Low-intensity Microwave Radiation Research Articles

Thiol Homeostasis in The Crystalline Eye and Influence on It Irradiation by Decimeter Electromagnetic Radiation (Experiments on Rats)

Electromagnetic radiation (EMR) in the microwave range, even at non-thermal intensity, causes significant biochemical and physiological changes in living organisms, which are supposed to be associated with their possible oxidative effect. This work is devoted to the study of the mechanism of realization of the EMR effect in the eye lens at the level of redox state elements, based on the fact that this organ is the most suitable model: it functions semiautonomously and has a well-organized system of antioxidant protection. The transparency of the lens is maintained by preserving the redox balance, in which the homeostasis of thiol compounds of protein and non-protein nature plays an important role. Our experiments were performed on rats using 460 MHz EMR for exposure at non-thermal intensities (power flux density between 10 and 30 µW/cm2). It has been shown that chronic exposure to EMR for up to two weeks caused changes in the redox state of the lens, which manifested in changes in the level of lipid peroxidation processes and the content of thiols of various natures. The substructures of the lens (cortical and nuclear regions) reacted to EMR exposure in different ways. Depending on the EMR intensity, pro- and antioxidant characters were revealed in their reactions. The dynamics of the oxidative reaction of lens substructures were also different under high- and low-intensity exposure. The character of the kinetics of changes in the products of oxidative reactions (malondialdehyde and lipid hydroperoxides) and reducing agents (non-protein and protein SH groups) in the lens of the irradiated organism suggested the role of the enzymatic thiolation-dethiolation system to preserve the redox balance in the substructures of the lens. In addition, the results on changes (kinetics) in the content of various protein SH-groups, i.e., hidden inside the protein molecule and exposed on its surface, during EMR exposure, as well as the data available in the literature, allow us to put forward suggestions about the supramolecular mechanism of homeostasis regulation, in particular, thiol homeostasis regulation in such high-protein structures as the lens, which can be realized by aggregation-disaggregation of protein molecules (crystallins in the case of the lens). Our results can serve as a basis for developing a new non-invasive approach to cataract prevention using low-intensity microwave radiation.

Теоретическое обоснование гидродинамической неустойчивости в водных средах под действием микроволнового излучения

Mathematical relations are presented for estimation of the hydrodynamic instability in aqueous media under microwave radiation in a wide frequency range. On the basis of the obtained theoretical relationships and our experimental results, a hypothesis for the correction of the intracellular movement of the aqueous medium using low-intensity microwave radiation is proposed. The hypothesis is based on the latest literature data on the registration of cytosol convection in animal cells using new precision fluorescent methods.

Crystalline lens: redox changes in response to the action of non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation

Electromagnetic radiation (EMR) in the microwave range, even at non-thermal intensity, causes significant biochemical and physiological changes in living organisms, which are supposed to be associated with its possible oxidative effect. This work is devoted to the study of the mechanism of realization of the EMR effect in the eye lens at the level of redox state elements, based on the fact that this organ is the most suitable model: it functions semi-autonomously and has a well-organized system of antioxidant protection. The transparency of the lens is maintained by preserving the redox balance, in which the homeostasis of thiol compounds of protein and non-protein nature plays an important role. Our experiments were performed on rats using 460 MHz EMR for exposure at non-thermal intensities (power flux density between 10 and 30 µW/cm2). It has been shown that chronic exposure to EMR for up to two weeks caused changes in the redox state of the lens, which manifested in changes in the level of lipid peroxidation processes and the content of thiols of various natures. The substructures of the lens (cortical and nuclear regions) reacted to EMR exposure in different ways. Depending on the EMR intensity, pro- and antioxidant characters were revealed in their reactions. The dynamics of the oxidative reaction of lens substructures were also different under high- and low-intensity exposure. The character of the kinetics of changes in the products of oxidative reactions (malondialdehyde and lipid hydroperoxides) and reducing agents (non-protein and protein SH groups) in the lens of the irradiated organism suggested the role of the enzymatic thiolation-dethiolation system to preserve the redox balance in the substructures of the lens. In addition, the results on changes (kinetics) in the content of various protein SH-groups, i.e., hidden inside the protein molecule and exposed on its surface, during EMR exposure, as well as the data available in the literature, allow us to put forward suggestions about the supramolecular mechanism of homeostasis regulation, in particular, thiol homeostasis regulation in such high-protein structures as the lens, which can be realized by aggregation-disaggregation of protein molecules (crystallins in the case of the lens). Our results can serve as a basis for developing a new non-invasive approach to cataract prevention using low-intensity microwave radiation.

Microwave Radiation as an Inducer of Secondary Metabolite Production in Drosera rotundifolia In Vitro Plantlets.

In this study, low-intensity microwave irradiation (frequency of 2.45 GHz; 26.3 kW m-3 power density) for 0, 5, and 30 s was tested for the first time on Drosera rotundifolia in vitro plantlets to explore its effect on the production of highly valued phenolic compounds. Analysis of the extracts obtained from irradiated plantlets revealed time-dependent increases in the levels of photosynthetic pigments, particularly the carotenoids, whereas symptoms of growth decline were not observed. Similarly, the highest total antioxidant capacity and total phenolic and flavonoid contents were detected in 30-s-irradiated plantlets. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis revealed that the content of the bioactive phenolics 5-hydroxy-7-methylnaphthalene-1,4-dione (1), 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3,5,7-trihydroxychromen-4-one (2), and 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-3-[(3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxychromen-4-one (3), which are considered to be responsible for the pharmacological properties of this species, was around twofold higher in 30-s-irradiated plantlets than in controls. Nevertheless, the accumulation of 5-hydroxy-2-methylnaphthalene-1,4-dione (4), which was present only in trace amounts in the plant roots, decreased by 30% upon microwave irradiation. The results indicate that microwave treatment acts as an effective inducer of the production of phenylpropanoid compounds, which opens up new opportunities for its use in biotechnological applications.

Oxidative and mutagenic effects of low intensity microwave radiation on quail embryos

Oxidative and mutagenic effects of low intensity microwave radiation on quail embryos

Low Intensity Microwave Fields and Radiation and Their Interaction with the Human Body

Sources of low-intensity microwave signals formation, which affect the metabolism processes when they interact with human body, are considered in the article. It’s noticed that increasing intensity level of the technogenic signals in environment significantly exceeds natural electromagnetic fields and radiation (EMR). The peculiarities of the registration and measurement of low-intensity signals parameters of the microwave range are considered. The processes of the interaction of the microwave signals and human organism are analyzed. Formation mechanisms of the positive and negative microwave flows of the electromagnetic radiation are revealed. Particularly, possible formation mechanism of the microwave EMR fluxes of implants in the human body. The results of the experimental study of the EMR signals levels of the objects contacting with human body, partly materials for bone defects replacement and soft tissues regeneration so as materials for physiotherapy, are given. The use of the term “electromagnetic compatibility” for materials which contacting the human body, is proposed. The expediency of its use is proven. Microwave properties of materials for clothes, minerals and building materials, which can affect the human body and environment, have been also studied.

Development of a complex for low-intensity microwave irradiation of water-containing biological materials and its application

Development of a complex for low-intensity microwave irradiation of water-containing biological materials and its application

LOW-INTENSITY SIGNAL MODULATION OF THE MICROWAVE PHYSIOTHERAPY EQUIPMENT

The article describes the features of the amplitude and frequency modulation of the output signals of millimeter range generators for microwave therapy. A review of the appearance of possible biological and medical effects using modulated signals is carried out. The use of highly sensitive radar-type equipment made it possible to study the absorption capacity of a person in the mm-wave range from an external source.
 The authors’s results of experimental studies are described, this are showed that at some frequencies, an increased absorption of the power of the irradiating signal is recorded. These frequencies are referred to as “absorption resonances”. The original schemes of monochromatic and noise signal generators developed by the authors are presented, and the principle of their operation is described. The article shows the possibility of generating low-intensity signals and ensuring the generator range operation using the second harmonic of the monochromatic signal and the selective properties of the EHF nodes. The technical parameters and characteristics of the developed devices are revealed. The application areas of the developed devices in practical medicine are out-lined. With the help of the control unit, a low-frequency signal as a saw-like or triangular voltage is generated and is supplied to the varactor converter. Under the influence of the modulation signal, the varactor capacitance changes, and, therefore, the frequency of the EHF generator. The operation of a combined radiation measurement system with a modulated noise-like output spectrum and the patient feedback is described. 
 The article demonstrates the broad practical possibilities for using microprocessor technology for automation and control of the operation mode selection process, for the formation and change of the microwave signal modulation parameters. The conducted studies reveal the process of interaction of low-intensity microwave radiation with the human body and can be used in technologies of millimeter therapy. The article describes the service functions of the developed equipment, which contribute to its more effective use in microwave therapy technologies.

Effects of Low-Intensity Microwave Radiation on Oxidant-Antioxidant Parameters and DNA Damage in the Liver of Rats.

The continuously increasing usage of cell phones has raised concerns about the adverse effects of microwave radiation (MWR) emitted by cell phones on health. Several in vitro and in vivo studies have claimed that MWR may cause various kinds of damage in tissues. The aim of this study is to examine the possible effects of exposure to low-intensity MWR on DNA and oxidative damage in the livers of rats. Eighteen Sprague-Dawley male rats were divided into three equal groups randomly (n = 6). Group 1 (Sham-control): rats were kept under conditions the same as those of other groups, except for MWR exposure. Group 2: rats exposed to 1800 MHz (SAR: 0.62 W/kg) at 0.127 ± 0.04 mW/cm2 power density, and Group 3: rats exposed to 2,100 MHz (SAR: 0.2 W/kg) at 0.038 ± 0.03 mW/cm2 power density. Microwave application groups were exposed to MWR 2 h/day for 7 months. At the end of the exposure period, the rats were sacrificed and DNA damage, malondialdehyde (MDA), 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), and total oxidant-antioxidant parameter analyses were conducted in their liver tissue samples. It was found that 1800 and 2100 MHz low-intensity MWR caused a significant increase in MDA, 8-OHdG, total oxidant status, oxidative stress index, and comet assay tail intensity (P < 0.05), while total antioxidant status levels (P < 0.05) decreased. The results of our study showed that whole-body exposure to 1800 and 2100 MHz low-intensity MWR emitted by cell phones can induce oxidative stress by altering oxidant-antioxidant parameters and lead to DNA strand breaks and oxidative DNA damage in the liver of rats. Bioelectromagnetics. 2021;42:76-85. © 2020 Bioelectromagnetics Society.

Low-intensity Microwave Radiation of Natural Substances for Physiotherapy

The mechanisms of influence of physiotherapy procedures in ozokeriteparaffin therapy are considered in this paper. It is shown that microwave electromagnetic radiation formed by heated ozokerite-paraffin mixture is an important component of physiotherapy procedures. Using the experimental setup developed by the authors, the radiative abilities of ozokerite, paraffin and their mixtures in the microwave range were investigated. It was found that in the process of cooling the ozokerite-paraffin mixture, during the procedure, negative microwave fluxes occur, affecting the inflammatory processes in the patient’s body. The dependences of the microwave radiation level on the composition of the ozokerite-paraffin mixture are investigated. The results of experimental studies allowed us to evaluate the interaction of electromagnetic radiation of ozokerite-paraffin mixtures with human own electromagnetic radiation and to approach the choice of modes of therapeutic interaction more carefully.

Studies on Physiological Effects and Plasmid Stability of JM109 Host System

Objective: The purpose of the study delineates the growth and plasmid stability of E. coli JM109 host system.&#x0D; Methods: Different concentrations of drugs, chemicals and various frequency of radiations were subjected to the host system to verify the colony forming units along with plasmid concentration and stability.&#x0D; Results: Among chemicals, acridine orange showed highest effect on growth of DH5a, while among the drugs, dantron showed maximum effect on the growth of the organism. Radio frequency of 2GHz and low intensity microwave radiation were recorded as highest inhibitory effects. However, there is no significant effect in growth was observed in exposure to UV rays. Conclusion: The present work discussed that, the effect of drugs, chemicals, radio frequency and microwave radiation have a huge effect not only on growth of organism but also concentration and stability of plasmid.

Activation of endoplasmic reticulum stress in rat brain following low-intensity microwave exposure.

The present study was designed to explore the effects of low-intensity microwave radiation on endoplasmic reticulum stress and unfolded protein response. Experiments were performed on male Wistar rats exposed to microwave radiation for 30days at 900 MHz, 1800 MHz, and 2450 MHz frequencies on four groups of animal: sham-exposed group, 900 MHz exposed (SAR 5.84 × 10-4 W/kg), 1800 MHz exposed (SAR 5.94 × 10-4 W/kg), and 2450 MHz exposed (SAR 6.7 × 10-4 W/kg) groups. Expressions of mRNA were estimated at the end of exposure in rat brain by real-time quantitative PCR. Microwave exposure at 900, 1800, and 2450MHz with respective SAR values as mentioned above significantly (< 0.05) altered mRNA expression of transcription factors ATF4, CHOP, and XBP1 in accordance with increasing microwave frequency. The result of the present study reveals that low-intensity microwave exposure at frequencies 900, 1800, and 2450MHz induces endoplasmic reticulum stress and unfolded protein response.

OXIDATIVE AND MUTAGENIC EFFECTS OF LOW INTENSITY GSM 1800 MHz MICROWAVE RADIATION

Despite a significant number of epidemiological studies on potential carcinogenicity of microwave radiation (MWR) from wireless devices and a bulk of experimental studies on oxidative and mutagenic effects of low intensity MWR, the discussion on potential carcinogenicity of low intensity MWR is going on. This study aims to assess oxidative and mutagenic effects of low intensity MWR from a typical commercial model of a modern smartphone. The model of developing quail embryos has been used for the assessment of oxidative and mutagenic effects of Global System for Mobile communication (GSM) 1800MHz MWR from a commercial model of smartphone. The embryos were exposed in ovo to 0.32µW/cm2, discontinuously- 48s- On, 12s- Off, during 5days before and 14days through the incubation period. The exposure of quail embryos before and during the incubation period to low intensity GSM 1800MHz has resulted in expressive statistically significant oxidative effects in embryonic cells, including a 2-fold increase in superoxide generation rate and 85% increase in nitrogen oxide generation rate, damages of DNA integrity and oxidative damages of DNA (up to twice increased levels of 8-oxo-dG in cells of 1-day old chicks from the exposed embryos). Finally, the exposure resulted in a significant, almost twice, increase of embryo mortality. The exposure of model biological system to low intensity GSM 1800MHz MWR resulted in significant oxidative and mutagenic effects in exposed cells, and thus should be recognized as a significant risk factor for living cells.

Correction of Immunoendocrine Disorders in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease Using Low-intensity Microwave Therapy

The article considers the possibility of correcting immunoendocrine disorders in patients with ischemic heart disease using low-intensity microwave radiation at a frequency of 1 GHz. The study showed that the Aquaton device for low-intensity microwave therapy could be used to stimulate production of bradykinin, NO, IL-24, antioxidants, and soluble tumor necrosis factor-alpha receptor II by whole blood cells. Exposure to microwave irradiation was accompanied by a decrease in the caspase-1 content in mononuclear leukocytes with a simultaneous increase in the nuclear transcription factor NFκB level, promoting thereby normalization of the subclinical inflammatory process and correction of endothelial dysfunction.

Состояние антиоксидантной защиты в постклиническую фазу внебольничной пневмонии под влиянием низкоинтенсивного микроволнового излучения частотой 1 ггц

Состояние антиоксидантной защиты в постклиническую фазу внебольничной пневмонии под влиянием низкоинтенсивного микроволнового излучения частотой 1 ггц

Oxidative effect of low intensity microwave radiation in the model of developing quail embryos

Objective: Exposure of humans to low intensity microwave radiation (MW) under some circumstances leads to several medical conditions, including headache, chronic fatigue, and even cancer. Mechanisms of these effects in many cases may depend on oxidative stress caused by MW exposure. Our study aims to assess oxidative stress features in embryonic cells under low intensity MW exposure in the first stages of embryogenesis. Methods: Embryos of Japanese quails were exposed in ovo to low intensity MW of GSM 900 MHz (0.25 µW/cm2) during 158-360 h discontinuously (48 c - ON, 12 c - OFF) before and in the initial stages of development. The levels of superoxide (O2·-), nitrogen oxide (NO·) and 8-oxo-2’-deoxyguanosine (8-oxo-dG) were assessed in cells of 38-h, 5- and 10-day exposed embryos and compared to the control group. Lucigenin-enhanced chemiluminescence was used for assessment of GSM modulation role in MW-induced oxidative effects. Results: A significant persistent overproduction of superoxide, nitrogen oxide and 8-oxo-dG in GSM MW exposed embryonic cells during all periods of analyses was detected. Conclusion: Exposure of developing quail embryos to low intensity MW of GSM 900 MHz during the first stages of embryogenesis resulted in a significant overproduction of superoxide and nitrogen oxide, and oxidative damages of DNA in embryonic cells. These effects were interpreted to be depended on the GSM modulation of MW.

Зависимость содержания отдельных молекул в агранулоцитах цельной крови при ишемической болезни сердца от уровня фосфорилирования протеинкиназы р38 на фоне низкоинтенсивного свч-облучения

Molecular indicators reflecting the states of stress-limiting systems of mononuclear leucocytes in the blood, as well as the effects of low-intensive microwave radiation in patients with coronary artery disease were studied. The work it was evaluated the content in mononuclear leucocytes whole blood of components PI3P/AKT/mTOR/p70S6K1 of signaling pathway, heat shock proteins (HSP27, HSP70, HSP90), the concentra-tion of antioxidants and peroxides depending on the level of phosphorylation of the terminal protein kinase MAPK/SAPK of signaling pathway – p38.&#x0D; The results of the study. It was revealed the dependence of a level of studied factors from the degree of phosphorylation p38 in patients with coronary heart disease. It was defined the 38 p sensitivity to the effects of low-intensity microwave radiation, it is manifested by increased level of phosphorylation in the irradiated cul-tures. This study revealed the sensitivity to low-intensity microwave irradiation of content in the mononuclear cells phosphorylated forms of the protein kinases AMPK, AKT1, p70S6K1, as well as the antioxidant status and protein of p53-dependent initial content in the cell phosphorylated form p38. It was shown a possibility of microwave radiation to reduce the content in the cells of the protein kinase and p70 ACT more pronounced at high levels of phosphorylation p38.&#x0D;

Продукция цитокинов, растворимых форм костимуляторных молекул и окиси азота у пациентов с ишемической болезнью сердца на фоне низкоинтенсивной микроволновой терапии

The concentration of cytokines of the family IL-10 (IL-10, IL-22, IL-24), interferon-gamma, soluble forms of co-stimulatory molecules CD28, CD80, CD152, as well as NO was investigated in patients with coronary heart disease in interstitial fluid. In addition, the level of caspase-1, inducible and endothelial forms of NO synthasis (eNOS, iNOS), protein kinase AKT1 and AMPK and the total antioxidant activity from the cell culture supernantat were evaluatedin the agranulocytic patients.&#x0D; In the current study (in vitro) the impact on production of these mediators of low-intensity microwave radiation frequency of 1000 MHz, generated by an apparatus of low-intensity physiotherapy &amp;#34;Aquaton&amp;#34; was evaluated. Material of this study was whole venous blood of patients with angina pectoris and acute coronary syndrome. The analysis of the results revealed a reduced level of NO, IL-24, as well as increased production of IL-10, IL-22 and the concentration of soluble forms of CD28, CD80, CD152 in patients with coronary artery disease in the interstitial fluid in comparison with practically healthy persons.&#x0D; At a single irradiation of cell cultures whole blood by low-intensity microwave radiation frequency of 1000 MHz in patients with angina pectoris and acute coronary syndrome there were an increasing of NO production by 20,6 and 25,5‰, IL-24 by 18,6 and 33,6‰, and a reduction in intracellular caspase-1 by 32,5 and 25,8‰, as well as increasing of the levels of IL-10 by 3,5 and 3,1‰, IL-22 by 28,7 and 26,5‰ and reduction of the levels of CD28 by 3,6 and 3,9‰, CD80 6,8 and 5,7‰, CD152 by 9,4 and 11,3‰, respectively. In addition, in terms of irradiation there is an increase in interstitial fluid levels of antioxidants by 37,1 and 49,2‰.&#x0D;

The state of receptor-dependent signal pathways in the agranulocytes from the peripheral blood of the reconvalescent patients following community-acquired pneumonia under the influence of microwave radiation

The present article reports the study of the influence of low-intensity microwave radiation on the state of the JAK/STAT-signaling pathways in the mononuclear cells and the intercellular levels of the molecules maintaining the functioning of this pathway. The experiments on the model of intercellular interactions in the whole blood cell culture obtained during the convalescence phase of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia were designed to elucidate the effects of the cell-cell interactions in the culture exposed to electromagnetic radiation with a frequency of 1000 MHz and power flux density 0.1 mcW/cm2 on the intracellular levels of total and phosphorylated species of JAK-kinases, STAT-factors and SOCS-proteins. It is concluded that sensitivity of intracellular signaling systems to the effects of low-intensity microwave radiation manifests itself in the form of increased intracellular concentrations of Janus kinases and SOCS proteins with a simultaneous decrease in the level of STAT factors.

A60: Signs of cell–cell interactions and ultrastructural changes in the tumor under the effective impact of the weak microwave radiation on the central nervous system and peritumoral zone in the experiment

Background It has previously been shown that additional local electromagnetic impact on the tumor en-hances the systemic antitumor effect of low-intensity electromagnetic radiation (EMR) used in the activation therapy regimes designed by Garkavi L.H. et al. (1990–2008). At the same time the question of the influence of weak EMR, applied to the peritumoral area, on the tumor development has not been studied. The aim of the study was to investigate the changes in the tumor caused by low-intensity microwave electromagnetic radiation of bioeffective frequency that acted on the head and peritumoral zone. Materials and methods The effects of resonance radiation (RR) with frequency corresponding to that of one of the water-containing medium radiations – 1 GHz (“SPE-effect”) – were studied on 53 adult male outbred white rats with transplantable sarcoma 45. Special anticancer agents were not used. The power flux density of RR was less than 1 μW/cm2, surface area of the emitter – 4 cm2, 3–10 min. exposure depending on algorithms of the activation therapy. RR exposure in different groups of animals was localized to the head only, or to the peri-tumoral area only, or successively to the head and peritumoral area (“double” exposure). The course lasted for 4 weeks. The exposure effect was assessed according to the dynamics of the tumor size and results of the light and electron microscopy analysis of tumor changes (JEOL JEM-1011, Japan). Results The effect of RR in different groups of animals depended on the exposure localization. Central systemic exposure was decisive. The group receiving RR localized to the head showed regression of the tumor or inhibition of its growth in 60% of animals – almost complete tumor regression in 10% and tumor growth inhibition by 70% in the rest cases. RR to the peritumoral area did not show significant influence on the tumor development, while it increased antitumor effect of the central exposure (p μ m width. Different numbers of lymphocytes and plasma cells were noted in tumor cells. Macrophages were found. Migrating lymphocytes were often noted in the vessels among tumor cells. Electron microscopy showed multiple contacts of lymphocytes with the surface of tumor cells through cytoplasmic excrescences. Such lymphocytes had distinct signs of activation. Simultaneous contacts of lymphocytes and macrophages among themselves and with tumor cells were found. Analysis of ultrastructural characteristics of cells in regressing tumors and detection of collagen in intercellular spaces during histochemical examination of tumor tissues showed the increase in the degree of differentiation of some sarcoma 45 cells. Conclusion Possibility to increase the systemic antitumor effect of the low-intensity microwave radiation with an additional weak exposure on the peritumoral area was demonstrated for the first time. Damaging effect of RR on tumor was mediated by the changes in composition and activity of elements of the tumor’s immune microenvironment and by the increase in the degree of differentiation of some tumor cells, probably under the influence of bioactive factors of leukocytic origin.