Low Fitness Levels Research Articles

Exercise intensity measurement using fractal analysis of heart rate variability: Reliability, agreement and influence of sex and cardiorespiratory fitness

ABSTRACT The study aimed to establish the test-retest reliability of detrended fluctuation analysis of heart rate variability (DFA-α1) based exercise intensity thresholds, assess its agreement with ventilatory- and lactate-derived thresholds and the moderating effect of sex and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) on the agreement. Intensity thresholds for thirty-seven participants (17 females) based on blood lactate (LT1/LT2), gas-exchange (VT1/VT2) and DFA-α1 (αTh1/αTh2) were assessed. Heart rate (HR) at αTh1 and αTh2 showed good test-retest reliability (coefficient of variation [CV] < 6%), and moderate to high agreement with LTs (r = 0.40 – 0.57) and VTs (r = 0.61 – 0.66) respectively. Mixed effects models indicated bias magnitude depended on CRF, with DFA-α1 overestimating thresholds versus VTs for lower fitness levels (speed at VT1 <8.5 km⋅hr−1), while underestimating for higher fitness levels (speed at VT2 >15 km⋅hr−1; VO2max >55 mL·kg−1·min−1). Controlling for CRF, sex significantly affected bias magnitude only at first threshold, with males having higher mean bias (+2.41 bpm) than females (−1.26 bpm). DFA-α1 thresholds are practical and reliable intensity measures, however it is unclear if they accurately represent LTs/VTs from the observed limits of agreement and unexplained variance. To optimise DFA-α1 threshold estimation across different populations, bias should be corrected based on sex and CRF.

Association between fitness levels and physical activity in apparently healthy Colombian men

Abstract Physical condition (PC) such as strength and endurance favor functional independence and disease prevention (Melo, 2014). Objective: To characterize the levels of Physical Activity (PA) and CP in apparently healthy men who practice PA in different settings in Bogotá-Colombia. This study is observational cross-sectional, 485 Men (M) participated, mean age 42±17.8 years. To measure the levels PA the IPAQ (International Physical Activity Questionnaires) was applied. The Confidence Interval (CI) and Standard Error (SE) were taken into account. For PA levels, data were analyzed with Rstudio v2022.12.0, with empirical distribution tests, Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality and independence with Chi-Square (χ²), in addition, mean (X¯), percentage (%) and standard deviation (±). 90.6% of the H met the overall PA recommendations (Leisure Time+Active Transportation) with 95% CI (88.0-93.0) and SE (0.012). The PC variables such as; Body Mass Index (BMI), Body Adiposity Index (BAI), Abdominal Circumference (AC), Grip Strength (GS) and Maximal Oxygen Consumption (Vo2max). The results showed that 35.6% (26.9±1.48) of H were Overweight (Ow) and 10.6% (32.7±2.39) were Obese (Ob), 39.7% (98.4±6.8) with Cardiovascular Risk (Rcv) by AC and 24.3% (29.7±3.45) with risk by BAI. As for GS 41.5% (27.1±6.39) is weak and 32.3% (33.3±6.3) is low Vo2max. According to independence tests with χ² there is association between the G and BMI (χ²=1452.1, df = 1427, p-value=0. 315), G and AC (χ²=394.9, df = 382, p-value=0. 313), G and Vo2max (χ²=155.5, df = 6, p-value&amp;lt;2.2e-16), G and BAI (χ²=2970.3, df = 1502, p-value&amp;lt;2.2e-16), G and GS (χ²=6015.5, df = 1502, p-value&amp;lt;2.2e-16). This project was approved by the bioethics committee. Conclusions 149 men corresponding to 30.7% of the sample present an increased possibility of Rcv, despite compliance with global PA recommendations. It is recommended that PA programs reinforce the improvement and promotion of PC to prevent possible Rcv. Key messages • The capacities that define physical fitness (FC) such as strength and endurance favor functional independence and disease prevention (Melo, 2014). • Apparently healthy men in Colombia present a higher possibility of Cardiovascular Risk due to low levels of physical fitness, despite compliance with global BP recommendations.

Improving Physical Fitness through a Circuit Games Model

This study aims to determine how effectively these circuit games can enhance physical fitness among young students and whether this approach can lead to measurable improvements in their overall physical health and capabilities. This study employs the action research method to assess the impact of circuit games on improving student fitness. By observing changes in student behavior and physical capabilities, the researcher aims to determine the effectiveness of the circuit game model in enhancing overall fitness. The TKSI (Test Kebugaran Siswa Indonesia) is used as a key tool to measure and evaluate the students’ fitness levels throughout the study. Through this approach, the study seeks to provide insights into how circuit training games can be effectively utilized to boost physical fitness among students. The results stated that physical fitness is a crucial asset for students, as it significantly enhances their ability to perform daily activities and tasks efficiently. Students with good physical fitness are generally better equipped to handle the demands of both academic and extracurricular activities, while those with lower fitness levels often struggle with fatigue and difficulty in daily tasks. Circuit training games offer a dynamic approach to fitness, combining aerobic exercises with strength training and flexibility. These games involve various stations, each designed to target different aspects of physical fitness, and require students to complete each station within a set time before moving on to the next.

Risk and determinants of sarcopenia in people with diabetes: a case–control study from Qatar Biobank cohort

BackgroundDiabetes is associated with impairments in muscle mass and quality increasing the risk of sarcopenia. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the odds of sarcopenia and its associated risk factors among Qatari adults (> 18 years), while exploring the modulating effects of health and lifestyle factors.MethodsUsing a case–control design, data from 767 participants (481 cases with diabetes and 286 controls without diabetes) was collected from Qatar Biobank (QBB). Sociodemographic, lifestyle factors including dietary intake, anthropometric and biochemical measures were analyzed. Handgrip strength, Dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and Bio-impedance were used to assess muscle strength, muscle mass and muscle quality, respectively. The risk of sarcopenia was estimated using the European consensus on definition and diagnosis of sarcopenia.ResultsCases with diabetes were older (55 vs. 36 years; P < 0.001), had higher BMI (31.6 vs. 28.3 kg/m2; P < 0.001), lower cardiorespiratory fitness (50.0% “Moderate” fitness for cases, 62.9% “High” fitness for controls), and consumed less total (59.0 vs. 64.0; P = 0.004) and animal protein (39.0 vs. 42.0; P = 0.001), compared to controls based on a computed score. Participants with diabetes also had lower appendicular lean mass/BMI, handgrip strength, and higher probability of sarcopenia/probable sarcopenia (P < 0.005). Adjusted multiple logistic regression revealed that elevated cardiorespiratory fitness (β = 0.299, 95%CI:0.12–0.74) and blood triglycerides (β = 1.475, 95% CI: 1.024–2.124), as well as being a female (β = 0.086, 95%CI: 0.026–0.288) and having higher BMI (β = 0.908, 95%CI: 0.852–0.967) and ALM/BMI (β = 0.000, 95% CI: 0.000–0.007) are independent predictors (p < 0.05) of sarcopenia risk.ConclusionsThis study highlights the intricate relationship between diabetes and sarcopenia, revealing modifiable risk factors. Individuals with diabetes were found to have a higher likelihood of sarcopenia, which was associated with lower fitness levels and higher blood triglycerides. Protective factors against sarcopenia included being female and having higher BMI and ALM/BMI ratios.

The Impact of Pencak Silat Training at Night on Physical Fitness Levels

Several pencak silat schools in Bandung in particular often carry out training at night. The pencak silat school at BTC performs this exercise from 10:00 PM to 3:00 AM. It is very interesting to research, especially its impact on physical fitness and overall healthThe purpose of this study is to assess how engaging in pencak silat training during the evening affects physical fitness. This investigation employs an ex post facto approach with a Contilation research design. The participants in this research were individuals who are part of the Pencak Silat Pencak Silat Faithful Heart Terate Brotherhood in Bandung City. The research instrument uses the Multistage Fitness Test. Using quantitative survey data analysis techniques. Based on data analysis, it was concluded that there was an influence for training pencak silat focuses on physical fitness and takes place in the evening.. The results of the study showed that members of the Bandung City Pencak Silat Brotherhood Setia Hati Terate had a diverse distribution of fitness levels: 13.6% had a low fitness level, 40.9% had a medium fitness level, 36.4% had a fair fitness level, 9.1 % achieved a good level of fitness, while none achieved a high level of fitness. Consequently, it can be inferred that practicing pencak silat at nighttime yields favorable results, even though it is not significant or only reaches a moderate fitness level. This is mainly due to the intensity of training which tends to be low and does not increase consistently over time, resulting in slow and non-optimal physical improvement.

Issues of physical development among the Mongolian youth

At the beginning of the research, we proposed the goal of studying the modern trends in physical education at the Mongolian University of Science and Technology through analysis and comparative assessments. As a result of the study, it was observed that comprehensive education in England, sports education using technical and technological advances in Australia, sports teaching for happiness in Japan and China and skills education and physical education in Mongolia are the dominant teaching approaches. In the course of the analysis, it has been found out that there is a lack of attitude towards physical education in Mongolia, and we have determined the extent to which it has been effective through a test study. One of the main goals of our work is to study the issue of physical development of the Mongolian youth in years past. The article presents the results of the unprecedented physical development test of the first-year students enrolled in the Mongolian University of Science and Technology from 2008 to 2018. We used the “Test to Determine the Level of Physical Development and Fitness of the Population”. Actually, this test named after the President of Mongolia Mr. Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj has been implemented at the national level. During the test, height, weight, speed, strength, flexibility and endurance of students were studied by the movement test method. The test was evaluated according to the approved methodologyю. And as a result, we used quantitative and statistical research methods, performed reliability and statistical tests for each questionnaire and data obtained and analyzed the correlation of factors. If we look at physical development levels of all students, there were 14 percent with poor results and 44 percent with insufficient ones. The physical development of the majority of participants (58 percent) was rated below the sufficient level (17 points) that a person of that age should have. In terms of gender, 53 percent of male students and 65 percent of female students had insufficient physical development. According to the data of a sociological questionnaire survey of students participating in the test, 58.1 percent did not exercise or play sports. It was an interesting observation that coincided with the result that 58.0 percent of the test participants had insufficient physical development. According to our research, the majority of Mongolian students and young people had a low level of physical fitness, and one of every six students had weight problems. This may indicate that the approach to teaching skills development and physical education is somewhat ineffective. The theoretical and practical significance of the research is that the current situation regarding physical development of students and youth can be determined and the results can serve as a basis for making detailed policies and decisions for the development of physical activity and sports among young people. Today, students and youth are the most important segment of the population that drives the economy and human development of Mongolia, so it is important to cultivate a healthy and physically fit nation relying on the fact that physical activity and sports should be available for all people.

The Effects of Blood Flow Restriction Aerobic Exercise on Body Composition, Muscle Strength, Blood Biomarkers, and Cardiovascular Function: A Narrative Review.

Blood flow restriction exercise has emerged as a promising alternative, particularly for elderly individuals and those unable to participate in high-intensity exercise. However, existing research has predominantly focused on blood flow restriction resistance exercise. There remains a notable gap in understanding the comprehensive effects of blood flow restriction aerobic exercise (BFRAE) on body composition, lipid profiles, glycemic metabolism, and cardiovascular function. This review aims to explore the physiological effects induced by chronic BFRAE. Chronic BFRAE has been shown to decrease fat mass, increase muscle mass, and enhance muscular strength, potentially benefiting lipid profiles, glycemic metabolism, and overall function. Thus, the BFRAE offers additional benefits beyond traditional aerobic exercise effects. Notably, the BFRAE approach may be particularly suitable for individuals with low fitness levels, those prone to injury, the elderly, obese individuals, and those with metabolic disorders.

Effects of using wearable devices to monitoring physical activity in pulmonary rehabilitation programs for chronic respiratory diseases: A systematic review protocol.

Pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) is an intervention aimed at the comprehensive care of individuals with chronic respiratory diseases. Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma present low levels of physical fitness because they avoid physical exercises due to the fear of triggering recurrent symptoms. Wearable devices have been integrated into behavioral modification interventions for physical activity in PR protocols. Therefore, this review aims to identify how wearable devices are being utilized for monitoring chronic respiratory diseases in pulmonary rehabilitation programs. Searches will be conducted on Medline, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Embase (CENTRAL), CINAHL and PEDro electronic databases, as well as a search in the grey literature. We will include baseline data from randomized clinical trials reporting the use of wearable devices for monitoring physical activity in protocols for pulmonary rehabilitation programs for chronic respiratory diseases. Studies that discuss only the development of algorithms or applications for the assessment of diseases or unavailable full texts will be excluded. The main reviewer will conduct the initial search and exclusion of duplicates, while two independent reviewers will select studies, extract data, and assess the methodological quality using the PEDro tool. CRD42024504137.

The association between physical fitness and mental health among college students: a cross-sectional study.

Physical inactivity and mental health disorders are emerging threats to public health in China. Previous research on links between exercise and mental wellbeing have focused on clinical populations, with little evidence from the general population, particularly younger adults. We aimed to investigate associations between physical fitness and mental health in Chinese college students. In this series, of cross-sectional observational studies, we enrolled 7,468 Chinese college students aged 16-24 years in 199 classes at Changzhou Vocational Institute of Engineering between Sept 1, 2017, and Jun 30, 2018. Exposures of interest were the students' physical fitness level, measured by the Chinese University Students Physique Test. The primary outcomes were mental health situations, measured by the University Personality Inventory (UPI). The multivariable linear regression models were used to assess the relationship between the levels of physical fitness and mental disorders symptoms. Completed mental health and physical fitness data were available for 6,724 participants aged 16-24 years. Compared with the failed group, the corresponding levels of difference in overall UPI scores were - 1.45 scores (95% CI: -2.45, -0.46; p < 0.01) for the passed group and - 2.95 scores (95% CI: -4.13, -1.77; p < 0.01) for the good group. Similar results were observed in the four different aspects of psychotic disorder symptoms. There was a significantly negative correlation between the level of physical fitness and phycological situations among Chinese college students. Our findings highlight the psychological situations of students with low physical fitness levels should be concerned.

Monitoring Within-Individual Dose-Response Relationships in Professional Soccer Players: The Importance of Fitness Level.

To (1)examine within-individual player dose-response associations between selected training-load measures and changes in aerobic fitness level via submaximal exercise heart rate (HRex%) and (2)measure the relationships between these dose-response associations with basal HRex% (to study the influence of fitness level on dose-response relationship). During an in-season phase, selected training-load measures including total minutes, total distance, mechanical work (the sum number of accelerations and decelerations > 3m2), high metabolic load distance, and Edwards' training impulse were collected via Global Positioning System and heart-rate sensors for analyzing accumulated load. A submaximal warm-up test was used repeatedly before and after 9 phases to elicit HRex% and track fitness changes at an individual level. Negative to positive extensive ranges of within-individual associations were found among players for different metrics (r = -.84 to .89). The relationship between pooled HRex% (basal fitness) and dose-response correlations showed inverse very large (r = -.71) and large (r = -.65) values for accumulated weekly minutes and distance. However, moderate values were found for all other measures (r = -.35 to -.42). Individual players show extensive different ranges of dose-response associations with training measures. The dose-response association is influenced by players' fitness level, and players with lower fitness levels show stronger inverse relationships with accumulated minutes and total distance.

Physiological comparison of conditioned and non-conditioned university horses following semester break

Periods of limited activity during semester break may reduce performance during return to ridden work. This study evaluated fitness and muscling of horses when returning to work, following a 12-week period during which horses either continued (conditioned) or discontinued (non-conditioned) ridden work. It was hypothesized that non-conditioned horses would have a lower level of fitness, resulting in higher resting and peak heart rates and lower levels of muscling. Twelve mature, stock type horses aged 16 ± 5 years were assigned to either a conditioned group that maintained light-to-moderate riding or a non-conditioned group receiving no formal exercise. All horses had access to voluntary exercise for 12-24hr/d on grass pasture (1.5-2.5 hectares). Following the 12-week period, all horses were placed into a light-to-moderate intensity exercise program with resting heart rate, peak heart rate, body condition score, gaskin and forearm circumference, and topline muscle measurements performed on d 0, 14, and 28. Peak and resting heart rates were not different between groups (P > 0.05) but increased for both groups throughout the study (P = 0.04). Gaskin circumference of non-conditioned horses was larger (P = 0.04), although non-conditioned horses tended to be heavier (551.4 versus 491.4 ± 21.4 kg; P = 0.07). Conditioned horses had greater average topline muscling scores (P = 0.02). Horses that were conditioned over a 12-week break had greater muscling, but changes in fitness were not detected. Pasture access could contribute to maintenance of fitness during unridden periods.

Effects of acute aerobic exercise on resting state functional connectivity of motor cortex in college students

This study intends to inspect the effects of acute aerobic exercise (AE) on resting state functional connectivity (RSFC) in motor cortex of college students and the moderating effect of fitness level. Methods: 20 high fitness level college students and 20 ordinary college students were recruited in public. Subjects completed 25 min of moderate- and high-intensity acute aerobic exercise respectively by a bicycle ergometer, and the motor cortex’s blood oxygen signals in resting state were monitored by functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS, the Shimadzu portable Light NIRS, Japan) in pre- and post-test. Results: At the moderate intensity level, the total mean value of RSFC pre- and post-test was significantly different in the high fitness level group (pre-test 0.62 ± 0.18, post-test 0.51 ± 0.17, t(19) = 2.61, p = 0.02, d = 0.58), but no significant change was found in the low fitness level group. At the high-intensity level, there was no significant difference in the difference of total RSFC between pre- and post-test in the high and low fitness group. According to and change trend of 190 “edges”: at the moderate-intensity level, the number of difference edges in the high fitness group (d = 0.58, 23) were significantly higher than those in the low fitness group (d = 0.32, 15), while at high-intensity level, there was a reverse trend between the high fitness group (d = 0.25, 18) and the low fitness group (d = 0.39, 23). Conclusions: moderate-intensity AE can cause significant changes of RSFC in the motor cortex of college students with high fitness, while high fitness has a moderating effect on the relationship between exercise intensity and RSFC. RSFC of people with high fitness is more likely to be affected by AE and show a wider range of changes.

Interrelation of Military Professional Training and Physical Fitness of Servicemen

Topicality. The success of military professional activity depends on the soldiers` training and education peculiarities, which must be created using the certain methods of influence and characteristics of military personnel. The conditions of combat operations of the Armed Forces of Ukraine against the aggressor of the russian federation and the maintenance of an appropriate level of combat readiness of servicemen require new approaches to improving the means of training, education and formation of soldier`s physical and psychological readiness to act in difficult conditions in order to successfully perform military professional activities. Thus, the formation and interconnection of the military professional training tasks and servicemen`s physical fitness remains an urgent issue. The purpose to analyze and determine the impact of the development of physical qualities and military-applied skills of servicemen on the effectiveness of performing military and professional tasks. Methods. Analysis of scientific and methodological literature, testing, and methods of mathematical statistics have been used in the research. Results. It has been established that physically trained soldiers are more maneuverable on the battlefield (by 20-35%), successfully perform combat training tasks and standards (by 15-20% faster) than soldiers with a low level of physical fitness. The data obtained on the low level of combat preparedness indicate insufficient moral and psychological readiness to endure significant physical and psychological stress in a combat situation, both in combat and physical trainings. It has been found that the functional state of the body and the excellent development of basic physical qualities have a positive effect on the main indicators of combat readiness of personnel and significantly affect the results of the effective performance of military and professional activities. Conclusions. The research made it possible to find out that excellent physical condition is an integral part of the quality and successful performance of assigned tasks in accordance with the position held and the foundation of their combat readiness.

A person-centred investigation of the associations between actual and perceived physical fitness among youth with intellectual disabilities

ABSTRACT The main objective of this person-centred study was to identify profiles of actual and perceived physical fitness among a sample of youth with intellectual disabilities (ID). Participants were 377 youth (60.4% boys) with mild (49.6%) to moderate (50.4%) ID recruited in Australia and Canada. Latent profile analyses revealed five profiles: (1) Underestimation of Average Physical Fitness (5.5% of the sample); (2) Moderate Overestimation of Low Physical Fitness (17.7%), (3) Moderate Underestimation of Average Physical Fitness (31.3%); (4) High Overestimation of Average Physical Fitness (28.3%); and (5) Moderate Underestimation of High Physical Fitness with an Accurate Estimation of Average Flexibility (17.2%). Profiles 1, 2, and 3 relatives to Profiles 4 and 5 included younger participants, more participants with moderate levels of ID, and participants with a higher body mass index. Additionally, profiles 1 and 3 also included a higher proportion of youth pursuing externally-driven motives and less frequently involved in sports outside of the school. In sum, our findings showed that the tendency of youth with ID to rely on upward or downward-lateral social comparisons may have resulted in a depreciation or overestimation of their low levels of physical fitness.

Interspecific transfer of genetic information through polyploid bridges

Hybridization blurs species boundaries and leads to intertwined lineages resulting in reticulate evolution. Polyploidy, the outcome of whole genome duplication (WGD), has more recently been implicated in promoting and facilitating hybridization between polyploid species, potentially leading to adaptive introgression. However, because polyploid lineages are usually ephemeral states in the evolutionary history of life it is unclear whether WGD-potentiated hybridization has any appreciable effect on their diploid counterparts. Here, we develop a model of cytotype dynamics within mixed-ploidy populations to demonstrate that polyploidy can in fact serve as a bridge for gene flow between diploid lineages, where introgression is fully or partially hampered by the species barrier. Polyploid bridges emerge in the presence of triploid organisms, which despite critically low levels of fitness, can still allow the transfer of alleles between diploid states of independently evolving mixed-ploidy species. Notably, while marked genetic divergence prevents polyploid-mediated interspecific gene flow, we show that increased recombination rates can offset these evolutionary constraints, allowing a more efficient sorting of alleles at higher-ploidy levels before introgression into diploid gene pools. Additionally, we derive an analytical approximation for the rate of gene flow at the tetraploid level necessary to supersede introgression between diploids with nonzero introgression rates, which is especially relevant for plant species complexes, where interspecific gene flow is ubiquitous. Altogether, our results illustrate the potential impact of polyploid bridges on the (re)distribution of genetic material across ecological communities during evolution, representing a potential force behind reticulation.

Axenic Culture and DNA Barcode Identification of Wood Decay Fungi from the Maltese Islands

Wood-decaying fungi are important study subjects for their ecological role as well as for their biotechnological applications. They break down lignin, cellulose, and hemicelluloses using enzymes that modify the chemical structure of these complex macromolecules. Due to their ability to degrade wood, these fungi can create structural damage to wooden structures and to trees, especially those with very low level of fitness. Previous studies on wood decay fungi in the Maltese Islands are limited to records and checklists described by a handful of authors. The aim of this study was to provide a comprehensive description of wood decay fungal diversity in the Maltese Islands including an updated checklist based on DNA barcoding, as well as to establish the first wood-decay fungal culture collection at the Biology Department Seed Bank of the University of Malta. Several surveys were carried out during the rainy season along wooded areas of the Maltese Islands as well as in historical gardens. Isolates were identified using macro- and micro-morphological features, dichotomous keys, as well as molecular data. Basidiomes were recorded growing on 14 different host plant species, 11 axenic cultures have been made and 9 species of wood decay fungi have been conclusively identified by DNA barcoding. The collection of the axenic isolates includes one of Aurificaria cf. euphoria, three of Ganoderma resinaceum sl., two of Laetiporus sulphureus, one of Inonotus sp., one of Inonotus rickii anamorph, one of Inocutis tamaricis, one of Stereum hirsutum, and one of Pleurotus eryngii. However, the mycelium of Coriolopsis gallica, though collected and identified, could not be isolated.

Comparative Effect of Aerobic and Yogic Exercises on the Selected Physical, Physiological and Academic Performance of Non-Participants of Sports at Secondary School Level

Physical activity has a direct effect on well-being and health. To be fit and healthy we need to be physically active. Regular physical activity can help protect us from serious diseases like obesity and mental illness among children. The recent study reveals that 60% of the school going children suffers obese. Physical exercise, particularly continuous aerobic exercises such as running, cycling and swimming, has many cognitive benefits and effects on the brain include increases in neurotransmitter levels, improved oxygen and nutrient delivery. The effects of exercise on memory have important implications for improving children's academic performance, maintaining mental abilities among children Riding bicycle regularly is one of the best ways to tackle the health problems associated with a sedentary lifestyle. Physical fitness and health are the integral part of human life. Fitness and wellness of person are correlated to each other. In fitness body proportion and composition are important parameters and which has roles relevance with health related fitness. Maintenance of physical fitness is needed of the day in human society. In this age of stress and tension, low level of fitness leads towards, the exposure of degenerative and psychosomatic disorders including other in effective suffering. A lot of people live with fitness myths, having their own concepts and theories of fitness and health when it comes to fitness there are many that believe strongly in the dictum 'ignorance is bliss'

CARDIORESPIRATORY FITNESS, HIGH BODY FAT PERCENTAGE AND THE RISK OF CORONARY CALCIFICATION IN MIDDLE–AGED MEN

Objective: Low levels of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) have been showed to increase the risk of cardiovascular disease(CVD). We tested the hypothesis that central obesity is associated with coronary artery calcification (CAC), but that fitness attenuates this association. Design and method: We analyzed men who participated in a health screening program. We measured CAC using multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) with a calculation of Agatston coronary artery calcium score. CAC score over 400 were defined as the prevalence of moderate to severe subclinical atherosclerosis. Central obesity was defined as body mass index (BMI) over 25kg/m2 and body fat percentage (BFP) over 30% in men. Fitness was directly measured by peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) and divided into unfit (low tertile) and fit (middle and upper tertile) categories based on age-specific VO2peak percentiles. Results: Compared with normal weight men, central obese men was associated with a higher prevalence of CAC after adjusting for age, SBP, lipid profile, logCRP, s-glucose, heart rate, diabetes, and hypertension. The fit men was associated with lower odds ratios for having CAC. However, the fit with central obesity had odds ratios for CAC that were similar to those of the fit with normal weight. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate that BMI and BFP are associated with increased risk of moderate to severe CAC score, but that high fitness appears to attenuate the risk in men.

A Study of Blood Pressure and Physical Fitness in People with Intellectual Disabilities in South Korea.

Individuals with intellectual disabilities have a shorter lifespan and significantly higher prevalence of conditions such as hypertension and cardiovascular diseases than healthy individuals. Thus, assessing the elements that contribute to their physical fitness is crucial. This cross-sectional study examined the relationship between the blood pressure and physical fitness of people with intellectual disabilities in South Korea, considering differences across sexes, age groups, physical attributes, and disability levels. It used data from 8502 individuals with intellectual disabilities aged 20-59 years who participated in a survey of a National Fitness Standard Center (NFSC) between 2018 and 2021. A series of t-tests, one-way analysis of variance, logistic regression, and the four-quartile method were used for data analyses. The results showed differences in physical fitness levels between men and women considering all aspects except for BMI (Body Mass Index), with men showing higher blood pressure levels. Lower grip strength, lower PEI (physical efficiency index) scores, and higher BMI were associated with increased blood pressure. Additionally, individuals with higher levels of disability tended to have lower levels of physical fitness, while higher physical fitness levels were associated with lower blood pressure. Therefore, low fitness levels and hypertension risk may be important health indicators for people with intellectual disabilities.

Impact of cardiorespiratory fitness and diabetes status on cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality: An NHANES retrospective cohort study

High cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is associated with decreased mortality in people with pre-diabetes (pre-DM) and diabetes mellitus (DM); however, the degree to which CRF attenuates the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD)-related and all-cause mortality is unclear. Study objectiveWe examined the impact of CRF status on CVD-related morbidity and all-cause mortality in non-DM, Pre-DM, and DM populations. Design and setting13,968 adults from the Third US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) were stratified into non-DM, pre-DM, or DM groups based on HbA1c levels. VO2Max was calculated using the Fitness Registry and Importance of Exercise: A National Database (FRIEND) equation. ParticipantsParticipants were categorized into tertiles of VO2Max; first VO2Max tertile was the lowest VO2Max and third VO2Max tertile was the highest. Main outcome measure(s)Cox regression was used to analyze the relationship between glycemic levels, VO2Max, and CVD-related and all-cause mortality. ResultsThose with DM in the highest fitness tertile had CVD (HR 0.13; 95 % CI 0.06, 0.27; p < 0.0001) and all cause (HR 0.28; 95 % CI 0.21, 0.38; p < 0.0001) mortality rates as low or lower than those with pre-DM (CVD HR 1.02; 95 % CI 0.78, 1.33 p < 0.892; all cause HR 0.96; 95 % CI 0.83, 1.12; p < 0.5496) or non-DM (CVD HR 0.65; 95 % CI 0.52, 0.80; p < 0.0001; all cause HR 0.61; 95 % CI 0.55, 0.68; p < 0.0001) at lower fitness levels. Regardless of DM status, there was lower all-cause mortality with higher CRF levels. ConclusionsHigher fitness levels in DM individuals are associated with total and CVD mortality rates as low or lower than those without DM with lower fitness.