Low-low Temperature Electrostatic Precipitator Research Articles

Gas-particle flow induced erosion of economizer in low-low temperature electrostatic precipitators: Numerical prediction and engineering application

In this work, the gas-particle flow and the induced erosion in the economizer region in low-low temperature electrostatic precipitator were investigated by CFD-DPM-EPM coupling approach. The results show that positioning the economizer on the vertical flue or employing a vertical tubes arrangement for the heat exchange tubes, utilizing a small expansion angle (less than 35°) in the expansion section, ensuring a more uniform distribution of inlet gas velocity and dust concentration, and incorporating short and densely positioned guide plates in the expansion section can effectively reduce erosion in the low-temperature economizer. The above results were applied to the economizer equipped with the low-low temperature electrostatic precipitator of a 1000 MW unit in a certain power plant, and the wear situation was significantly improved. The research findings can serve as a reference for diagnosing and analyzing erosion phenomena in low-temperature economizer, and can guide the improvement design to prevent erosion.

Removal characteristics of SO3 in the low-low temperature electrostatic precipitator

ABSTRACT As SO3 endangered the industrial equipment and environment in the coal-fired power plants, it was necessary to give full play to the SO3 removal effect in a low-low-temperature electrostatic precipitator (LLT-ESP). The relationship between SO3 and fly ash particles was investigated during the cooling process. In addition, the SO3 removal performance in the LLT-ESP was further analyzed. The migration and deposition of SO3 into fly ash particles were promoted with the decrease in the gas temperature and the fly ash particle size, as well as the increase in the SO3 concentration. As the temperature of the gas decreased below the acid dew point (ADP), the H2SO4 vapor tended to migrate into fly ash particles with smaller sizes. The SO3 mass concentration increased significantly in fly ash particles whose sizes ranged from 0.03 to 0.26 μm. When the operating voltage turned up, the SO3 removal efficiency was increased from 43.2% to 60.1%. The increase in the inlet fly ash concentration promoted the SO3 removal, and the removal efficiency increased by nearly 20%. When the gas temperature was below the ADP, it had little influence on the SO3 removal efficiency.

A typical 300 MW ultralow emission coal-fired power plant: source, distribution, emission, and control of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

• The LLT-ESP presents the best effect on the control of PAHs. • The APCDs have selectivity for the removal of PAHs with different phases and ring numbers. • Blending coal species guides the source reduction technology of PAHs. • The concentration of PAHs is effectively reduced by adsorbent injection coupled with an LLT-ESP. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are one of the dominant contributors to toxic organic pollutants emitted from coal combustion. In this study, the PAHs and condensable particulate matter (CPM) were sampled from a 300 MW ultralow emission coal-fired power plant. The effect of air pollution control devices (APCDs) on PAHs migration regularity and the influence of coal species changes on the emission of PAHs were studied. Note that the APCDs have definite selectivity for the removal of PAHs with different phases and ring numbers. The low-low temperature electrostatic precipitator (LLT-ESP) presented the best removal effect on PAHs (PAHs in flue gas, 29.92%; PAHs in CPM, 94.76%). The concentrations of PAHs were reduced at the outlet of the furnace (PAHs in flue gas, decreased from 3.318 to 2.850 μg/Nm 3 ) and at the stack (PAHs in flue gas, decreased from 4.737 to 3.008 μg/Nm 3 ; PAHs in CPM, decreased from 0.554 to 0.429 μg/Nm 3 ) by replacing bituminous coal with blended coal (lower volatiles) as fuel. The adsorbent injection coupled with LLT-ESP had a preferable removal effect on the PAHs (decreased from 4.949 to 1.451 μg/Nm 3 ), which was nearly 40% higher than the efficiency without the spray adsorbent.

Study on the control of condensable particulate matter by spraying activated carbon combined with electrostatic precipitator

Condensable particulate matter (CPM) is a primary particulate matter that exists in the form of gas or vapor phase before discharge, but after discharge, it rapidly turns into a particulate substance due to cooling and dilution. The composition of CPM is very complex, and it poses a threat to the environment and human health. However, there is a lack of research on the control of CPM. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of activated carbon (AC) injection coupled with low-low temperature electrostatic precipitator on the adsorption of CPM in the flue gas of a 300 MW ultra-low emission coal-fired power plant. The sampling system was conducted according to ISO 23210–2009 and U.S. EPA method 202. Results shows that the adsorption removal efficiency of CPM by ACs ranged from 14% to 33%, and the adsorption removal effect of AC on inorganic components in CPM was better than that of organic components. AC had significant adsorption effects on Cl− and NH4+ but had weak adsorption effect on NO3− in CPM. AC with larger specific surface area, more abundant pore structure, and richer surface chemical functional groups has better adsorption effect on metal elements such as Na, Ca, Mg, K, and Al in CPM is better than that of Fe. As for the organic components in CPM, the adsorption effect of AC for esters was considerable, but its adsorption on organosilicon was limited.

Distribution and emission characteristics of filterable and condensable particulate matter in the flue gas emitted from an ultra-low emission coal-fired power plant

Total particulate matter emitted from coal-fired power plants can be classified into filterable particulate matter (FPM) and condensable particulate matter (CPM). In this study, the FPM and CPM in the flue gas were sampled from a 300 MW ultra-low emission coal-fired power plant by the simultaneous sampling system, which was conducted according to ISO 23210-2009 and U.S. EPA method 202. The results show that the emission concentration of CPM rose from 5.15 mg/Nm3 to 7.19 mg/Nm3 at the stack when coal mixed with sludge. Almost all of the air pollutant control devices have a positive effect on the removal of CPM and FPM in the flue gas, except the influence of the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) denitration device on CPM. And the SCR denitration equipment increased the concentration of inorganic components of CPM in flue gas. The low-low temperature electrostatic precipitator had the most obvious removal effect on CPM and FPM, and the removal efficiency for FPM and CPM was more than 90% and 75% respectively. The organic fraction in CPM was mainly composed of hydrocarbons, esters, organosilicon, and other organics. In particular, the proportion of hydrocarbons and organosilicon was relatively high. In the case of co-combustion of sludge and coal, the concentration of CPM and FPM in flue gas increased as a whole, but the distribution trend of CPM and FPM was consistent with that of the non-combustion sludge and the distribution of organic components in CPM was almost the same.

Arsenic emission and distribution characteristics in the ultra-low emission coal-fired power plant.

The characteristics of arsenic emission and distribution of a typical Chinese coal-fired power plant renovated with ultra-low emission technique have been studied. The results showed that arsenic concentration in coal was 5.72 mg/kg, and the arsenic emissions in fly ash, bottom ash, gypsum, flue gas, and wastewater were 489.12 g/h, 5.15 g/h, 1.14 g/h, 0.46 g/h, and 0.03 g/h, respectively, corresponding to the proportion of arsenic in fly ash, bottom ash, gypsum, flue gas, and wastewater of 98.63%, 1.04%, 0.23%, 0.09%, and 0.01%, respectively. About 87.61% of the gaseous arsenic was absorbed by catalysts used for selective catalytic reduction (SCR). Low-low temperature electrostatic precipitator (LLT-ESP) plays a key role in decreasing particulate arsenic. Wet flue gas desulfurization (WFGD) has positive effects on absorbing both gaseous and particulate arsenic. The removal efficiencies across the air pollution control devices follow the order of LLT-ESP > WFGD > SCR. The LLT-ESP can achieve a significant arsenic removal efficiency of 99.94%, resulting in quite low arsenic emission to the atmosphere. According to the calculated arsenic emission factor, the total emission amount of arsenic to the atmosphere from all Chinese coal-fired stations with ultra-low emission control technique in 2020 is estimated to be about 9.67-11.59 tons/year.

Effects of the Changes of Load and Flue Gas Temperature on the Emission of Particulate Matter from the Coal-fired Unit

Due to the rapid development of new energy power generation, most coal-fired power plants cannot always operate at full capacity. The changes in flue gas temperature at the inlet of low-low temperature electrostatic precipitator and unit load are the important factors affecting the emission of condensable and filterable particulate matter (CPM and FPM). CPM and FPM were sampled from a typical ultra-low emission coal-fired power unit with different operating loads (650, 850, and 1000 MW) and flue gas temperature (90 and 100°C). The emission concentration of FPM, organic and inorganic components of CPM were obtained. The representative organic matter n-alkanes and phthalates in CPM (C-N and C-P) were quantified. The concentrations of CPM emitted from the coal-fired unit ranged from 6.66–8.93 mg Nm–3, which was 2.4–6.2 times higher than FPM. The emission concentration of CPM was the lowest from the unit under high load and low flue gas temperature. The decrease of flue gas temperature increased of SO42– emission concentration, which was the soluble ion with the highest concentration in CPM. The effect of unit load and flue gas temperature changes on monocomponent C-N and C-P was limited; however, the effect on its total emission concentration was consistent with that on CPM. The concentrations of n-alkanes and phthalates in CPM accounted for more than 20% at all four stages.

Effect of ash composition on adsorption and agglomeration characteristics in low‐low‐temperature electrostatic precipitator systems

AbstractThe low‐low temperature electrostatic precipitator (LLT‐ESP) has been applied in many power plants to improve the emission performance. In this study, a number of fix‐bed experiments were conducted, which simulated the operation condition of LLT‐ESP. The effect of chemical composition on the adsorption characteristics of ash samples and the agglomeration after adsorption were studied. The results show that the agglomeration of ash particles occurs in three forms, including agglomeration among small particles, adhesion of loose pellets to large particles, and agglomeration among large particles. The capacity of ash particles to adsorb sulphuric acid is less affected by the increase of added amounts of NaCl or KCl. At the same time, the added amount of NaCl or KCl also has little effect on the agglomeration degree of ash particles. The addition of MgO, CaO, Fe2O3, Na2CO3, or K2CO3 from 0% to 13.3%, 22.4%, 23.9%, 18.4%, or 14.2%, promotes the adsorption of sulphuric acid by ash particles from 1.95 mg g−1 to 7.33, 7.71, 6.72, 5.1, or 5.44 mg g−1 (based on sulphur content), respectively, thereby promoting the agglomeration between ash particles. As the addition amount increases, the agglomeration phenomenon among particles becomes more conspicuous. The form of agglomeration changes from agglomeration among small particles to agglomeration among large particles. In addition, the addition of MgO or CaO has great influence on the adsorption and agglomeration.

Integrated technology assessment based on LCA: A case of fine particulate matter control technology in China

The establishment of a systematic and complete technical evaluation method for air pollution treatment that can effectively prevent secondary pollution is urgently needed to realize coordinated emission reduction. Based on the life cycle assessment (LCA) method, a multi-criterion method for the assessment of air pollution control technologies is proposed by integrating four indicator categories of environmental, economic, technological, and societal aspects. The fuzzy comprehensive evaluation (FCE) and the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) are also employed in this method to enhance the strength of performing the weights and matrix calculation for selecting the control technologies. Five selected fine particulate matter control technologies for coal-fired power plants are used as research objects, including the electrostatic precipitator (ESP), the bag filter (BF), the electrostatic-bag precipitator (E-BSP), the wet electrostatic precipitator (WESP), and the low-low temperature electrostatic precipitator (LLT-ESP). LLT-ESP ranked first over the other technologies on the due to less resource inputs during the construction phase and less electricity consumption in operation phase, if only based on the LCA results. The final integrated assessment results demonstrate that the ESP ranked highest under the given scenarios, and this was primarily reflected in economic benefits and technological function portions. ESP was followed by the WESP, LLT-ESP, and E-BSP that had similar performances, while the BF was ranked last. The case study fully embodies the advantages of comprehensiveness and systematization of the proposed method. The proposed multi-criterion method based on LCA can be helpful for synergistic control of air pollution complex.

Migration and distribution characteristics of organic and inorganic fractions in condensable particulate matter emitted from an ultralow emission coal-fired power plant.

Condensable particulate matter (CPM) is the main part of total particulate matter (TPM) discharged from coal-fired power plants. In this study, a new analytical method was proposed for accurately quantifying the organic components including n-alkanes and phthalates in CPM that sampled from an ultralow emission coal-fired plant by using the Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS) and the mixed standard solution. The organic fraction made up 53.13%, 50.90%, 52.44% of the CPM tested at the outlet of the low-low temperature electrostatic precipitator (LLT-ESP), the wet flue gas desulfurization (WFGD) and the wet electrostatic precipitator (WESP), respectively. The total concentration of 19 kinds of n-alkanes range from 0.328 mg/Nm3 to 0.854mg/Nm3 with C24-C30 becoming the major n-alkanes compounds in all sampling sites. The chief component of the tested phthalate was the di-n-butyl ortho-phthalate (DBP) which comprised 95.43%, 88.29%, 95.33% of the total of five kinds of phthalates. The WFGD contributed to the reduction of phthalates and the generation of n-alkanes while the effects on WESP were opposite. Furthermore, the existing air pollution control devices (APCDs) had no significant selection for the removal of n-alkanes causing the proportions of different n-alkanes were almost the same in different sampling sites. Also, the mechanism of the APCDs on the removal of CPM organic fraction was proposed primarily. The proportion of organic components measured in the organic fractions was less than 15%. Accurate quantification of other organic compounds and the mechanism of pollutant removal should be studied in the future.

Optimization design of flue gas temperature for Low-Low Temperature Electrostatic Precipitator

Low temperature corrosion is one of the key issues in application of low-low temperature electrostatic precipitator. The concentration of SO3 affects the acid dew point temperature of flue gas. The exhaust temperature after the air preheater should be higher than the acid dew point temperature. The residual heat of flue gas is fully utilized by the low-temperature economizer. The efficiency of low-low temperature electrostatic precipitator is improved by the comprehensive effect of the condensation of SO3 on the surface of the fine particles, the decrease of the specific resistance of the particles and the agglomeration of the fine particles.

Distribution and emission characteristics of filterable and condensable particulate matter before and after a low-low temperature electrostatic precipitator.

The low-low temperature electrostatic precipitator (LLT-ESP), a combination of a traditional temperature electrostatic precipitator (ESP) and a non-leakage media gas-gas exchange (MGGH), could reduce the inlet flue gas temperature below the dew point and improved the performance of the ESP. Particulate matter (PM) from the stationary sources contains filterable particulate matter (FPM) and condensable particulate matter (CPM). In this study, coal with a high ash content (coal-HA) was burned, and the emission characteristics and removal efficiencies of the particulate matter in an LLT-ESP were investigated. The standards used to test filterable and condensable PM were ISO standard 23210-2009 and U.S. EPA Method 202, respectively. The LLT-ESP was efficient in removing filterable PM, with a total filterable PM removal efficiency as high as 99.6%. The removal efficiency of filterable PM increased with increasing particulate size and decreasing imported flue gas temperature. The LLT-ESP also provided excellent removal of condensable PM with a condensable PM removal efficiency exceeding 77%. Upstream of the LLT-ESP, the concentrations of filterable PM were much higher than those of condensable PM. Downstream of the LLT-ESP, the relationship between the quantities of condensable and filterable PM reversed. To reduce the emissions of PM from coal-fired power plants, more attention should be paid to controlling condensable PM. The temperature of the flue gas upstream of the LLT-ESP played an important role in eliminating condensable PM. At lower imported flue gas temperature operation conditions, the removal efficiency of the LLT-ESP for the condensable PM and the escaping mass concentration of condensable PM increased. Among the organic fraction of the condensable PM, hydrocarbons and esters were dominant. Meanwhile, SO42- was the primary component, followed by Cl- in anions. Na+, Ca2+, and Fe3+ were the main components in metal ions. Particles with diameters ≥10μm, which contained most of the Si and Al, were dominant in the fly ash collected from sections 1 and 2 of the LLT-ESP. The main particles in sections 3 and 4 were PM10, which contained the highest concentrations of Ca and Fe.

Parametric optimization of H-type finned tube with longitudinal vortex generators by response surface model and genetic algorithm

Low-low temperature electrostatic precipitator technology is one of the important ways for energy saving and emission reduction of coal-fired power plants. In order to further improve the dust removal efficiency and enhance waste heat recovery performance, a novel H-type finned elliptical tube heat exchanger with longitudinal vortex generators is proposed. To achieve the maximum heat transfer enhancement with the minimum friction factor augmentation, the response surface model and multi-objective genetic algorithm are adopted to optimize the design parameters. Firstly, combined with the finite volume method and the central composite design method, the second-order response surface model between the design parameters (the length, height, angle, and position of longitudinal vortex generators) and the objective functions (Nusselt number and friction factor) is established. Then, based on the response surface model, the Pareto optimal solution set is obtained by the multi-objective genetic algorithm. Finally, by comprehensively comparing Nusselt number, friction factor and performance evaluation criteria of Pareto optimal solutions, the optimal combination is determined. Compared with the H-type finned tube heat exchanger, the performance evaluation criteria of the optimized novel heat exchanger is improved by 48–55%, which contributes to improve the overall performance of low-low temperature electrostatic precipitator system. The findings of this paper may provide practical guidelines for researchers and designers to develop efficient heat exchangers.

An Investigation of SO3 Control Routes in Ultra-low Emission Coal-fired Power Plants

With the implementation of ultra-low emission systems in coal-fired power plants in China, the emission of sulfur trioxide (SO3) has become an important issue in pollution control. However, systematic research and evaluation of SO3 control routes based on the existing ultra-low emission systems are still lacking. We assigned 148 coal-fired power plants to four categories based on their ultra-low emission control routes and selected a representative power plant from each category for comprehensive field testing. The results indicated great variability in the synergistic SO3 removal capability of different air pollution control devices and routes, resulting in removal efficiencies that ranged from 27% to 94%. Control Route 1, which lacked both a low-low temperature electrostatic precipitator (LLTESP) and a wet electrostatic precipitator (WESP), exhibited the lowest removal efficiency. The two routes equipped with either an LLTESP or a WESP (Control Routes 2 and 3) reduced the SO3 concentration in the flue gas produced by medium-sulfur-coal combustion to below 10 mg m–3, whereas Control Route 4, which utilized both an LLTESP and a WESP, reduced the SO3 concentration to below 5 mg m–3. Furthermore, sampling the emissions of the 148 power plants revealed that only 14% of the power plants complied with the 5 mg m–3 standard for SO3, although 44% and 64% of them complied with the 10 mg m–3 and the 20 mg m–3 standard, respectively. Our study evaluated the control routes within the context of the whole process, which can guide subsequent research and engineering practices.

Removal effect of the low-low temperature electrostatic precipitator on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

The low-low temperature electrostatic precipitator (LLT-ESP) is one of the most used devices for pollutant control in ultra-low emission coal-fired power plants. This study investigated the influence of the LLT-ESP on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) distributions in flue gas from an ultra-low emission coal-fired power plant. The total gas-phase PAH concentration was reduced from 27.52 μg/m3 to 3.38 μg/m3. The total particulate-phase PAH concentration decreased from 14.36 μg/m3 to 0.34 μg/m3. The removal efficiency of the LLT-ESP for gas-phase and particulate phase carcinogenic higher molecular weight (HMW) PAHs was 85% and 99%, respectively. The total concentration of 16 selected PAHs in feed coal was 98.16 μg/g. The fly ash particle size successively decreased from Electric Field 1 (F1) to Electric Field 4 (F4). The total PAH concentration decreased from F1 to F2 but increased again from F3 to F4. The flue gas cooling process significantly contributed to the elimination of both gas- and particulate-phase PAHs in the flue gas. Presumably, most of the condensed PAHs were adhered to or absorbed in the fly ash and were scavenged in Field 1. Both gas- and particulate-phase 5- and 6-ring PAHs in the flue gas were completely removed in Field 1. The discharge process in the electric fields may promote the formation of several 4- or 5-ring PAHs. In this study, benzo[k]fluoranthene (BKF) and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) were regenerated in the particles rather than in the flue gas during the discharge process in the electric fields.

Co-benefit of hazardous trace elements capture in dust removal devices of ultra-low emission coal-fired power plants

The co-benefit of hazardous trace elements such as mercury (Hg), arsenic (As), and selenium (Se) capture in dust removal devices of ultra-low emission coal-fired power plants was investigated. Feed fuel and ash samples collected from 15 different coal-fired power units equipped with ultra-low emission systems were characterized to determine the concentrations and distribution characteristics of trace elements. It was found that the low-low temperature electrostatic precipitator (LLT-ESP) and the electrostatic fabric filter (EFF) had greater abatement capacity for Hg than normal cold-side ESP (CS-ESP). Only 0.8%–36.1% of Hg escaped from LLT-ESP and EFF, whereas 42.1%–90.6% of Hg escaped from CS-ESP. With the employment of EFF and ESP (inlet temperature<125 °C), 72.3%–99.1% of As and 70.7%–100% of Se could be captured before the wet flue gas desulfurization (WFGD) system. The significance level of the effects on the abatement capacity for Hg, As, and Se in ESP were analyzed by the Pearson correlation analysis and grey relational analysis. The results indicated that the low inlet temperature of LLT-ESP had significant promotional effect on the simultaneous removal of Hg, As, and Se. The smaller particle size of fly ash can be conducive to the adsorption of hazardous trace elements. The inhibitory effect of sulfur content in coal was significant for the enrichment of Hg and Se in fly ash.

Application of Low-low Temperature Electrostatic Precipitator Technology in Thermal Power Plant

Electrostatic precipitation technology has been widely used in various industrial fields, very nice collection of large size particles, but for the smaller particle size of particles to achieve flue gas pollutant emission standards. Electrostatic precipitation technologies are introduced—low-low temperature electrostatic precipitator technology (LLT-ESP). Through the principle of low-low temperature electrostatic precipitation technology, work processes, technical features and other aspects of the study, we can see that Low-low temperature electrostatic precipitator technology can effectively reduce SO3 and PM2.5 emissions, on the other hand to recycle the residual heat from flue gas. Low-low temperature electrostatic precipitation technology is effective technologies to achieve energy conservation and emission reduction in coal-fired power plant.

Correlation between Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Concentration and Particulate Matter during the Removal Process of a Low-Low Temperature Electrostatic Precipitator

To check the relation between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and particulate matter (PM), this study chose a low-low temperature electrostatic precipitator (LLT-ESP) in an ultra-low-emission coal-fired power plant to study the mechanism at two operation conditions. Sixteen U.S Environmental Protection Agency PAHs in filterable and condensable PM were analyzed. The removal efficiency of the LLT-ESP for filterable PM2.5 was 98.8% and 98.4% at two different stages. The removal efficiency of the LLT-ESP for condensable PM was 77.1% at high temperature and 89.6% at low temperature. The boiler load markedly affected the emission of filterable PM, condensable PM, and particle-associated PAHs. The PAHs’ concentration distribution was related to the PM concentration distribution. The mass concentration of total PAHs and the proportion of 5-ring and 6-ring PAHs in filterable PM2.5 increased significantly when the flue gas passed through the LLT-ESP. The 3- and 4-ring PAHs accounted for the main part of con...

Partitioning of Hazardous Trace Elements among Air Pollution Control Devices in Ultra-Low-Emission Coal-Fired Power Plants

In this work, the partitioning of hazardous trace elements among air pollution control devices in five ultra-low-emission coal-fired power plants was investigated. Results showed that most of the trace elements were enriched in fly ash at 58.0–93.3% (Hg), 75.2–95.3% (As), 78.2–94.9% (Cd), 79.4–96.6% (Se), 73.8–89.2% (Cr), and 86.5–99.5% (Pb). A low-low temperature electrostatic precipitator (LLT-ESP) and electric fabric filter (EFF) greatly increased the relative enrichment factors of Hg, As, and Se in fly ash up to 0.78–1.23, 0.85–1.04, and 0.83–0.99, respectively. In the wet flue gas desulfurization (WFGD) system, the concentrations of trace elements in fine fractions were much higher than those in coarse fractions. Large amounts of Hg (2.17–168 μg/kg), Se (21.3–357 μg/kg), and Cd (44.1–839 μg/kg) in wastewater needed special treatment to satisfy the discharge standard. The wet electrostatic precipitator (WESP) system removed hazardous trace elements mainly by capturing fine particles in the flue gas, a...

Particulate Matter Emission Characteristics and Removal Efficiencies of a Low-Low Temperature Electrostatic Precipitator

The low-low temperature electrostatic precipitator (LLT-ESP) has been developed recently to improve the performance of traditional low temperature electrostatic precipitators. In this study, the particulate matter emission characteristics and removal efficiencies of were investigated on an LLT-ESP. Filterable particulate matter (FPM) was tested according to ISO standard 23210-2009, and condensable particulate matter (CPM) was tested according to U.S. EPA Method 202. The LLT-ESP showed excellent removal efficiency for FPM, with total FPM removal efficiencies of more than 99.9%. The removal efficiencies of FPM increased with the rising particulate diameter; for FPM2.5, removal efficiencies ranged from 96.5 to 98.2%. The LLT-ESP also showed remarkable removal efficiencies for CPM, with CPM removal efficiencies of more than 60.9%. The removal mechanism of CPM in the ESP was different from that of FPM. After the LLT-ESP, the quantity relationship between FPM and CPM reversed. For further reduced emission of PM...