Lowland Rice Cultivation Research Articles

Analysis of Rice Farmer Problems in Improving Community Welfare in Kelurahan Cengkeh Turi Kota Binjai

Indonesia's rice sector was once self-sufficient due to government support, macroeconomic policies, and technological advancements like the Green Revolution in lowland rice cultivation. However, the Cengkeh Turi sub-district in Binjai City, North Sumatra, faces welfare issues such as lack of capital, polluted soil, uncertain rice prices, limited land area, poor quality seeds, plant pests, lack of human resources, and a lack of government involvement in agriculture. This research aims to analyze factors such as seed type, fertilizer type, labor, land conversion, capital, distribution, and climate to improve the welfare of farmers in Cengkeh Turi Village. Data processing using Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and Multiple Linear Regression was used. Results showed that distribution, climate, labor, and land use change factors significantly impact the welfare of the community in Cengkeh Turi Village, while the type of seed and fertilizer type had a positive effect on the welfare of the community in Kelurana Cengkeh Turi. The study highlights the need for improved agricultural practices and government support to improve the welfare of farmers in Cengkeh Turi Village.

Evaluating responses by ChatGPT to farmers’ questions on irrigated lowland rice cultivation in Nigeria

The limited number of agricultural extension agents (EAs) in sub-Saharan Africa limits farmers’ access to extension services. Artificial intelligence (AI) assistants could potentially aid in providing answers to farmers’ questions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of an AI chatbot assistant (ChatGPT) to provide quality responses to farmers’ questions. We compiled a list of 32 questions related to irrigated rice cultivation from farmers in Kano State, Nigeria. Six EAs from the state were randomly selected to answer these questions. Their answers, along with those of ChatGPT, were assessed by four evaluators in terms of quality and local relevancy. Overall, chatbot responses were rated significantly higher quality than EAs’ responses. Chatbot responses received the best score nearly six times as often as the EAs’ (40% vs. 7%). The evaluators preferred chatbot responses to EAs in 78% of cases. The topics for which the chatbot responses received poorer scores than those by EAs included planting time, seed rate, and fertilizer application rate and timing. In conclusion, while the chatbot could offer an alternative source for providing agricultural advisory services to farmers, incorporating site-specific input rate-and-timing agronomic practices into AI assistants is critical for their direct use by farmers.

Farmer’s Income and Allocative Efficiency Analysis in Rice Production in Koto Tangah Subdistrict Padang City

The low productivity of lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.) in Koto Tangah District is affecting farmers’ income. The objectives of this research were to analyze : (i) income from lowland rice cultivation, (ii) factors that influence rice production, and (iii) the efficiency of utilization of lowland rice production factors in Koto Tangah District. The method used in this research was quantitative, using probability sampling techniques with proportional random sampling method and 44 respondents were involved. The data analysis techniques used were income analysis, Cobb-Douglas production function, T-test (partial), F-test (simultaneous), coefficient of determination, and efficiency analysis. Based on the survey results, it was known that the total income from lowland rice cultivation in Koto Tangah District was IDR2,607,860.36/average land area/ MT, and lowland rice cultivation was possible with an R/C value of 1.21. The factors that influenced lowland rice production in Koto Tangah District were land area, seeds, and chemical fertilizers, which significantly affected production levels. In contrast, pesticides, labor within the family, and labor outside the family do not significantly affected lowland rice production in Koto Tangah District. Although production factors such as land area, seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, and family labor (TKDK) were still inefficient, non-family labor (TKLK) had almost reached an efficient level.

Farmers’ responses to the use of rice agro-advisory service application in South Bengkulu Regency

The Rice Agro-advisory Service which in Indonesian is called “Layanan Konsultasi Padi (LKP)” is an internet-based digital application developed by IRRI to compile recommendations for rice cultivation technology. This study aims to determine the response of farmers in the production centers of irrigated lowland rice in South Bengkulu Regency to the application. The research was carried out from September to November 2022 through a survey involving 87 farmers in 42 villages. The data collected includes farmers’ responses to recommendations for lowland rice cultivation technology generated by LKP and farmers’ responses to its attributes, namely mobility (ease of accessing applications), interactive (recommendations by needs of farmers), communicative (recommendations easily understood by farmers), and autonomous (applications can be operated by farmers independently). Data were analyzed descriptively and correlated using contingency coefficients. The results showed that 83.91% of farmers responded well to the application recommendations. Responses to LKP were classified as good for all attributes as mobility (95.40%), interactive (96.55%), communicative (98.95%), and autonomous (74.71%). Farmers’ responses to the LKP recommendations were positively correlated with the interactive attribute which means that a good response to LKP recommendations is closely related to the needs of farmers for site-specific recommendations for lowland rice cultivation.

The Influence of Leadership on the Effectiveness of Livestock Farmer Groups and P3A Banda Tangah in Managing Rice Field Irrigation in Lubuk Sikarah District Solok City

This research aims to determine the influence of group leader leadership, group effectiveness, and group leader leadership on the effectiveness of the Banda Livestock Farmers and Water Users Farmers Association (P3A). Tangah in irrigation management in lowland rice cultivation. This research was conducted using a survey method in IX Korong Village, Lubuk Sikarah District, Solok City. The research sample consisted of 65 respondents randomly selected from members of the Banda Tangah P3A group. The research results show that the leadership of the P3A group leader is in the medium category, and the effectiveness of the Banda Tangah P3A group is in the high category. The leadership of the P3A group leader has a significant influence on the effectiveness of the Banda Tanga P3A group in managing irrigation in the Banda Tangah P3A, Lubuk Sikarah District, Solok City.

Late Neolithic to Bronze Age water management and upland rice cultivation in the mountainous areas of Southeastern China Coast

The southeast coast of China is a crucial area for the spread of agriculture from mainland Asia to Taiwan and the islands of Southeast Asia. However, whether prehistoric rice cultivation in this region was lowland or upland remains unclear. This study used a detailed phytolith analysis to evaluate temporal changes in structure at three coastal sites of varying altitudes in the Fujian Province of China, Longgang, Zhengjiashan, and Gehongshan. Samples were collected from two cultural phases, the Neolithic Huangguashan and Bronze Age Huangtulun cultures. Additionally, a new physical index, the sensitive-to-fixed phytolith ratio, was used to identify the environmental conditions in which crops were cultivated. Using this method, the number of sensitive types can be less or greater than that of fixed types, corresponding to drought or paddy field rice cultivation systems, respectively. The results showed an interplay of rice and millet farming at these sites. The crop phytolith ratio revealed that rice was dominant in the crop structure. However, notable differences existed in the proportion of different crops and phytolith assemblages across the various sites. The sensitive-to-fixed phytolith ratios, indicative of wet-dry environmental changes, were 1.56 and 1.07 at the low-altitude Longgang and water-rich Zhengjiashan sites, respectively, suggesting lowland rice cultivation. In contrast, the sensitive-to-fixed ratio at the high-altitude Gehongshan site was only 0.8, implying upland rice cultivation. The phytolith assemblage variation among the different sites also revealed an increase in dryland crops from low to high altitudes, indicating that the inhabitants of the southeastern coastal mountainous area modified their crop structure and rice cultivation methods during the Neolithic–Bronze Age transition to overcome environmental limitations. In summary, this study presents phytolith evidence for prehistoric upland rice cultivation on the southeast coast of China, offering valuable insights into the development of the prehistoric subsistence economy in the region.

MOTIVATION OF RICE FARMERS IN USING PLANT GROWTH PROMOTING RHIZOBACTERIA AT SEKAYU DISTRICT, MUSI BANYUASIN REGENCY

One of the most common problems in agriculture today is the decline in soil fertility on agricultural land due to the excessive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticide residues and processing of land with agricultural machinery. This study was to determine the level of motivation for using PGPR in lowland rice cultivation, what factors influence the level of motivation, as well as developing a strategy for applying motivation using PGPR in lowland rice cultivation. This research was conducted from April to June in Sekayu District, Musi Banyuasin Regency. The method used is descriptive method and multiple linear regression. Respondents were taken as many as 97 people who were determined purposively (purposive sampling). The results show that the level of motivation is included in the high category. Factors that have a significant effect on farmer motivation are the age of the farmer, the role of extension workers, the availability of facilities and infrastructure, the availability of agricultural information. Based on the multiple linear regression analysis test, it was found that the most critical indicator of farmer motivation was the availability of facilities and infrastructure. From these results an agricultural extension strategy was providing counseling on making PGPR independently in farmer groups.

Alternate wetting and drying water management can reduce phosphorus availability under lowland rice cultivation irrespective of nitrogen level.

The limited availability of phosphorus (P) in the soil, which is affected by soil moisture, has a significant impact on crop production. However, we still do not fully understand how water management and nitrogen (N) addition affect the availability of P in paddy soil. An evaluation of the effects of two water management strategies that is continuous flooding (CF) and alternate wetting and drying (AWD) irrigation along with various nitrogenous fertilizer addition rates (equivalent to 0, 100%, 133%, and 166% recommended dose of N addition) on P availability in paddy soil took place over the course of a 2-year field experiment. The results showed that water management had a significant influence on ferrous iron, microbial biomass P, and soil-available P. However, the addition of N did not affect the availability of P in the soil. When N was added at various rates, AWD consistently reduced the amount of soil-available P compared to CF. This was primarily because AWD increased microbial biomass, which immobilized P and decreased the content of ferrous iron. As a result, the soil's ability to absorb P increased, leading to a decrease in the amount of P available. In conclusion, AWD decreases the amount of available P in paddy soil compared to CF.

The Factors Affecting The Speed of PPT Innovation Adoption in The Rice Field SL-PTT Program

This study aims to determine: (1) the effect of the nature of innovation, the nature of potential users, innovation decision-making, communication channels and PPL qualifications simultaneously on the speed of adoption of PTT innovations in the lowland rice SL-PTT program, and (2) the effect of the nature of innovation, the nature of potential users, innovation decision making, communication channels and PPL qualifications partially on the speed of adoption of PTT innovations in the lowland rice SL-PTT program. The research design used in this study is a quantitative research with a quantitative descriptive survey technique. The sampling method used was the census technique, meaning that 20 members of the farmer group working on lowland rice farming were taken as samples. To determine the effect of the independent variables, namely the influencing factors (nature of innovation, nature of prospective users, decision-making, communication/media channels and PPL qualifications) on the speed of adoption of the SLPTT program of lowland rice cultivation, a multiple linear regression model test was used. The results showed that: (1) The nature of innovation, the nature of potential users, innovation decision-making, communication channels and PPL qualifications simultaneously had a significant effect on the speed of adoption of PTT innovations in the lowland rice SL-PTT program, and (2) The nature of innovation, the nature of candidates users, innovation decision making, communication channels and PPL qualifications partially have a significant positive effect on the speed of adoption of PTT innovations in the lowland rice SL-PTT program.

Going organic: Challenges for government-supported organic rice promotion and certification nationalism in Thailand

There is increasing interest in organic lowland rice cultivation in Thailand. Farmers are becoming more wary about the human health and environmental impacts of using herbicides and pesticides. In addition, consumers are increasingly demanding rice cultivated without the use of chemicals. There is also more interest in accessing international and local organic rice markets. Thus, in 2017 the government of Thailand’s Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives rolled out a project designed to promote organic rice farming through subsidizing the conversion of one million-rai (160,000 ha) of lowland rice farms to being organic over a three-year period. Although the initiative was well intended, and constitutes local agency, the project has faced serious obstacles because the organic certification standards associated with the project do not align with international standards. This has negatively impacted the structures that support organic farming, by giving farmers unrealistic expectations regarding what is required to produce organic rice for the international market. The Thai certification system also has different ecological implications compared to other certification systems, because value systems always affect certification systems and their material implications. Applying a political ecology approach—with an emphasis on political relations, economic structure, ecological change, and scalar politics—this article examines the one million-rai project. It is contended that ‘certification nationalism’ is manifesting, and that there are important lessons to be learned about planning and implementing such certification initiatives.

Efikasi Herbisida Isopropilamina Glifosat 480 g/l pada Gulma Persiapan Tanam dan Pengaruhnya terhadap Tanaman Serta Hasil Padi Sawah Tanpa Olah Tanah

One of the efforts to control weeds in preparing land for lowland rice cultivation with the No-Tillage system one of which uses isopropylamineglyphosate herbicide. The purpose of this study was to determine the dose of glyphosate herbicide that effectively controls weeds for preparation of lowland rice planting with the no tillage system, to determine changes in weed composition in lowland rice after the application of glyphosate herbicide, and to determine the effect of the no tillage system after the application of glyphosate herbicide on growth and paddy yields. Data collection was carried out from June to September 2022 in the rice fields of Trimurjo District, Central Lampung Regency and the Weed Science Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Lampung. The treatment was arranged using a randomized block design with 4 replications and 6 treatments consisting of the glyphosate herbicide doses (1,080; 1,440; 1,800; 2,160 g/ha) + no tillage, manual weeding, and intensive tillage system. Homogeneity of variance was tested by Barlett's test and then analyzed for variance. Separation of the mean was carried out using the least significant difference test (LSD) at the 5% level. The results showed that the herbicide isopropylamine glyphosate doses of 1,800 and 2,160 g/ha of the no tillage system could be used to replace the intensive tillage system because it was effective in controlling total weeds, sedges, grasses, and broad leaf groups, dominant weed Fimbristylis miliacea, Echinochloa colonum, Ludwigia octovalvis and Monochoria vaginalis up to 6 WAP, causing a change in the composition of weed species from Echinochloa colonum become monochoria vaginalis at 3 WAP, and from Echinochloa colonum become Ludwigia octovalvis at 6 WAP. The growth is not stunted and yield of lowland rice plants is equivalent to the intensive tillage system with grain yields per hectare of 5.14 - 5.49 t/ha. Key words : weeds, isopropylamine glyphosate, paddy field, no tillage

Land suitability study for the development of rice production in Moruku Village, Papua Pegunungan Province to support food security

Yahukimo Regency is one of the districts in Papua Island which has high food insecurity. The staple food of the local community is generally tubers. However, changing consumption patterns from tubers to rice is one of the challenges and problems for local governments to ensure the sustainability and safety of food ingredients. The purpose of this study was to determine the chemical and physical quality of the soil in the area of food crop cultivation development, as well as engineering recommendations for the development of rice cultivation technology based on the results of soil quality analysis in the study area. The research was conducted in Dekai District, Yahukimo Regency using a descriptive qualitative research approach using an experimental method. Analysis of the physical and chemical properties of the soil was carried out at the Bogor ICBB Laboratory. The results showed that the organic C content in the soil was included in class S1, meaning it was suitable for rice cultivation. However, the level of acidity and indications of levels of Copper (Cu), Iron (Fe), and Zinc (Zn) are very high. While the results of nutrient analysis available on the parameters Total N, P2O5 and K2O are all included in class S1, meaning that the nutrients available in the soil are suitable for the development of lowland rice cultivation. For this reason, it is suggested that technological engineering be carried out, namely with a soil washing system on agricultural land, applying dolomite lime, using organic fertilizers, and selecting varieties that have a level of adaptation and tolerance to high acidity. What is novel in this study is the chemical and physical properties of the soil which can be further identified as an effort to determine the potential for new natural resources in the research area.

Impact of foliar applied nano-urea on growth, productivity and profitability of hybrid rice (Oryza sativa L.)

In lowland rice cultivation, the application of conventional urea fertilizer provides low N to rice plants and exhibits low N use efficiency (~ 30%) due to greater loss of N. Hence the present study hypothesized that nano-urea spray could fulfil N requirement of rice plants and thereby produce high yields. So, a field experiment was conducted on hybrid rice (cv. Arize-6444 Gold) at Regional Research Sub-Station, BCKV, Chakdaha, Nadia under new alluvial zone (NAZ) of West Bengal during winter (rabi) season of 2021-22 to assess the effect of nano-urea on growth attributes, yield components, yield, nutrient uptake and economics of hybrid rice.The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with six treatments [T1:100% RDN i.e. 150 kg ha-1 through urea, T2:100% N(Urea) + 2 foliar spray of nano-urea, T3:75% N (Urea) + 2 foliar spray of nano-urea, T4:50% N(Urea) + 2 foliar spray of nano-urea, T5:125% N (Urea) + 2 foliar spray of nano-urea, T6:Control], each replicated four times. All the treatments were consisted of a uniform recommended dose of 100% P and K (each of 80 kg ha-1) supplied through SSP and MOP, respectively, except for T6 (control). In each treatment, foliar spray was done with IFFCO nano-urea @ 4ml litre-1 of water twice at active tillering stage and panicle initiation stage. Results of the present experiment revealed that growth parameters of tested hybrid rice namely plant height, LAI, dry matter accumulation and crop growth rate registered better result under treatment T2 than other treatments. As expected, the above-mentioned growth attributes were lowest on receiving T6 treatment at almost all dates of observation. Among yield attributes of hybrid rice, number of panicles m-2(392), panicle length (32.46 cm) and panicle weight (5.58 g) were highest with treatment T5, while filled grains panicle-1(194) and 1000-grain weight (24.18 g) were maximum for T2 treatment. Highest grain yield (7.15 t ha-1) and HI (50.71%) of hybrid rice were obtained with T2 treatment, while the highest straw yield (7.20 t ha-1) was obtained with T5 treatment. The treatment T2 resulted in highest grain N (1.48%) and K (0.21%) content. Total cost of cultivation was highest in T5 (Rs. 77712 ha-1), but net return (Rs. 43720 ha-1) as well as B:C ratio (1.57) was highest for T2 treatment. Hence, the application of 100% RDN in conjunction with nano-urea spray twice at 25 and 50 DAT has been effective for higher productivity and profitability of hybrid rice cultivation.

Increase in CEC, K-dd, K Uptake, Si-Total, and Rice Yield (Oryza sativa L.) Due to the Application of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers, Different Doses on Ultisol

The Addition Of N, P, K, Nano-Silica, And Straw Compost Is Useful For Providing The Macro And Micro Nutrients Needed By Paddy Rice Plants. Lowland Rice That Is Commonly Cultivated By Farmers Is The Ciherang Variety. In Lowland Rice Cultivation Activities, It Is Often Found That Plants Are Deficient In Nutrients, Especially In Planting Media That Have A Fairly High Acidity Content, Namely Soils Of The Ultisol Order. This Study Aims To Determine The Optimal Fertilization Of N, P, K, Nano-Silica, And Straw Compost To Increase Cec, K-Dd, K Absorption, Si-Total, And Lowland Rice Yields On Ultisol Soils. This Research Was Conducted From September To December 2022 At The Soil Chemistry And Plant Nutrition Experimental Field, Faculty Of Agriculture, Padjadjaran University, Jatinangor, Sumedang, West Java, At An Altitude Of 723 Meters Above Sea Level. The Experimental Design Was Carried Out Using A Randomized Block Design (Rbd) Consisting Of Ten Treatments And Three Replications. Treatment Consisted Of Control (Without N, P, K, Si And Straw Compost); Straw Compost (5 Tonnes Per Hectare) + ½ N, P, K, Si; Straw Compost (5 Tons Per Hectare) + 1 N, P, K, Si; Straw Compost (5 Tonnes Per Hectare) + 1½ N, P, K, Si; Straw Compost (10 Tons Per Hectare) + ½ N, P, K, Si; Straw Compost (10 Tons Per Hectare) + 1 N, P, K, Si; Straw Compost (10 Tonnes Per Hectare) + 1½ N, P, K, Si; Straw Compost (15 Tonnes Per Hectare) + ½ N, P, K, Si; Straw Compost (15 Tonnes Per Hectare) + 1 N, P, K, Si; Straw Compost (15 Tonnes Per Hectare) + 1½ N, P, K, Si. The Results Showed That The Combination Of Fertilizer Doses Of 1 N, P, K , Nano-Silica And 10 Tons Per Hectare Of Straw Compost Gave The Highest Rice Yield With A Dry Harvested Grain Weight Of 11.00 G.Plant-1.

Assistance Of Farmers In Utilizing The Consortium Of Endophite Bacteria And Organic Fertilizer As Well Organic Pesticides Based On Local Wisdom To Increase Rice Productivity

The "Sidodadi" farmer group in Demangan village, Sambi sub-district, Boyolali district consists of 15 members, which is a rainfed farmer group. Paddy productivity in rainfed lowland is quite low (2-3 tons/ha) compared to irrigated land (5 tons/ha). The use of a consortium of endophytic bacteria, organic fertilizers and organic pesticides based on local wisdom and the selection of varieties according to their designation can increase rice productivity. Rice farming in this farmer group does not yet have proper management, so assistance is needed. The purpose of this service is to assist in the management of rainfed land so that their income increases.The problems of this farmer group are 1) Aspects of Production and 2) Aspects of management. Production aspects include (a) Technology Utilization Aspect: not having technology to increase rice productivity (b). Aspects of Soil Fertility: rarely use organic fertilizers (c) Aspects of Use of Varieties: rice varieties that are not suitable for allotment of rainfed rice fields. The solution to the problems that arise is to assist farmer group members to use endophytic bacteria consortia, use organic fertilizers and organic pesticides based on local wisdom, use rice varieties that are suitable for sub-optimal rainfed land and farm management training. This activity will be carried out in two places, 1) in the yard of the farmer group members and 2) in the paddy fields in Demangan village, Sambi sub-district, Boyolali Regency from July 2023 to December 2023. The method used is 1) Farm management counseling and assistance, 2) Practice: making a consortium of endophytic bacteria, organic fertilizers and organic pesticides based on local wisdom 3) Cultivating organic rice in rainfed paddy fields, 4). Monitoring and evaluation. The result of this community-based service activity is an increase in the skills of farmers in making endophytic bacteria, making local microorganism (MOL), making solid organic fertilizers, making liquid organic fertilizers and organic pesticides and selecting rice varieties that are suitable for rainfed lowland rice fields and its application in rainfed lowland rice cultivation.

Effect of Slow-Release Phosphorus Components in Calcined and Acidulated Phosphate Rock Significantly Correlated with Ground-Water Levels in Lowland Rice Cultivation in Centre West Burkina Faso

Effect of Slow-Release Phosphorus Components in Calcined and Acidulated Phosphate Rock Significantly Correlated with Ground-Water Levels in Lowland Rice Cultivation in Centre West Burkina Faso

Analisis Keberlanjutan Usaha Padi Sawah Di Kecamatan Tugumulyo Kabupaten Musi Rawas Provinsi Sumatera Selatan Analisis

This study aims to determine the sustainability status and sensitive attributes of each dimension in lowland rice cultivation in Tugumulyo District, Musi Rawas Regency, South Sumatra Province. This research was conducted in September - October 2021 in Tugumulyo District, Musi Rawas Regency, South Sumatra Province. Sustainability analysis is carried out using Multi Dimensional Scaling analysis which consists of 5 dimensions, namely ecological, socio-cultural, economic, technological and infrastructure, as well as legal and institutional dimensions. The results showed that the multidimensional sustainability index value of paddy farming in Tugumulyo District was 44.30 with a less sustainable status. Ecological, economic, socio-cultural as well as legal and institutional dimensions have a sustainability status classified as less sustainable. While the dimensions of technology and infrastructure are quite sustainable. Sensitive attributes on the ecological dimension include the suitability of paddy fields, the use of organic fertilizers and biological/biological pesticides. Sensitive attributes on the economic dimension include the incidence of crop failure, labor fees for farming, the availability of labor if needed and the price of pesticides for paddy rice farming. Sensitive attributes on the socio-cultural dimension include water conflicts between farmers or the practice of swift water pools, the level of labor absorption from rice farming, farmers' knowledge of calm lowland rice cultivation techniques and a culture of mutual cooperation in lowland rice cultivation such as cleaning irrigation canals. Sensitive attributes on the technology and infrastructure dimensions include the availability of supporting tools for lowland rice farming, availability of seeds, fertilizers, and pest control drugs for lowland rice diseases, standardization of rice quality and operational control of lowland rice cultivation tools. Sensitive attributes on the legal and institutional dimensions are the availability of microfinance schemes for lowland rice farming, the local government's budget for lowland rice farming and the presence of water regulatory officers.

Effects of Irrigation Regimes and Rice Varieties on Methane Emissions and Yield of Dry Season Rice in Bangladesh

Adoption of the right rice variety and water-saving irrigation method could reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in lowland rice cultivation. A study was conducted at the research farm of Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh, in 2019 during the Boro (dry) season to determine the impacts of different rice varieties (BRRI dhan29, BRRI dhan47, BRRI dhan69, Binadhan-8, Binadhan-10, and Binadhan-17) on methane (CH4) emissions under two irrigation methods, i.e., alternate wetting and drying (AWD) and continuous flooding (CF). The treatments were laid out in a split-plot design, considering water regime as the main plots and rice variety as the sub-plots. The emission rates of CH4 were determined by collecting air samples using the closed chamber technique and measuring the concentrations using a gas chromatograph. CH4 emission rates varied with the growth and development of the rice varieties. The lowest cumulative CH4 emission rate was observed in Binadhan-17, particularly under AWD irrigation. Across the rice varieties, AWD irrigation significantly reduced the cumulative CH4 emissions by about 35% compared with CF. No significant variation in rice yield was observed between AWD (5.38 t ha−1) and CF (5.16 t ha−1). This study suggests that the cultivation of Binadhan-17 under AWD irrigation could be effective at reducing the carbon footprint of lowland rice fields.

Environmental, Human and Ecotoxicological Impacts of Different Rice Cultivation Systems in Northern Thailand.

Sustainable practices in rice cultivation require effective farming management concerning environmental and human health impacts. In this study, three rice cultivation systems, namely low-land, upland, and terraced rice in the Mae Chaem District, Chiang Mai Province, were assessed and the carbon footprint (CF), water footprint (WF), and human and ecotoxicological impacts were compared from pesticide application. The results showed that the highest CF intensity was observed in terraced rice with 1.15 kg CO2eq kg-1 rice yield, followed by lowland rice (1.02 kg CO2eq kg-1 rice yield) and upland rice (0.17 kg CO2eq kg-1 rice yield) fields. Moreover, lowland rice cultivation generated the highest total WF with 1701.6 m3 ton-1, followed by terraced rice (1422.1 m3 ton-1) and upland rice (1283.2 m3 ton-1). The lowland rice fields had the most impact on human health and freshwater ecotoxicity, followed by the terraced and upland rice cultivation systems. The results also showed that most of the pesticides remaining in soils were chlorpyrifos (98.88%), butachlor (96.94%), and fipronil (95.33%), respectively. The substances with the greatest distributions in freshwater were acephate (56.74%), glyphosate (50.90%), and metaldehyde (45.65%), respectively. This study indicated that, with more agricultural inputs, higher CF, WF, human health impacts, and freshwater ecotoxicity were generated. Although the use of pesticides in the study areas did not exceed the recommendations on the packaging, glyphosate and chlorpyrifos are restricted in Thailand, so it is necessary to monitor their use due to their long-term health effects.

Strategies for Indonesia’s Agricultural Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation

<p>Agriculture is known as one of the sectors that both contributes to and is the victim of climate change. Under the adverse impacts of climate change, producing more food is an advance challenge. Rainfall and temperature controls crop growing seasons. The frequency and intensity of the occurrence of floods and droughts are increasing, which causes crop yield decline. On the other hand, climate change is also affected by agriculture sector’s emissions. Agriculture in Indonesia emitted about 104 Mt (million tonnes) CO<sub>2</sub>e in 2020 with the main sources of emission were from lowland rice, livestock enteric fermentation, direct N<sub>2</sub>O from soil and manure and indirect N<sub>2</sub>O from soil. Emission reduction strategies in Indonesia’s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) include the use of low-emission lowland rice crops varieties, implementation of efficient water management in lowland rice cultivation, manure management for biogas, and feed quality improvement for livestock. Moreover, for reaching the national emission reduction target some additional actions are needed, including: intensified use of organic fertilizers, organic village, balance fertilization which is mostly associated with improving N use efficiency, and raising water in peatland farming. At the national level, climate change policy is more focused on mitigation ambition above that of NDC. Therefore, the country needs to look for ways that combine climate change mitigation and ensuring food security. All policies of mitigation must be in synchrony with adaptation since adaptation is the key for successful maintenance of food security. <strong></strong></p>