low-molecular aliphatic alcohols, a study was performed with aid of the chromogenic substrate 1-methyl-8-acetoxychinolium whose phenolic hydrolysis product absorbs intensively at 445 nm, whereas the initial ester in this specter area practically does not absorb. This allowed measuring simultaneously the products of accumulation of both products of enzymatic hydrolysis: of acetic acid by the potentiometric, while of phenol--by the photometric method. Rates of formation of both products of enzymatic hydrolysis are practically equal in experiments with all studied alcohols. This indicates that horse blood serum butyrylcholinesterase under these experimental conditions does not catalize transfer of acetyl residue to the studied aliphatic alcohols, i. e. does not have transefase activity.

Organic compounds in olive mill wastewater and in solutions resulting from hydrothermal carbonization of the wastewater

Organic components in olive mill wastewater (OMW) were analyzed by exhaustive solvent extraction of the lyophilisate followed by pre-chromatographic derivatization techniques and GC/MS-analysis of the extracts. Simple biophenols including tyrosol (Tyr), hydroxytyrosol (OH-Tyr) and homovanillic alcohol as well as complex biophenols including decarbomethoxy ligostride aglycon and decarbomethoxy oleuropein aglycon proved most abundant analytes. Hydroxylated benzoic and cinnamic acids are less abundant, which may indicate a humification process to have occurred. The pattern of organic components obtained from native OMW was compared with that obtained from hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of the waste product. Former results provided strong evidence that HTC of OMW at 220°C for 14h results in an almost complete hydrolysis of complex aglycons. However, simple biophenols were not decomposed on hydrothermal treatment any further. Phenol and benzenediols as well as low molecular weight organic acids proved most abundant analytes which were generated due to HTC. Similarly to aglycons, lipids including most abundant acylglycerines and less abundant wax esters were subjected almost quantitatively to hydrolysis under hydrothermal conditions. Fatty acids (FAs) released from lipids were further decomposed. The pathways of volatile analytes in both native OMW and aqueous HTC solutions were studied by solventless headspace-Solid Phase Micro Extraction. Basically, a wide array low molecular alcohols and ketones occurring in native OMW survived the HTC process.

Effect of Oil and Phenol Extraction Methods on Polyphenol Contents and Profiles of Camellia Oils (<i>Camellia oleifera</i>)

A claim of a camellia oil healthcare benefits as a result of the high amount of ‘tea polyphenol’ arises a widely discussion in China currently. A laboratory solvent extracted crude oil (SECO) and a commercial cold pressed oil (CPO) were used for evaluation of oil attributes, particularly, total phenol content (TP). Effects of different solvents on phenol extraction for phenol profile were also investigated. According to GB 11765 (a Chinese standard for camellia oil quality), acid value (AV), peroxide value (PV), sensory attributes, i.e. transparency, odour and flavour of CPO met the requirements, while SECO showed turbid. TP in SECO had no significant difference compared with that in CPO, thus, the phenol profile of SECO seemed to be more complicated in comparison with that of CPO. Different solvents showed different effects on phenol profiles: low molecular alcohol aqueous solution could extract more phenolic compounds, while gallic acid as a solely compound was extracted by acetone. These factors indicate that SECO should be refined and solvent effect on phenolic compound extraction would be helpful on further research for the interested phenol fraction in camellia oil.

Studies on Deodorization by Activated Sludge (III) Removal of Malodorous Gas Containing Low Molecular Alcohols

Studies on Deodorization by Activated Sludge (III) Removal of Malodorous Gas Containing Low Molecular Alcohols

Oxide supported platinum electrocatalysts for hydrogen and alcohol fuel cells

Efficient oxide supported electrocatalysts for hydrogen and alcohol fuel cells are developed. They are characterized by a low content of platinum, exhibit high activity in the oxidation of low-molecular alcohols and tolerance to the CO poisoning. It is shown that the application of catalysts developed (Pt/SnO2-SbOx) enables one to raise the power of fuel cells operating on ethanol approximately by two times as compared with similar fuel cells with commercial PtRu/C catalysts.

H-type aggregation of functional metal ion sensing phthalocyanines: Synthesis, characterization and electrochemistry

We report, in this study, the preparation and physical characterization of the peripherally functionalized ionophore ligand, 4,5-bis(6-hydroxyhexan-3ylthio)-1,2-dicyanobenzene ( 1) and its branched thioalcohol-substituted phthalocyanines, 2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18-octakis{6-hydroxyhexan-3-ylthio)-metal (II) or (III) phthalocyanines {M{Pc[SCH(C 3H 7)(C 2H 5OH)] 8} {M = Pb(II) ( 2), Zn(II) ( 3), Cu(II) ( 4), Co(II) ( 5) and Mn(III), X = Cl − ( 6)} which can selectively bind soft-metal ions such as silver (I) and palladium (II). It was observed by means of UV–Vis absorption spectrophotometry that the aggregates formed lead to a low solubility of the phthalocyanines in protic solvents, such as low molecular alcohols. However, the addition of AgNO 3 and Na 2PdCl 4 into a THF–MeOH solution of {M{Pc[SCH(C 3H 7)(C 2H 5OH)] 8X} {M = Pb(II) ( 2), Zn(II) ( 3), Cu(II) ( 4), Co(II) ( 5) and Mn(III), X = Cl − ( 6)} induced optical changes, which indicated the formation of twisted H-type dimers (blue shift, face-to-face fashion) of {M{Pc[SCH(C 3H 7)(C 2H 5OH)] 8} complexes, bound by four PdCl 2 and AgNO 3 units in THF solution. Elemental analysis data, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/MS), FT-IR, 1H, 13C NMR, and UV–Vis spectral data were used as complementary techniques. Voltammetry and in situ spectroelectrochemistry of the complexes were performed on Pt in DMSO/TBAP. The first reduction and oxidation processes of 5 were found to be split due to the presence of facile equilibria between the species coordinated differently at axial positions. The Mn(III)Pc(−2)X − complex ( 6) displayed well-defined colour changes during its reduction processes. The redox behaviour of the Mn(III)Pc(−2)X − complex was observed to be affected significantly by the existence of oxygen in solution due to the formation of μ-oxo MnPc species, Mn(III)Pc–O–PcMn(III). This effect was clarified well by in situ spectroelectrochemical measurements.