Low Levels Of Saturated Fatty Acids Research Articles

The Effect of Short-Wavelength White LED Illumination throughout the Night on the Milk Fatty Acid Profile of High-Yielding Dairy Cows.

Fatty acid levels in milk vary between day and night milking. Many dairy cows are still kept under white light-emitting diode (W-LED) illumination throughout the night, although it is known to disrupt endogenous circadian rhythms. We investigated the effects of whole-night W-LED illumination (125 lux) on milk yield and circadian composition, compared to a natural light-dark (LD) cycle of 10 h light. Mid-late lactation cows (n = 34) that were exposed to natural LD cycle showed circadian variation in milk fat composition, characterized by higher health-promoting monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA; 24.2 ± 0.4 vs. 23.2 ± 0.4 g/100 g fat, p < 0.001) and lower saturated fatty acid levels (71.2 ± 0.4 vs. 72.5 ± 0.4, p < 0.001) at 13:30 h (day milk) than at 03:30 h (night milk). Compared to natural LD (n = 16), W-LED (n = 18) did not affect milk production or milk fat yields, yet abolished the milking time variation in milk fat composition towards a less healthy fatty acid profile. This lowered MUFA levels of day milk (23.8 ± 0.4 vs. 26.7 ± 0.4, p < 0.01). Therefore, W-LED has no commercial advantage over the tested natural LD cycle, and conversely, even shows circadian disruption. Accordingly, a natural LD cycle of 10 h light is preferable over W-LED from the perspective of cost savings, the cows' well-being, and preserving the natural milk fat profile, as the nutritional value of the day milk is slightly higher.

Associations of serum long-chain fatty acids with multiple organ involvement in patients with sarcoidosis

BackgroundFatty acids have diverse immunomodulatory functions and the potential to be associated with inflammatory responses in sarcoidosis.MethodsThe serum levels of multiple long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) were compared between 63 patients with sarcoidosis and 38 healthy controls. The associations of LCFAs with clinical outcomes of sarcoidosis were also evaluated.ResultsThe patients with sarcoidosis had significantly lower levels of n-3 poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) (p < 0.001) and n-6 PUFAs (p < 0.001) than the healthy controls. However, there were no significant differences in the levels of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and mono-unsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) between the two groups. On multivariate logistic analysis, lower levels of n-3 PUFAs, n-6 PUFAs, and n-3/n-6 ratio were predictive of sarcoidosis. Among the patients with sarcoidosis, those with multiple organ involvement had significantly lower levels of n-3 PUFAs and n-3/n-6 ratio than those with single organ involvement. There were no significant differences in the levels of n-6 PUFAs, SFAs, and MUFAs between the patients with multiple and single organ involvement. On multivariate logistic analysis, lower levels of SFAs and n-3/n-6 ratio were predictive of multiple organ involvement. The levels of LCFAs had no significant association with radiographic stage or spontaneous remission.ConclusionsAssessment of LCFA profiles may be useful for the diagnosis of sarcoidosis and evaluation of the disease activity.

Plasma fatty acid profiles: Relationships with sex, age, and state-reported heart disease mortality rates in the United States

Fatty acids (FA) play an important role in health and heart disease risk. We evaluated relationships of plasma FA levels, especially omega-3 FA, with sex, age, and reported heart disease mortality rates by state in a very large clinical population. Plasma FA were measured by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry after lipid extraction in 1,169,621 fasting United States subjects grouped according to sex (56.2% female), age (<30, 30-<45, 45-<55, 55-<65, ≥65 years; median age 58.2 years), and state of residence. Plasma FA index values (median±interquartile range), expressed as a percent of total plasma FA, in all subjects were: saturated (14:0+16:0+18:0) 31.4±1.5%; monounsaturated (16:1n7-cis+18:1n9-cis) 21.3±2.2%; trans (16:1n7-trans+18:1n9-trans) 0.45±0.08%; omega-6 (18:2n6-cis+20:3n6+20:4n6) 42.5±3.0%; and omega-3 (20:5n3+22:6n3) 2.57±0.81%. The median eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n3) concentration was 22.1±9.7 μg/mL. Females had significantly (P<0.0001) higher omega-3 FA indices (+6.82%) than males. Subjects ≥65 years of age had a higher omega-3 FA index (+29.68%) and higher EPA levels (+57.05%) than subjects <30 years of age (P<0.00001). EPA concentrations and omega-3 FA indices were below overall median levels in most southern and midwestern states. State-reported heart disease mortality rates were inversely correlated with EPA levels (r=-0.504) and omega-3 FA indices (r=-0.570), and positively correlated with saturated FA indices (r=0.450), all P<0.01. In our large population, females, subjects ≥65 years, and those living in northeastern and western states had higher omega-3 fatty acid levels and lower saturated fatty acid levels than other subjects. Such changes were associated with lower state-wide heart disease death rates.

Nutritive Value and Physical Properties of Neo-Tropical Rodent Meat-with Emphasis on the Capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris).

Simple SummaryThis review highlights the nutritive value of meat from neo-tropical rodents that have the potential to be domesticated. In a resource depleting world these species can serve as a potential source of animal protein to decrease poverty and hunger. Major emphasis was placed on the capybara as its meat was the one most investigated amongst the other rodents. The meat of these rodents is very nutritious, having high concentrations of protein and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA). This meat is also low in cholesterol, fats, and saturated fatty acids (SFA). In human diets high levels of cholesterol, fat, and saturated fatty acids have been related to chronic lifestyle diseases. Capybaras that were raised in an environment with access to a pond had higher levels of PUFAs and lower levels of SFAs. There is little information on the other neo-tropical rodents including the lappe (Agouti paca) and the agouti (Dasyprocta leporina). Thus, the new horizon in research will include the meat analysis of agouti and lappe meat. Further investigations can be done on the effects that diet and the environment can have on the composition of neo-tropical rodent meat.This review will focus on the nutritive characteristics of meat from neo-tropical rodents which have not yet been domesticated. These rodents include the capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris), agouti (Dasyprocta leporina), and the lappe (Agouti paca). Information about the meat characteristics of these rodents were obtained from peer reviewed journal articles. Literature was obtained using search engines such as Google Scholar, Uwi linc, and Pub Med Central. Keywords used in the searches were “capybara”, “Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris”, “agouti”, “Dasyprocta leporina”, “Agouti paca/Cuniculus paca”, lappe”, and “meat proximate analysis”. Over four decades of literature was searched, spanning from the 1970s to 2020. There is a vast amount of information on the meats of the capybara, but limited information on the lappe, and there is a dearth of information on the agouti. Capybara meat is considered to be highly nutritious, with high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), low levels of saturated fatty acids (SFA), low levels of fats and cholesterol. The animals that were reared in conditions which were similar to their habitat had lower levels of SFA. Diet, age, confinement, and sex had an effect on the chemical composition of the meat of the capybara. On average, capybara meat had a moisture content of 75%, protein 22%, ash 1.5%, and lipid 1%. During the authors’ search of the literature, no information was found on the proximate composition of the lappe or agouti meat. Information regarding the fatty acid profile of lappe meat was found, as well as a description of the physical characteristics of agouti and lappe meat. The physical parameter shows that the lappe has the most tender meat of the three rodent species, while the agouti has the least tender meat, and the capybara being intermediary. Neo-tropical rodent meat is highly nutritious, and is an excellent protein alternative for the growing population of the world. These animals are adapted to challenging environments and can grow well using locally available feed resources. However, further research needs to be conducted on the proximate analysis on lappe and agouti meat to fully inform consumers about its nutrient value.

Embryonic fatty acid metabolism in diabetic pregnancy: the difference between embryoblasts and trophoblasts.

During the first days of development the preimplantation embryo is supplied with nutrients from the surrounding milieu. Maternal diabetes mellitus affects the uterine microenvironment, leading to a metabolic adaptation processes in the embryo. We analysed embryonic fatty acid (FA) profiles and expression of processing genes in rabbit blastocysts, separately in embryoblasts (EBs) and trophoblasts (TBs), to determine the potential consequences of maternal diabetes mellitus on intracellular FA metabolism. Insulin-dependent diabetes was induced by alloxan in female rabbits. On Day 6 post coitum, FA profiles in blastocysts (EB, TB and blastocoel fluid) and maternal blood were analysed by gas chromatography. The expression levels of molecules involved in FA elongation (fatty acid elongases, ELOVLs) and desaturation (fatty acid desaturases, FADSs) were measured in EB and TB. Maternal diabetes mellitus influenced the FA profile in maternal plasma and blastocysts. Independent from metabolic changes, rabbit blastocysts contained a higher level of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and a lower level of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) compared to the FA profile of the maternal plasma. Furthermore, the FA profile was altered in the EB and TB, differently. While SFAs (palmitic and stearic acid) were elevated in EB of diabetic rabbits, PUFAs, such as docosahexaenoic acid, were decreased. In contrast, in the TB, lower levels of SFAs and higher levels of oleic acid were observed. EB and TB specific alterations in gene expression were found for ELOVLs and FADSs, key enzymes for FA elongation and desaturation. In conclusion, maternal diabetes mellitus alters embryonic FA metabolism differently in EB and TB, indicating a lineage-specific metabolic adaptive response.

Influences of 1-methylcyclopropene-containing papers on the metabolisms of membrane lipids in Anxi persimmons during storage

Abstract Objectives The aim of this work was to analyse the effects of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) treatment on the metabolisms of membrane lipids in postharvest Anxi persimmons during storage. Materials and methods Anxi persimmon (Diospyros kaki L. f. cv. Anxi) fruits were treated by paper containing 1-MCP with a concentration of 1.35 μl/l. The cellular membrane permeability was analysed by the electric conductivity meter. The activities of lipoxygenase (LOX), phospholipase (PLD) and lipase were determined by spectrophotometry. The component and relative amounts of membrane fatty acids were determined using gas chromatograph (GC). Results The 1-MCP-treated Anxi persimmons manifested a lower electrolyte leakage rate, lower LOX, PLD and lipase activities, higher levels of unsaturated fatty acids (USFAs), higher ratio of USFAs to saturated fatty acids (SFAs) (U/S), higher index of USFAs (IUFA), but lower levels of SFAs. Conclusions The degradation and the metabolisms of membrane lipids could be suppressed by 1-MCP treatment, which might be accountable for the delaying softening of postharvest Anxi persimmons during storage.

Low-Level Saturated Fatty Acid Palmitate Benefits Liver Cells by Boosting Mitochondrial Metabolism via CDK1-SIRT3-CPT2 Cascade.

Saturated fatty acids (SFAs) (the "bad" fat), especially palmitate (PA), in the human diet are blamed for potential health risks such as obesity and cancer because of SFA-induced lipotoxicity. However, epidemiological results demonstrate a latent benefit of SFAs, and it remains elusive whether a certain low level of SFAs is physiologically essential for maintaining cell metabolic hemostasis. Here, we demonstrate that although high-level PA (HPA) indeed induces lipotoxic effects in liver cells, low-level PA (LPA) increases mitochondrial functions and alleviates the injuries induced by HPA or hepatoxic agent carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). LPA treatment in mice enhanced liver mitochondrial activity and reduced CCl4 hepatotoxicity with improved blood levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), and mitochondrial aspartate transaminase (m-AST). LPA-mediated mitochondrial homeostasis is regulated by CDK1-mediated SIRT3 phosphorylation, which in turn deacetylates and dimerizes CPT2 to enhance fatty acid oxidation. Thus, an advantageous effect is suggested by the consumption of LPA that augments mitochondrial metabolic homeostasis via CDK1-SIRT3-CPT2 cascade.

Comparison of Oil Content and Fatty Acids Profile of Western Schley, Wichita, and Native Pecan Nuts Cultured in Chihuahua, Mexico.

Two different extraction processes, Soxhlet and ultrasound, were used to obtain the oil extracts of Western Schley, Wichita, and Native pecan nuts cultured in Chihuahua, Mexico. The aspects evaluated in this study were the extraction yield of the processes and fatty acids' profile of the resulting extracts. Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to identify and determine the composition percentage of fatty acids present in pecan nuts oils extracted. The results obtained show that higher oil extraction yields were obtained by Soxhlet method with hexane (69.90%) in Wichita varieties. Wichita, Western Schley, and Native pecan nuts from Chihuahua are rich in PUFA (polyunsaturated fatty acids) and MUFA (monounsaturated fatty acids) and have low levels of SFA (saturated fatty acids). The predominant fatty acid present in all pecan nuts oils was linoleic acid followed by oleic acid. Myristic acid, palmitic acid, and linolenic acid were also identified in representative quantities. The results from this study suggest that there are statistically significant differences in the chemical composition of the pecan nuts oils extracted from the varieties cultured in Chihuahua, Mexico, and those cultivated in other regions of the world.

Sensory properties and fatty acids profiles of fermented dry sausages made of pork meat from various breeds

In this study, the parallel examinations on fatty acid profiles and sensory properties of fermented dry sausages are presented. Three types of kulen and sremska sausages were made, which varied depending on the percentage of meat and fat derived from different pig breeds: autochthonous (Swallow-Belly Mangalitsa and Moravka) and commercial (Swedish Landrace). In sausages made from meat of commercial pig breed, the highest cholesterol content was detected. However, sausage made from the Mangalitsa pork meat contained higher levels of monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and unsaturated fatty acid (USFA), and lower saturated fatty acid levels (SFA).The level of polyunsaturated (PUFA) in sausage made of Landrace pork meat was significantly higher than levels in other types. These differences between fatty acids were mostly deriving by higher total n-6 PUFA content. In a sausage made of Mangulitsa meat, the values of atherogenic (IA) and thrombogenic (IT) health lipid indexes are lower. Kulen and sremska sausages made from the Mangalitsa pork meat was superior in terms of colour, odour, taste, after taste and overall acceptability. This study demonstrate that pig breed have an effect on the chemical content, fatty acids profiles and sensory properties of dry fermented sausages.

Will seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) quality change in a warmer ocean?

The impacts of climate change on seafood quality, safety and human health are still unknown. The present study investigated the effect of warming on fatty acids and elements content in two tissues (muscle and liver) of the relevant commercial seabass species (Dicentrarchus labrax). After exposing fish to increased seawater temperature for a period of 60days, higher saturated fatty acid (SFA) levels were observed in fish muscle (2.16% increase); whereas lower SFA levels were observed in fish liver (5.42% decrease). On the other hand, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) contents decreased in both muscle (1.77% and 0.39%, respectively) and liver (10.54% and 8.11%, respectively) of fish subjected to warmer conditions. Additionally, warming promoted changes in fish elemental profiles, leading to significantly higher levels of Cl in the muscle and lower levels of Rb in the liver. Overall, data showed that fatty acids and elemental contents were affected by temperature, though representing small implications to human health. Moreover, this preliminary study highlights the importance of conducting further seafood risk-benefit assessments under climate change contexts.

Milk fatty acid profile is modulated by DGAT1 and SCD1 genotypes in dairy cattle on pasture and strategic supplementation.

Milk fat composition is important to consumer health. During the last decade, some fatty acids (FA) have received attention because of their functional and beneficial effects on human health. The milk FA profile is affected by both diet and genetics. Differences in milk fat composition are based on biochemical pathways, and candidate genes have been proposed to explain FA profile variation. Here, the association between DGAT1 K232A, SCD1 A293V, and LEPR T945M markers with milk fat composition in southern Chile was evaluated. We selected five herds of Holstein-Friesian, Jersey, Frisón Negro, Montbeliarde, and Overo Colorado cows (pasture-grazed) that received strategic supplementation with concentrates and conserved forages. We genotyped the SNPs and calculated allele frequencies and Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Milk fat composition was determined for individual milk samples over a year, and associations between genotypes and milk composition were studied. The most frequent variants for DGAT1, SCD1, and LEPR polymorphisms were GC/GC, C, and C, respectively. The DGAT1 GC/GC allele was associated with lower milk fat and protein content, lower saturated fatty acid levels, and higher polyunsaturated FA (PUFA), n-3 and n-6 FA, and a linolenic acid to cholesterolemic FA ratios, which implied a healthier FA profile. The SCD1 CC genotype was associated with a low cholesterolemic FA content, a high ratio of linolenic acid to cholesterolemic FA, and lower conjugated-linolenic acid and PUFA content. These results suggest the possible modulation of milk fat profiles, using specific genotypes, to improve the nutritional quality of dairy products.

Fatty Acid Profiles, Chemical Content and Sensory Properties of Traditional Fermented Dry Kulen Sausages

In this paper, the comparative investigations on chemical content, fatty acid profiles and sensory properties of traditional fermented dry kulen sausages are presented. Five types of kulen sausages were made, which varied depending on the percentage of meat and fat derived from different pig breeds: autochthonous (Mangalitsa and Moravka) and commercial (Swedish Landrace). Kulen sausages made from Mangalitsa and Moravka pork meat had the lowest moisture and protein content and the highest total amount of fat. Sausages made from the combination of Mangalitsa and Moravka meat were superior in terms of odor, taste, aftertaste and overall acceptability. The highest cholesterol content was found in sausages made from meat of the autochthonous pig breeds. However, sausages made from the meat of Mangalitsa pigs contained higher levels of monounsaturated fatty acid and unsaturated fatty acid, and lower saturated fatty acid levels. This research indicates that pig breed affects the chemical and sensory characteristics of traditional dry fermented sausages. Practical Applications In Europe, especially in Mediterranean countries, there is a growing interest in autochthonous meat products produced from local pig breeds from extensive, sustainable breeding programs. Meat and meat products from traditional breeds generally have a good public and media image, and they are often considered to be better, and of better quality, than the meat and meat products from modern pig breeds and crossbreeds. With the appropriate combination of meat and fat from autochthonous pig breeds, it is possible to produce the traditional dry fermented kulen sausage, with a respectable chemical content and sensory qualities. Provided market opportunities exist for kulen sausage, these results should contribute to encouraging the sustainable breeding of the Moravka and the endangered Mangalitsa pigs.