Lower Levels Of Fear Research Articles

Association between joint position sense, range of motion, pain-related anxiety, disability and deep neck muscles thickness in non-specific chronic neck pain patients with high and low levels of fear of pain: a cross-sectional study

Association between joint position sense, range of motion, pain-related anxiety, disability and deep neck muscles thickness in non-specific chronic neck pain patients with high and low levels of fear of pain: a cross-sectional study

Evaluation of Malpractice Fear, Burnout, and Spiritual Well-Being among Physicians in Turkey: A Descriptive Study.

This descriptive study was conducted with 406 physicians to evaluate fear of malpractice, burnout and spiritual well-being among physicians in Turkey. In our study, 81.5%, 11.6% and 6.9% of physicians experienced high, medium and low levels of fear of malpractice, emotional burnout, depersonalisation and personal accomplishment, respectively. However, physicians reported high levels of spiritual well-being and harmony with nature, moderate levels of transcendence and anomie. As spiritual well-being and transcendence increased, emotional burnout and depersonalisation decreased and personal accomplishment increased. In addition, as harmony with nature increased, depersonalisation decreased and personal accomplishment increased, and as anomie increased, emotional burnout and depersonalisation increased.

Ready or not…here we grow! Evaluating the competency of nursing faculty in supporting nursing student mental health: A quantitative investigation

BackgroundCollege students are amid a mental health crisis with campuses seeing the highest rates of mental health disorders in over a decade. College nursing students stand out as particularly affected, experiencing elevated levels of anxiety, stress, and depression compared to the general student population. At the forefront of addressing this issue are college faculty, especially nursing faculty, who play a unique role in identifying and referring students with mental health needs due to their close interactions in smaller teaching-learning settings such as clinicals, simulations, and one-on-one validations. AimThis study evaluated the perceived competency, knowledge, engagement, and fear levels of nursing faculty in supporting the mental health of Bachelor of Science in Nursing students. Additionally, the study explored whether faculty members with prior MH training differed in these levels. MethodsSurvey data from 63 faculty members employed across six prominent nursing schools in the southeast region of the United States, all offering Bachelor of Science in Nursing programs, were analyzed. Employing a cross-sectional design, the study utilized the “College Mental Health Perceived Competency Scale” (CMHPCS) to assess faculty's competence, knowledge, engagement and fear in supporting student mental health. ResultsAmong the 63 participants, significant differences were observed in engagement levels between nursing faculty with and without prior mental health training (p < .012). Overall, the surveyed nursing faculty demonstrated high levels of competence, engagement and knowledge and low levels of fear in supporting the nursing student's mental health. ConclusionThe results prompt recommendations for future research aimed at developing a comprehensive approach to equip nursing faculty with effective mental health training and interventions. Such efforts seek to empower student nurses with the tools necessary to support their own mental health, enabling them to competently care for patients and communities.

Examining the Role of Mindfulness in Alleviating Death Anxiety

Death anxiety, defined as strong worry and concern about death and dying, can have a substantial impact on a person's mental health and quality of life. This study investigates the effectiveness of mindfulness activities in reducing death anxiety by encouraging a present-focused and welcoming mindset. Mindfulness, which includes essential features such as observing, describing, responding with awareness, being nonjudgmental, and remaining nonreactive, is thought to lower the intensity of death dread through improved emotional control and cognitive processing. The study investigates how mindfulness promotes a more balanced and less reactive approach to existential problems. Mindfulness activities teach people to examine their thoughts and feelings without judgment, narrate their experiences in a non-evaluative manner, act with heightened awareness, and create an attitude of acceptance and non-reactivity. This strategy can reduce the avoidance and denial that are commonly linked with death dread, allowing for a more healthy processing of mortality-related ideas. The study's findings indicate that people who practice mindfulness on a daily basis have lower levels of fear about death. These strategies serve to shift the focus away from future- oriented anxieties and towards present-moment sensations, lessening the cognitive and emotional load of death-related thoughts. The study emphasizes the therapeutic potential of mindfulness-based therapies in clinical settings and advocates for their incorporation into mental health treatment regimens to address death anxiety and other existential issues. Individuals who cultivate a conscious approach to death may increase their psychological resilience, enjoy more emotional stability, and acquire a deeper sense of inner peace. The findings of this study highlight the value of mindfulness as a potent strategy for reducing death anxiety and promoting general mental well-being.

The effect of interventions in vaginal birth on fear of childbirth: A multicentre study.

This cross-sectional multicentre study aimed to determine the effect of interventions during vaginal birth for fear of childbirth. In this cross-sectional and analytical study, 852 women who had a vaginal birth between 2019 and 2020 were enrolled. Data were collected using the Descriptive Questionnaire and Wijma Birth Expectation/Experience Scale Version B. The mean total Wijma Birth Expectation/Experience Scale Version B score of the women was 97.00 ± 24.24, indicating severe and clinical levels of fear of childbirth. Moreover, 69.4% of the women had clinical, 18.6% had severe and 12% had moderate levels of fear of childbirth. During birth, women who had close supporters, who were allowed to move and who did not undergo amniotomy, enema, perineal shaving and electronic foetal monitoring had a low level of fear of childbirth. As the number of pregnant women in the labour room, frequency of vaginal examinations, duration of delivery/hour, severity of labour pain and negative perception of the approach of health professionals increased, the women's fear of childbirth increased. Fear of childbirth decreased as the frequency of antenatal follow-ups, number of births and satisfaction levels of the women increased (p < 0.05). Low income perception, irregular prenatal follow-up, severe labour pain and a long duration of labour were strong predictors of increased fear of childbirth. Increasing number of births, high birth satisfaction level and positive perception of the approach of health professionals were strong predictors of reduced fear of childbirth. The reduction of interventions in vaginal delivery and support from health care providers during delivery can be effective in reducing fear of childbirth.

The moderating role of psychological resilience in the relationship between fear of COVID-19 and psychological distress, in a cohort of rural and regional healthcare workers. During major lockdowns in Victoria, Australia 2020-2021.

The emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in substantial pressures for healthcare workers across the world. The association between fear of COVID-19 and psychological distress, and the role of psychological resilience have gained research interest. The current study aimed to investigate the cross-sectional association between fear of COVID-19 and psychological distress, in Australian rural/regional healthcare workers and determine whether resilience modifies this association. Most participants were nurses (38.0%), mean age was 44.9 years, and 80.5% were female (N = 1313). An adjusted logistic regression analysis showed that the highest tertile of the Fear of COVID-19 scale was associated with higher odds of moderate to severe symptoms of anxiety (OR = 3.72, 95% CI = 2.27, 6.11; p < 0.001) and depression (OR = 3.48, 95% CI = 2.30, 5.28; p < 0.001). Healthcare workers with high level of fear of COVID-19 and low level of resilience were much more likely to report moderate to severe symptoms of anxiety (OR = 12.27, 95% CI = 6.65-22.65, p < 0.001) and depression (OR = 12.21, 95% CI = 6.93-21.50, p < 0.001) when compared to healthcare workers with low level of fear of COVID-19 and high level of resilience. A cross-sectional design was used and therefore cause and effect between fear of COVID-19 and psychological distress cannot be inferred. Longitudinal research is needed to investigate the possible causal relationship. These findings highlight the potential mental health effects of fear of COVID-19 on HCWs and demonstrate the importance of resilience as a possible moderator of these effects.

How can previous intergroup contact predict willingness for intergroup interaction? The mediating role of specific intergroup emotions

AbstractPrior research recognizes intergroup emotions as crucial for intergroup attitudes and interactions, but the psychological mechanisms linking prior intergroup interactions to contact intentions remain incompletely understood. This study investigated the joint effects and interplay of Chinese students' positive and negative contact on behavioural intentions to interact with international students in the future. Six affective variables (fear, anger, anxiety, empathy, happiness, and trust) were tested as mediators. Results revealed that positive contact directly predicted stronger contact willingness and indirectly affected this variable through lower levels of fear, anger, and anxiety and higher levels of empathy, happiness, and trust. Negative contact, however, was negatively associated with positive emotions and contact willingness and predicted more negative emotions. All intergroup emotions played significant mediating roles in the relationship between intergroup contact and willingness for future contact, and anxiety, fear, and trust emerged as robust mediators. Notably, positive contact had larger effects as compared to negative contact. Moreover, no association was observed between negative contact and intergroup emotions when positive contact was frequent. However, when both positive and negative contact were at higher levels, positive contact emerged as a more influential predictor of all intergroup emotions. This research emphasizes examining both positive and negative contact and affective variables as contact mediators, shedding light on enhancing contact intentions.

Modal Sosial: Kendala Penanganan Dokter dan Bidan untuk Meminimalkan Kelumpuhan Janin Akibat Takut pada Ibu Hamil

This study aims to analyze the obstacles faced by doctors and midwives in minimizing the risk of fetal paralysis due to pregnant women's fear. The fear experienced by pregnant women can influence medical decisions made by doctors and midwives, leading to complications during pregnancy and childbirth. The research involves qualitative analysis from the perspectives of practitioners in various healthcare facilities. Findings reveal various relationships between factors and levels of maternal fear. Firstly, there is no significant relationship between the age of pregnant women and their fear levels. Secondly, maternal education significantly impacts fear levels, with highly educated pregnant women exhibiting lower fear levels, while those with lower education experience higher fear levels. Thirdly, maternal employment status is significantly related to anxiety levels, indicating that working pregnant women may experience higher levels of fear than non-working counterparts. Qualitative analysis indicates that nulliparous women tend to have greater fear of labor pain and pre-delivery concerns. BMI has a significant relationship with anxiety levels, suggesting that pregnant women with higher BMI may experience higher fear levels. Lastly, spousal support plays a crucial role in anxiety levels, with pregnant women receiving greater support from their husbands tending to have lower levels of fear.

Association between mental health, fear of COVID-19, and job insecurity among bus service workers during the COVID-19 pandemic

The purpose of this study is to examine the association between mental health, fear of COVID-19, and job insecurity among bus service workers during the second wave of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in Japan. In September 2020, 1,889 employees of three private railway bus companies in the Tokai region were administered an anonymous self-questionnaire to be filled out at their workplace. The survey items were depression, anxiety, fear of COVID-19, job insecurity, demographics, and work characteristics. Logistic regression analysis was used to calculate the odds ratio and 95% confidence interval. Overall, 1,316 valid responses, excluding those from workers with a history of mental illness and others, were included in the analysis (valid response rate: 69.7%). Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that the prevalence of depression and anxiety were significantly higher in groups with medium and high levels of fear of COVID-19 or job insecurity than in the group with a low level of fear of COVID-19 or job insecurity. Fear of COVID-19 and job insecurity were found to be risk factors for depression and anxiety among bus service workers during the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, the latter being the stronger risk factor. Hence, comprehensive COVID-19 prevention measures as well as mental health-related measures to reduce job insecurity should be implemented in the bus service industry.

Fear of Birth and Childbirth Preferences in BIPOC Women Prior to Childbirth Education

The purpose of this project was to examine a free tailored childbirth education (CBE) program’s impact on fear of childbirth and birth preferences in Black, Indigenous, and people of color women. Expectant mothers (N= 8) completed an investigator-designed questionnaire before attending a prenatal community-based CBE program. Post-CBE surveys were not analyzed due to participant data not matching the pre-CBE surveys. Survey results revealed that participants were highly educated and had low levels of fear. Qualitative data revealed common concerns including pain, wishes not being met, desire for a natural birth, and hope for healthy outcomes. Future research is needed to provide evidence that a free culturally matched CBE program is beneficial in high-risk perinatal populations.

‘그들’이 사는 안전 : 고소득 청년 여성 1인가구의 범죄두려움에 관한 근거이론 연구

Previous studies on the fear of crime and criminal victimization among female&#x0D; single-person households have assumed that these households experience higher&#x0D; levels of fear of crime and criminal victimization. The literature has focused on&#x0D; analyzing significant influencing factors based on quantitative data but have not&#x0D; considered economic factors such as income in comparison to gender, age, and&#x0D; environmental circumstances. By differentiating the focus, data, and analysis&#x0D; methods from prior research, this study attempts to analyze the fear of crime&#x0D; among high-income young female single-person households, with a specific focus&#x0D; on income as a determinant of lifestyle.&#x0D; According to the grounded theory framework proposed by Strauss and Corbin&#x0D; (1987), 14 high-income young female single-person households living in Seoul&#x0D; were interviewed and analyzed in this study. Low levels of fear of crime and&#x0D; conditioned fear were identified as central phenomena. Although the research&#x0D; participants were aware of their vulnerability as biological women and singleperson&#x0D; households, they felt secure in their refined surroundings on a daily basis&#x0D; and did not feel anxious about becoming victims of crime. The high-income young&#x0D; female single-person households felt temporarily fearful only in conditioned cases,&#x0D; such as sexual crimes and/or random violence. However, they primarily considered&#x0D; the crimes they encountered in the media as incidents happening to others and not&#x0D; related to them. This is because research participants have been able to maintain&#x0D; a certain distance from crime by choosing high-cost, safe housing and environments&#x0D; and enhancing housing safety based on their financial abilities. Based on the analysis results, this study recommends that future policies related&#x0D; to the fear of crime and crime victimization among female single-person households&#x0D; be explored in detail, taking into account differences in lifestyle based on income.

Fear of COVID-19, Mental Health and Resilient Coping in Young Adult Male Inmates: A Portuguese Cross-Sectional Study.

Inmates are highly exposed to mental and physical disorders. Therefore, periodic screening of their mental health and other health risks is required. This study aims to investigate the perceived fear of COVID-19 and the psychological impact of the pandemic in a sample of young adult male inmates. An institutional-based quantitative cross-sectional study design was performed. Data collection took place from July to September 2022 at a juvenile prison in the central region of Portugal. Data were collected using questionnaires on demographic and health characteristics; fear of COVID-19; depression, anxiety and stress levels; and resilient coping. The sample included 60 male inmates imprisoned for over 2 years. Stress was the most common symptom among inmates (75%), followed by anxiety (38.3%) and depression (36.7%). The mean score on the Fear of COVID-19 Scale was 17.38 ± 4.80, indicating relatively low fear levels. Low resilient scores were found in 38 participants (63.3%). Participants reported moderately high ranges of 3.62 ± 0.87 regarding mental health perception, 3.73 ± 0.95 for physical health perception, and 3.27 ± 0.82 for global health concerning the previous month. The Pearson correlation matrix indicated significant and moderate to strong correlations between fear of COVID-19 and mental health-related variables (p < 0.001). The predicting factors of fear of COVID-19 were identified by deploying a multiple linear regression model. We found four predictors: age, perception of mental health, and overall levels of anxiety and stress (R2 = 0.497). Fear of a given scenario or factor may shift with time. Therefore, long-term research is needed to evaluate whether fear of COVID-19 is adaptive or long-reactive in victims. Our study can assist policymakers, mental health and public health experts, and others in recognizing and managing pandemic-related fears and mental health symptoms.

A Systematic Review on Sociodemographic, Financial and Psychological Factors Associated with COVID-19 Vaccine Booster Hesitancy among Adult Population.

While considerable evidence supports the safety and efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines, a sizable population expresses vaccine hesitancy. As per the World Health Organization, vaccine hesitancy is one of the top 10 hazards to global health. Vaccine hesitancy varies across countries, with India reporting the least vaccine hesitancy. Vaccine hesitancy was higher toward COVID-19 booster doses than previous shots. Therefore, identifying factors determining COVID-19 vaccine booster hesitance (VBH) is the sine qua non of a successful vaccination campaign. This systematic review followed Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) 2020 standards. A total of 982 articles were pooled from Scopus, PubMed and Embase, while 42 articles that addressed the factors of COVID-19 VBH were finally included for further analysis. We identified factors responsible for VBH and divided them into three major groups: sociodemographic, financial, and psychological. Hence, 17 articles stated age to be a major factor for vaccine hesitancy, with most reports suggesting a negative correlation between age and fear of poor vaccination outcomes. Nine studies found females expressing greater vaccine hesitancy than males. Trust deficit in science (n = 14), concerns about safety and efficacy (n = 12), lower levels of fear regarding infection (n = 11), and worry about side effects (n = 8) were also reasons for vaccine hesitancy. Blacks, Democrats, and pregnant women showed high vaccine hesitancy. Few studies have stated income, obesity, social media, and the population living with vulnerable members as factors influencing vaccine hesitancy. A study in India showed that 44.1% of vaccine hesitancy towards booster doses could be attributed dominantly to low income, rural origin, previously unvaccinated status, or living with vulnerable individuals. However, two other Indian studies reported a lack of availability of vaccination slots, a lack of trust in the government, and concerns regarding safety as factors for vaccine hesitancy toward booster doses. Many studies have confirmed the multifactorial nature of VBH, which necessitates multifaceted, individually tailored interventions that address all potentially modifiable factors. This systematic review chiefly recommends strategizing the campaign for booster doses by identifying and evaluating the reasons for vaccine hesitancy, followed by appropriate communication (at both individual and community levels) about the benefits of booster doses and the risk of losing immunity without them.

Strah od kovida 19 među zdravstvenim radnicima - studija preseka

Objective. Working conditions for health professionals can be affected significantly by pandemic caused by COVID-19. The aims of the study were to identify the level of fear of COVID-19 in hospital staff. Methods. This study was carried out in a convenience sample of nurses and medical doctors from four public regional hospital in Slovenia. This was a cross-sectional survey study in which a fear of COVID-19 scale (FCV-19s) was used. The questionnaire was completed by 110 participants. Results: The sample mean score was 16.3±6.1. More than half of the study participants (61%) considered it as low levels of fear, and 39% of the participants considered it as high levels of fear. The employees with less than 27 weeks experience with COVID-19 had a higher mean FCV-19s score (17.6±6.3) than the employees with more than 27 weeks of COVID-19 experience (14.7±5.4) and we found a significant difference of p=0.006. Statistically significant differences were also found between employees regarding COVID-19 units (intensive care unit - ICU and acute unit -AU; item "afraid of losing life"). Conclusions. Regardless of the duration of the epidemic, fear is still present. Experience reduces fear among employees.

Validation of Fear of COVID-19 Scale and Assessment of Fear of COVID-19 Among People Living in High-risk Zones in Sri Lanka During the First and Second Waves of the Pandemic

Background and objective: Evaluation of fear associated with COVID-19 is imperative to mitigate the negative effects of the pandemic on community. The fear associated with COVID-19 has not been evaluated systematically in Sri Lanka. This study assessed the validity of the Sinhala version of Fear of COVID-19 scale (FCV-19S) and determined the fear of COVID-19 among people in high-risk zones in Sri Lanka during the first and second waves of the pandemic. Methods: The FCV-19S, a seven-item tool was cross-culturally adapted and self-administered among 148 individuals, conveniently selected from the general public from Galle, Sri Lanka. The psychometric properties including reliability and validity were evaluated. Subsequently, the validated FCV-19S was self-administered among 325 individuals from high-risk zones of Sri Lanka to assess the fear of COVID-19 and associated factors. Results: FCV-19S showed a high test re-test reliability measured with intra-class correlation=0.86 (0.81-0.90). Cronbach’s alpha was 0.87 after deleting the item 3 that did not meet satisfactory validity criteria. The remaining six items showed single-factor structure (Eigen value &gt;1, cumulative variance; 60.8%) in Factor Analysis with Principal Component Analysis. A moderate positive correlation between FCV-19S score and Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale–21 (DASS-21 score) (r=0.63, p&lt;0.001) was observed confirming the concurrent validity. Only 40.6% (n=132) experienced high level of fear. Those with secondary education (OR=0.43) and tertiary education (OR=0.34) had low level of fear compared to those with no education and only with primary education. Those living with family members (OR=7.96) compared to those living alone and being positive or suspected of COVID-19 or exposed to a COVID-19 patient (OR=3.71) compared to those with no history of disease had high level of fear. Conclusions: Modified, 6-item, Sinhala version of FCV-19S showed adequate psychometric properties. The proportion of people who experienced fear in high-risk zones of COVID-19 was relatively high. Education, living conditions and history of exposure were associated with fear.

The Likelihood of the Saudi Population to Accept Covid-19 Vaccine

Background: The global spread of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (COVID-19) pandemic has threatened public health systems and aggravated international economic situations. The study investigated the different factors affecting the feasibility of Saudi intention to take Covid-19 Vaccines. A Cross-sectional study based on an online questionnaire from February 2021 to April 2021.&#x0D; Results: Most respondents would wear a face mask during all activities with a positive attitude toward using hand sanitizers to prevent COVID-19. Most respondents (88.8%) still needed to be vaccinated, and less than half of them stated that they have a family member or a close relative who got immunized (43.4%), the acceptance of vaccination if the vaccine is generally available was 64.4%. More than half of the respondents agreed about the vaccine’s safety while 34.8% stated having fears about the vaccine.&#x0D; Conclusion: The participants have proper information about the Covid-19 pandemic, preventive measures, and the role of vaccines in preventing the spread of the disease with a high acceptance rate of vaccines and low levels of fear regarding the side effects of the vaccines.

The relationship between nurses' risk assessment and management, fear perception, and mental wellbeing during the COVID-19 pandemic in Saudi Arabia.

During this pandemic, it is crucial to implement early interventions to help nurses manage their mental wellbeing by providing them with information regarding coping skills, preventive risk assessment approaches (such as hospital preparedness and rapid risk assessment), and the ability to respond. This study evaluated the effect of fear and risk assessment management on nurses' mental wellbeing during the COVID-19 pandemic in Saudi Arabia. A total of 507 nurses who worked in tertiary public hospitals were asked to take a descriptive design survey. Three survey scales were used to assess the survey: the Risk Assessment Scale, the Fear of COVID-19 Scale, and the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale. Independent t-tests and a one-way ANOVA were used to examine the association between fear of COVID-19 and nurses' demographic characteristics on their mental wellbeing. A multiple regression analysis was performed to examine the predictors associated with mental wellbeing. Findings revealed that almost half of the participants showed moderate positive mental wellbeing, 49.7%, while only 14% had low levels of fear on the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well being Scale. Most of the respondents had low levels of fear on the Fear of COVID-19 Scale, 45%, while only 15% had high levels of fear on the scale. Then, some demographic variables, such as "age," "nationality," "total years of experience in the current hospital," and "region you work at" had statistically significant differences with p < 0.5. Meanwhile, risk assessment is also associated with mental wellbeing scores. All items on the Fear of COVID-19 Scale showed no significant difference with a P > 0.05. In conclusion, most nurses providing direct patient care to a patient with COVID-19 emphasized the importance of wearing PPE and performing hand hygiene before and after any clean or aseptic procedure. Meanwhile, although almost all nurses were vaccinated, they were still afraid of a COVID-19 infection. Additionally, the results reported that the older the nurses are, the better their mental wellbeing scores. Non-Saudi nurses had higher perceived mental wellbeing scores than Saudi nurses, and different working environments corresponded to different mental wellbeing scores. Finally, nurses' risk assessment was associated with mental wellbeing scores.

Recruiting volunteers: the roles of fear, hope and courage

PurposeNonprofit organizations face challenges recruiting volunteers for morally important activities that may generate fear, such as firefighting, aid work and delinquent counseling. The purpose of this study is to examine how voluntary organizations can instill the virtue of courage among potential volunteers and motivate them to participate in such activities.Design/methodology/approachThree experimental studies examined how fear, hope and courage relate to the likelihood of volunteering. Study 1 investigated how integral hope (hope related to the context, i.e. hope emanating from volunteering activities) and incidental hope (hope unrelated to the context, i.e. a general hopeful feeling) affect volunteering intentions when there is low vs high fear. Study 2 examined whether courage mediated the effects of hope on volunteering intentions when there is low vs high fear. Study 3 replicated the findings in a different volunteering context.FindingsIntegral hope (but not incidental hope) in the face of high fear generates courage leading to intentions to volunteer. Both integral hope and incidental hope motivate volunteering intentions through positive affect (but not through courage) in low fear contexts.Research limitations/implicationsThe hypothetical volunteering scenarios and the gender distribution in the samples restrict the external validity of the findings. Family background in volunteering was not controlled for. Moral courage, physical courage and psychological courage were not separately measured.Practical implicationsNonprofit organizations recruiting volunteers for risky voluntary activities that induce high fear should use integral hope in their marketing communications to instill courage among potential volunteers. For voluntary activities that are not very risky and generate low levels of fear among potential volunteers, nonprofit organizations can recruit volunteers through communications that use either integral hope or incidental hope.Originality/valueThis research shows that hope and fear are critical emotions in relation to courage – an essential virtue for volunteers. Courage is manifested when there is high fear and integral hope. Findings contribute to the research literatures on the marketing of volunteering and the moral psychology of courage.

Why Do Teachers Fear? Investigating Teachers' Perceptions of the Culture of Fear through Mixed Methods Research

This research aims to reveal the source of fears by examining various variables of teachers' perceptions of fear culture. The study employed an explanatory approach of mixed methods research. Quantitative data were obtained through the "Culture of Fear in Schools Scale," while qualitative data were gathered through a semi-structured interview form. Quantitative data were collected from 325 teachers working in primary and secondary schools in Turkey, selected via the simple random sampling method. Qualitative data were collected from 15 teachers selected using the maximum variation sampling method. Many contradictions have emerged between the quantitative and qualitative findings in the study. While quantitative findings show that teachers experience low levels of fear originating from administrators, colleagues, and legal processes, qualitative results show that teachers experience these fears more prominently. In addition, based on the variables of gender, marital status, seniority at the current school, employment status, and professional seniority, a statistically significant difference was found between teachers' perceptions of the culture of fear. In conclusion, the research provides some evidence for the existence of a culture of fear in schools. In addition, some critical implications regarding the origin of teachers' perceived fears were discussed for future research, practitioners, and policymakers.

COVID-19-Related Predictors of Fear and Attitude to Vaccination Displayed by Polish Students.

Vaccines are one of the most important achievements of modern medicine in maintaining the health of the population. The prolonged pandemic and subsequent lockdowns meant that the new COVID-19 vaccine was regarded by scientists and society as the way to end the pandemic and return to normal life. The purpose of this study was to analyze the factors responsible for the feeling of fear due to COVID-19 infection and the attitudes of medical students towards vaccination against COVID-19. A cross-sectional study was conducted online among medical students using standardized questionnaires: the Fear of COVID-19 scale and the Vaccination Attitude Examination scale. According to the results obtained, the respondents had a low level of fear of COVID-19 and the majority had positive attitudes towards vaccination against COVID-19. Regression analysis showed that the main predictors of fear of the pandemic and attitudes towards vaccination were age, sex, field of study, and sources of knowledge about vaccines. The analysis of factors related to the discussed issues can be the basis to formulate educational and preventive programs, to shape positive attitudes of future health sector employees toward the issue of preventive vaccination, as well as for the development of strategies to promote vaccination against COVID-19.