Low-income Young Adults Research Articles

Debt Collection Pressure and Mental Health: Evidence from a Cohort of U.S. Young Adults.

The debt collection industry in the United States has grown in tandem with rising indebtedness. Prior research on debt and mental health mainly treats debt as a resource and liability rather than a power relationship between creditors and debtors. We study the mental health consequences of debt collection pressure using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth-1997 Cohort (N = 7,236). Drawing on stress theory and health power resources theory, we posit collection pressure as a relational stressor that undermines well-being through negative interactions with debt collectors, financial strain, role strain, and stigma. We find that more than one out of every three young adults in this cohort faced debt collection pressure by around age 40, with higher rates among low-income and Black young adults. Individual fixed-effects and lagged dependent variable regression models indicate that debt collection pressure is associated with increased psychological distress, with more severe consequences among low-income young adults.

청년희망키움통장 사업 참여 경험이 있는 생계 급여 수급 근로 빈곤 청년의 정서적 자립과 경제적 자립 간의 관계 검증을 통한 자립 과정에 대한 탐구

The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between emotional independence and economic independence among young adults receiving livelihood support in South Korea. Emotional independence is a concept composed of hope and barriers related to labor and employment, involving a process of increasing hope and overcoming obstacles. This research conceptualizes economic independence as transitioning from livelihood support to regular employment and examines the relationships between employment barriers, employment hope, labor in regular jobs, and the transition from livelihood support using structural equation modeling with a sample of 417 young adults receiving livelihood support. The results indicate that hope serves as a mediator between employment barriers and the transition from livelihood support. The findings highlight the importance of overcoming practical and psychological employment barriers and fostering employment-related hope, including recognizing one's own worth and abilities, being motivated by future prospects, setting goals related to work, and utilizing skills and resources to achieve these goals, for low-income young adults to achieve economic independence through the transition from livelihood support. The study's results extend the understanding of independence by revealing the importance of enhancing emotional capacities in the process of economic independence for low-income young adults. Furthermore, it is expected that these findings will stimulate related research and contribute to the development of a more multidimensional and integrated support system in South Korea's youth-related policies, moving beyond a focus on support for employment, housing, and education to support various aspects of young adults' lives, including entrepreneurship.

The impact of the 2014 Medicaid expansion on the health, health care access, and financial well-being of low-income young adults.

Prior to the 2014 Affordable Care Act (ACA) expansion, 37% of young adults ages 19-25 in the United States were low-income and a third lacked health insurance coverage-both the highest rates for any age group in the population. The ACA's Medicaid eligibility expansion, therefore, would have been significantly beneficial to low-income young adults. This study evaluates the effect of the ACA Medicaid expansion on the health, health care access and utilization, and financial well-being of low-income young adults ages 19-25. Using 2010-2017 National Health Interview Survey data, I estimate policy effects by applying a difference-in-differences design leveraging the variation in state implementation of the expansion policy. I show that Medicaid expansion improved health insurance coverage, health care access, and financial well-being for low-income young adults in expansion states, but had no effect on their health status and health care utilization. I also find that the policy was associated with larger gains in health coverage for racial minorities relative to their Non-Hispanic White counterparts. With the continued health policy reform debates at the state and federal levels, the empirical evidence from this study can help inform policy decisions that aim to improve health care access and utilization among disadvantaged groups.

청년희망키움통장사업 참여 청년에 대한 종단 분석을 통한 청년 자산형성지원사업의 성과

The purpose of this study is to analyze the outcomes of the South Korean asset building program for low-income young adults by tracking the multidimensional changes participants experienced in the process of building assets in the program. The study analyzed the changes of young people who participated in the asset building program comprehensively using a panel survey data conducted at four different points in 2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022 targeting 720 young people who joined the Youth Hope Savings Account Program in 2018, an asset building program for young people receiving livelihood support. As a result of analyzing a continuous response panel of 384 participants, the study found that over 70%, that is, three in four out of the participants succeeded in welfare exits of livelihood support. Additionally, improvement in employment status and stability, income, savings, living expenses, family support, housing assets, housing environment, self-esteem, and happiness were statistically significant. This indicates that young adults experienced positive changes in economic, employment, social, housing, health, and psychological aspects in the process of asset building participating in the Youth Hope Savings Account Program. Despite the limitation of not being able to control other factors that may have affected changes in young people for three years, such as environmental changes like the COVID-19 pandemic or individual development, this study verified the multidimensional outcomes of the youth asset formation support program by conducting longitudinal analysis of participant changes. Given these results, the study proposes institutional and practical implications.

Dietary trends among young adults during the COVID-19 lockdown: socioeconomic and gender disparities

BackgroundHealthy eating is vital to well-being and during the COVID-19 pandemic, it was especially important for boosting immunity and protecting against viral infections. Yet, by many accounts, keeping a nutritious diet was a casualty of the pandemic rather than a means to fight it. Young adults experienced disproportionate pandemic-related disruptions during a formative stage of development while little is still known about dietary outcomes.MethodsWe employed a cross-sectional design to examine dietary disparities targeting young adults (ages 18–28) during the COVID-19 lockdown period. Participants (N = 254) responded to a 15–20-min online survey with questions related to food composition and sources of food, perceptions of healthy eating, weight change, physical activity, and food insecurity. Comparisons were made by household income and gender. Multiple regression analyses were conducted to investigate factors that predicted perceptions of healthy eating behaviors while controlling for other sociodemographic factors.ResultsA clear overall trend toward unhealthy behaviors was found while positive changes were also identified. Consumption of junk food significantly increased (+ 3%), 40% gained weight, a third were less active, and 5–8% were food insecure on a regular basis. Meanwhile, eating food from restaurants declined and, for some, home-based cooking increased. Lower income participants were overly represented in unhealthy changes and higher income participants were disproportionately represented in healthy changes. Males reported more changes in dietary composition while females reported more fluctuation in weight. Reduced activity, weight gain, and food insecurity predicted unhealthy eating behaviors. Living with friend(s)/roommate(s) predicted healthier eating, but only among lower income participants.ConclusionsIt is recommended that pandemic minded public health interventions account for negative dietary trends with particular attention to low-income young adults. Solutions should be geared toward reshaping fiscal, social and physical environments, rather than relying solely on behavioral interventions.

IDENTIFICATION OF FACTORS AND RISK ASSESSMENTS ON FINANCIAL LITERACY: A CASE STUDY ON HOME PURCHASES

Owning a house is among the significant aspects of a productive lifestyle. However, the persistent rise in house prices has affected homeownership for low-income young adults. Due to the poor financial literacy among employed young adults in Malaysia, it is more difficult for them to own a home due to financial constraints. Therefore, this study intends to investigate the factors contributing to financial literacy and the potential risk associated with its absence among working young adults. The methodologies used in this study were the factor analysis approach and decision tree analysis. Note that this study investigates financial literacy among young adults. A questionnaire was utilized for gathering the data, and a convenient sampling technique was adopted for data collection. According to the findings, four variables influence financial literacy among working youths: financial knowledge, financial behavior, financial education, and financial attitude. Consequently, the factors listed in exploratory data analysis in these four variables have been summarized to examine the perceived risk of financial literacy among adolescents in terms of purchasing a home. Finally, this study contributes as a guideline for policymakers in offering structured awareness programmes to improve financial literacy as well as homeownership knowledge among working youths for their future financial resilience.

An enigma of Malaysia's low-income young adults: Mediation of financial behaviour on financial well-being and locus of control cohesion.

Young adults face many significant challenges to their financial well-being. The rising cost of living and unstable economies have impacted how they consume, manage, and save monthly income to maintain their standard of living. Hence, exploring the financial well-being of young adults in Malaysia is an intriguing and relevant research topic that deserves examination from multiple perspectives. This study aims to investigate how these three factors, namely financial knowledge and locus of control with financial behaviour as a mediator, are correlated with the financial well-being of low-income young adults in Malaysia. A total of 520 young adults from North, Central, South, East zones in Peninsular Malaysia and East Malaysia were randomly chosen using a multi-stage sampling technique as the sample of this study. Data in this study were obtained using a set of questionnaire-based survey through cross-sectional study and then scrutinized using IBM SPSS (Statistical Package of Social Science). This study discovered that financial knowledge, internal and external locus of control, and financial behaviour were significantly correlated with the financial well-being of low-income young adults. The findings also demonstrate that financial behaviour mediates the correlation between financial knowledge, both internal and external locus of control, and financial well-being. This study is one of the very few important studies that explore the link between financial literacy, locus of control, financial behaviour, and financial well-being among low-income young adults. This study also found an interesting and noteworthy fact regarding the impact of the minimum monthly wage policy on highly educated young adults in Malaysia, which is worth discussing and needs to be alerted to the policymakers and leaders of the country. Therefore, the findings of this study can be utilized as a starting point by policymakers, government organizations, and non-governmental organizations to create new initiatives aimed at raising financial well-being among the younger generation.

Vocational success among at-risk, low-income young adults: Are there contributing factors?

Due to their underrepresentation in research, little is known about factors that contribute to the vocational success of young adults who are of low socioeconomic status. Therefore, we identified such factors in this population enrolled in Ohio’s Comprehensive Case Management and Employment Program.A pre-tested and pilot-tested survey based on the Theory of Self-Efficacy was used to measure key variables related to vocational success. The internal reliability coefficients for the subscales ranged from 0.90 to 0.96. The survey was sent by text message to 374 young adults enrolled in the program.The response rate was 79 % (n = 296). Most were non-Hispanic (88.5 %), 18–24 years of age (82.3 %), female (79.7 %), and Black/African American (56.8 %). Mixed-race subjects reported the poorest mental health status compared to single-race individuals. Nearly 80 % reported experiencing “medium” to “high stress,” and 22 % reported “fair” to “poor” physical health. Vocational self-efficacy was significantly higher among respondents who (i) were parents (p < 0.05), (ii) lived with dependent children (p < 0.05), (iii) had excellent overall health (p < 0.01), and (iv) placed a higher value on obtaining a job that paid enough to pay their bills (p < 0.01). Outcome expectations were higher among those who reported having (i) low stress levels (p < 0.01), (ii) excellent overall health (p < 0.01), (iii) no barriers to achieving academic or vocational success (p < 0.01), and (iv) higher outcome value (p < 0.05). The number one barrier to vocational success identified was lack of childcare (8 %).Improving the physical and mental health of young adults is vital to positively impacting their path to vocational success. The next steps would to continue this investigation with vocational success as the outcome.

저소득 청년의 경제적 스트레스 관련 변인 탐색

This study explores whether individual-related variables (self-esteem, grit, resilience), family-related variables (family support, family care giving-burden) and career and employment-related variables (career preparation behavior, employment barriers, employment prospects) are associated with the economic distress of low-income young adults. We analyzed data of 680 young adults aged 19-34 from the panel study of the Hope Growing Account Program for Young Adults conducted in 2019 using descriptive statistics and multiple regression. We found that the economic distress of low-income young adults was higher when self-esteem and grit were lower and when family caregiving burden, employment barriers, and employment prospects were higher. The factors leading to economic distress can be listed in the order of family caregiving burden, self-esteem, employment barriers, employment prospects, and grit. These results suggest that the expansion of youth policy support is critical for helping low-income young adults relieve their economic distress and difficulties.

An Analysis of Finnish Debtors Who Defaulted in 2014–2016 Because of Unsecured Credit Products

Consumer credit has become an important element of the economy despite the negative effects: Over-indebtedness has wide-ranging repercussions affecting consumers and society as a whole. We analysed the debt judgements (N = 4,095) of Finnish district courts from 2014 to 2016, as well as administrative data on debtors. Our focus was on the position of consumers on the credit market and their consumption-related problem debts, namely instant loans, extensive consumer credit, and credit-card as well as distance-selling indebtedness. Regarding the four credit products, first we considered the average amount of outstanding debt and then we looked at the sociodemographic and socioeconomic characteristics of the debtors. The results revealed that the average outstanding debt (€) varied according to the credit product and that the highest average amount originated from extensive consumer credit. Instant loans and distance-selling indebtedness caused debt problems especially among low-income young adults, adverse selection seemingly being one factor behind instant-loan-related debts. Extensive consumer credit and credit-card indebtedness were behind debt judgements against older consumers with a good socioeconomic position and numerous previous loans. This is a moral-hazard situation whereby borrowers may have more information about their total amounts of debt than the lenders. We suggest that, in many cases, debt problems reflect an abundant supply of consumer credit, which seems to foster asymmetric information, the consumer’s position and competence to act in the credit market, as well as various overall risk factors. The findings highlight the need to strengthen consumers’ financial skills and for loan products that meet the needs of low-credit-rated consumers. Moreover, lenders should act responsibly in the current credit market.

Mediating Effect of Financial Behaviour on the Relationship Between Perceived Financial Wellbeing and Its Factors Among Low-Income Young Adults in Malaysia.

The main objective of this study is to investigate the associations between financial knowledge, locus of control (LOC) and perceived financial wellbeing (FWB) with financial behaviour as a mediator among young adults from low-income households in Malaysia, controlling for education and income. The sample of this study consisted of 482 young adults from five different zones in Peninsular and East Malaysia, which were selected using a multi-stage sampling technique. Data were collected using a set of questionnaire-based surveys. The data were then analysed using Covariance Based Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). The study found that financial knowledge and external LOC as well as financial behaviour were significantly correlated with the perceived FWB of low-income young adults in Malaysia. The results also revealed that financial behaviour mediates the influence by financial knowledge and internal LOC on perceived FWB controlling for education and income. The findings of this study provide insights into the factors of perceived FWB of low-income young adults in Peninsular and East Malaysia. Policymakers, government and non-government organisations may utilise this study to develop new policies, financial programmes or campaigns to enhance the FWB of low-income young adults in Malaysia.

Coming of Age in Appalachia, Emerging or Expedited Adulthood?

We examine the transition to adulthood in a poor, white, rural community in Appalachia. Young adults come of age in a context of persistent poverty, economic decline, an ongoing opioid and addiction crisis, and strong community norms about family and work bolstered by religious institutions. For low-income young adults in this community, this stage in the life course is both expedited and emerging. Marriage and childbearing are expedited, frequently occurring in late teens or early twenties. However, other adult markers—such as stable employment, pursuing education, and leaving the parental home—are often slow to emerge and are usually only tentatively achieved. This pattern is in contrast to middle-class young adults in this community.

48. Hospitalization for Suicide Attempt and Self-Harm Among Youth Diagnosed With Gender Dysphoria

Transgender and gender non-conforming (TGNC) youth experience severe discrimination which has been linked to adverse mental health outcomes, including an increased prevalence of suicidality and self-harm. Few epidemiological studies have examined this relationship; thus, we studied the relationship between hospitalization for suicidality, self-harm and gender dysphoria in a large, nationally representative database. We used the 2016 Kids’ Inpatient Database to identify a subset of TGNC youth < 21 years of age captured by the database (using ICD-10 gender dysphoria-related codes). We identified suicidal ideation or suicide attempt using either explicit “suicidality” codes, or one of 355 distinct self-harm codes. Using descriptive statistics, prevalence of suicidality and self-harm was compared between youth with and without gender dysphoria. A multivariable logistic regression model adjusting for individual, admission and hospital-level variables was constructed looking for association between gender dysphoria and suicidality. The cohort included 3,115,589 subjects, of whom 1,980 (64 per 100,000 admissions) had gender dysphoria. Analysis of demographic variables revealed the gender dysphoria diagnosis group was comprised of a disproportionately lower proportion of non-white, publicly insured, and low median income young adults compared to the entire cohort. Prevalence of suicidal ideation and suicide attempt in the entire cohort was 2%, compared to 35.3% in young people with gender dysphoria. Using the expanded definition of self-harm and attempted suicide, prevalence increased to 44.1%. After adjusting for individual, admission and hospital-level variables, subjects with gender dysphoria had 7.89 increased odds of attempted suicide or suicidal ideation (95%CI: 7.09-8.79). Using a large and representative database, we found significantly higher prevalence of suicide attempt and self-harm in hospitalized youth with a gender dysphoria-related diagnosis. For youth hospitalized after suicide attempt or self-harm, gender-affirming care and inclusive language is essential to reduce psychological stress secondary to physician-mediated interpersonal discrimination. Importantly, this study only captured TGNC youth with a formal gender dysphoria diagnosis, and not all youth who identify as TGNC have a diagnosis or disclose their identity; thus, the results should not be generalized to the entire population of TGNC youth. Furthermore, there were fewer non-white, publicly insured, and low median income youth with a gender dysphoria diagnosis compared to the entire cohort, which suggests inequities in accessing gender-affirming care among racial minority and economically disadvantaged youth. The results of this study highlight the need for structural interventions and policies to reduce discrimination and improve access to gender-affirming care in order to prevent these adverse outcomes.

Finding MyVOICE: A Mixed-Methods Examination of Health Outcomes of Young Adults with Chronic Illness Transitioning from Pediatric to Adult Health Care.

This study examines health use outcomes of young adults with chronic illness following participation in a transition program and identifies variables that impact outcomes. A sample of 119 ethnically diverse, low-income young adults (mean age=21.8 years) was interviewed 6 months post-transition. Chi-square tests and logistic regression analyses examined the relationship between variables and outcomes. Responses to open-ended questions provided context to findings. Primary care and insurance linkage were significantly higher for patients enrolled in a fully-formed clinic than patients enrolled early in the clinic's development. Patients with multiple diagnoses reported significantly more hospitalizations and specialty care engagement. Hospitalizations and possession of medical records differed significantly by subspecialty. Visit number predicted hospitalizations after accounting for subspecialty, but not after accounting for the number of conditions. This study highlights the impact of disease type and severity on post-transition outcomes following participation in a transition program serving socially and medically complex patients.

Association of the Affordable Care Act Medicaid Expansion with Trauma Outcomes and Access to Rehabilitation among Young Adults: Findings Overall, by Race and Ethnicity, and Community Income Level

BACKGROUND:Low-income young adults disproportionately experience traumatic injury and poor trauma outcomes. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the Affordable Care Act’s Medicaid expansion, in its first 4 years, on trauma care and outcomes in young adults, overall and by race, ethnicity, and ZIP code-level median income.STUDY DESIGN:Statewide hospital discharge data from 5 states that did and 5 states that did not implement Medicaid expansion were used to perform difference-in-difference (DD) analyses. Changes in insurance coverage and outcomes from before (2011–2013) to after (2014–2017) Medicaid expansion and open enrollment were examined in trauma patients aged 19 to 44 years.RESULTS:Medicaid expansion was associated with a decrease in the percentage of uninsured patients (DD −16.5 percentage points; 95% CI, −17.1 to −15.9 percentage points). This decrease was larger among Black patients but smaller among Hispanic patients than White patients. It was also larger among patients from lower-income ZIP codes (p < 0.05 for all). Medicaid expansion was associated with an increase in discharge to inpatient rehabilitation (DD 0.6 percentage points; 95% CI, 0.2 to 0.9 percentage points). This increase was larger among patients from the lowest-compared with highest-income ZIP codes (p < 0.05). Medicaid expansion was not associated with changes in in-hospital mortality or readmission or return ED visit rates overall, but was associated with decreased in-hospital mortality among Black patients (DD −0.4 percentage points; 95% CI, −0.8 to −0.1 percentage points).CONCLUSIONS:The Affordable Care Act Medicaid expansion, in its first 4 years, increased insurance coverage and access to rehabilitation among young adult trauma patients. It also reduced the socioeconomic disparity in inpatient rehabilitation access and the disparity in in-hospital mortality between Black and White patients.

Impact of economic loss due to COVID-19 on happiness among young adults in poverty: Focusing on the mediating effect of financial stress

장기화된 코로나19로 인해 청년들은 실직 및 소득감소로 인한 경제적 상실과 함께 정서적 문제를 가지는 비율이 급증하고 있다. 이러한 상황에서 가용한 자원이 상대적으로 적은 빈곤 청년들은더욱 취약할 수 있다. 이에 본 연구는 빈곤 청년을 대상으로 코로나19로 인한 실직 및 소득 감소와같은 경제적 상실, 경제적 스트레스와 행복 간의 관계를 실증적으로 검증한다. 분석을 위해 2020년9월에 수집된 청년희망키움통장 사업 참여자 패널 자료를 이차자료로 활용하여, 최종적으로 생계급여 수급 가구 청년 558명의 자료가 최종적으로 분석에 사용되었다. 경로 분석을 활용하여 코로나19로 인한 실직 및 소득 감소와 행복 간의 관계와 경제적 상실과 행복 간의 관계에서 경제적스트레스의 매개 효과를 분석한 결과, 코로나19로 인한 실직 경험은 경제적 스트레스를 매개로빈곤 청년의 행복에 부적 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 반면 코로나19로 인한 실직 경험과소득 감소가 행복에 미치는 직접 효과는 유의하지 않았다. 실직이 경제적 스트레스를 매개로 행복에 영향을 미침을 실증적으로 검증한 본 연구의 결과를 바탕으로 향후 청년지원체계 및 제도에대한 실천적, 제도적 함의를 제시한다.Due to COVID-19, the proportion of young adults having emotional problems along with economic loss is rapidly increasing. Particularly, young adults in poverty with relatively few available resources may be more vulnerable due to COVID-19. Therefore, this study empirically examines the associations between economic loss due to COVID-19 (i.e., unemployment experience and income loss), financial stress, and happiness among low-income young adults in South Korea. The secondary data used were obtained from the second wave of the Panel Study of the Hope Growing Account Program for Young Adults conducted in 2020. The sample comprised 558 young adults who were receiving the Livelihood Benefits. The results of the path analysis suggest that unemployment experience due to COVID-19 was negatively associated with happiness among young adults in poverty through increasing their levels of financial stress. However, neither the direct effect of unemployment and income loss due to COVID-19 on happiness nor the indirect effect through financial stress on the association between income loss and happiness were statistically significant. Based on these findings, this study discusses practical and policy implications for developing a support system for young adults.

Multiple Types of Childhood Maltreatment, Sleep, and Anxiety in Former Foster Youth

Although existing literature has widely identified significant relationships between a history of childhood maltreatment and mental health problems and between a history of childhood maltreatment and sleep problems, less is known about relationships between experiences of multiple types of childhood maltreatment, sleep problems, and anxiety in low-income young adults and former foster youth. This study aimed to explore whether experiences of multiple types of childhood maltreatment, a history of foster care placement, lifetime trauma, and hours of sleep would be associated with anxiety in low-income young adults and former foster youth. The study surveyed a total sample of 143 young adults, and their hours of sleep were measured with FitBits. Multiple regression analyses were conducted to examine the relationships between experiences of multiple types of childhood maltreatment, a history of foster care placement, lifetime trauma, hours of sleep, and anxiety. The study found a significant relationship between multiple types of child maltreatment and anxiety, after controlling for a history of foster care placement, lifetime trauma, and demographic information. Notably, while experiences of multiple types of child maltreatment and a history of foster care placement were no longer associated with anxiety, a lifetime history of trauma remained associated with anxiety, after controlling for hours of sleep. Social workers and service providers need to provide low-income young adults and former foster youth with interventions aimed at addressing both sleep problems and traumatic stress, which may in turn reduce the risk for anxiety.

Trauma, Sleep and Mental Health Problems in Low-Income Young Adults.

Low-income young adults are more likely to have exposure to trauma, which increases risk for mental health problems. Although adequate sleep promotes good health, people with histories of trauma are more likely to have sleep problems. The current study explored whether poor sleep mediated the relationship between trauma exposure and mental health. A sample of 143 low-income 18–24-year-old young adults completed depression, anxiety, and trauma exposure measures and wore sleep monitors for four nights. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to examine both direct and indirect effects of variables. Results showed that higher trauma exposure was associated with depression and anxiety. Mean sleep hours per night was fewer than six, far below recommended guidelines for optimal health and functioning. Fewer sleep hours partially mediated the relationship between both trauma exposure and depression and anxiety, and the direct effect from trauma remained significant after adjusting for the partial mediation from sleep.

Alderfer의 ERG 이론을 적용한 빈곤 청년의 행복 결정 요인 탐색 연구

본 연구는 Alderfer(1972)의 ERG 이론을 적용하여 생존욕구․관계욕구․성장욕구의 충족 정도가 단계별로 빈곤 청년의 행복에 미치는 영향을 탐색하였다. 이를 위해 2019년에 수집된 청년희망키움통장 사업 참여자 대상 1차 패널 자료를 이차자료로 활용하였으며, 최종적으로 국민기초생활보장제도 생계급여 수급가구의 빈곤 청년 722명의 자료를 분석에 활용하였다. 위계적 다중회귀분석 결과, 생존, 관계, 성장욕구 충족 모두 행복에 영향을 미치는 중요한 요소인 것으로 나타났다. 생존욕구로는 경제적 여건과 주관적 건강이, 관계욕구로는 가족지지와 사회적 자본의 일부 하위요인이, 성장욕구로는 회복탄력성과 고용희망의 일부 하위요인이 행복에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 분석결과를 바탕으로 청년지원체계 구축을 위한 정책적 함의를 제시하였다.

Investigation on the path of becoming self-sufficient from psychological self-sufficiency to economic self-sufficiency mediated by career preparation behaviors among low-income young adults

Investigation on the path of becoming self-sufficient from psychological self-sufficiency to economic self-sufficiency mediated by career preparation behaviors among low-income young adults