Concept Of Low Impact Development Research Articles

The Effect of Low Impact Development Implementing on Flood Discharge of Outflow Drainage in the Lakarsantri District Surabaya City

The drainage system in Lakarsantri District, Surabaya, applies a conventional drainage system which only focuses on water quantity. This is shown by flood events that occur in the area and downstream of the channel. A new paradigm in the management of drainage systems is a low impact development concept that focuses on conservation efforts and the use of natural features to carry out small-scale engineering to control surface runoff of rainwater in watersheds. This research aims to find a good model that can be applied with significant influence. This research was carried out by modeling using the SWMM application with 3 scenarios, scenario 1 Porous Pavement LID, scenario 2 Vegetative Swale LID, scenario 3 50% Porous Pavement + 50% Vegetative Swale LID. The results of the modeling show that scenario 1 has the effect of reducing surface runoff discharge by 0,385 ha-m, which in existing conditions has a surface runoff of 6,574 ha-m and then reducing to 6,189 ha-m with an installation percentage of 2,81% of the total area by ​​the research location.

Sustainable Community Transformation and Planning Based on Community Layout and Low Impact Development Concept

The Sustainable Cities and Communities emphasized in the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals are cities and residential communities that prioritize inclusivity, safety, and resilience against disaster risks. China's urbanization process has embarked on a trajectory of rapid development, characterized by substantial advancements in urban construction and continuous enhancements to the urban landscape and environment. Confronted with an immense urban population scale, the sustainable transformation of traditional communities has emerged as the primary focus for establishing resilient communities. This paper compares the disparities between communities established by the traditional community model and sustainable community concept, scrutinizes the limitations of traditional community models, and proposes strategies for the sustainable transformation of traditional communities through adopting low impact development concepts in rainwater management. For the "block" layout, this paper proposes enhancing the connectivity of green spaces and promoting diversity. For the "central" layout, it is recommended to optimize access roads, including pedestrian and vehicle routes, by integrating green spaces. In the case of an "intensive" layout, emphasis should be placed on improving resource utilization efficiency through multi-functional approaches. For the planning of new sustainable communities, this paper puts forward suggestions from the micro and macro planning levels.

Assessing the Flow Reduction of Low Impact Development Controls in a Residential Setting

The widespread development in recent years has resulted in the expansion of impervious surfaces, allowing runoff to accumulate and cause flooding issues. To reduce the impacts of runoff accumulation, the concept of low impact development (LID) has been adopted to restore the hydrological balance of urbanized areas. The objective of this study was to assess the flow reduction of the LID combinations in a residential park in Cavite, Philippines using Stormwater Management Model (SWMM). The 90<sup>th</sup> percentile of historical rainfall from the years 1975-2019 was used in the assessment. The bioretention (BR), infiltration trench (IT), and permeable pavement (PP) LID controls, which captured 43%, 42%, and 14% of the park area respectively, were selected for implementation alongside their different combinations. Results of this study have shown that most LID scenarios reached their maximum reduction capability once it takes up around 20-40% of the total available area. The highest reduction, at around 90%, was attained by the BR+IT+PP scenario. The use of the PP scenario, however, only yielded a 20% flow reduction due to its small capture area. Implementing LID controls in urbanized locations can help in reducing runoff buildup, thereby alleviating the potential impacts of flooding.

A Systematic Bibliometric Review of Low Impact Development Research Articles

The concept of low impact development (LID) plays a crucial role in rainstorm management and non-point source pollution prevention and control. Sorting and summarizing related research through the knowledge map can objectively present the disciplinary structure, research focus, and research hotspots of the LID research. Based on 2103 LID pieces of literature in Chinese and English included in the web of science (WOS) database and China’s integrated knowledge resources system (CNKI) database from 2004 to 2021, this paper aims to perform statistical analysis from three aspects: bibliometrics, keyword hotspot co-occurrence and clustering, and literature co-citation clustering. The obtained results reveal that research on LID-based issues maintains a high degree of enthusiasm in China and abroad, but their corresponding focuses are dissimilar. Foreign research essentially focuses on the environmental field with frequent interdisciplinary phenomena, combining the triple goals of water quality improvement, runoff reduction, and multi-functional expansion, and is committed to solving the impact of uncertain factors on urban stormwater management in extreme climates. Chinese research is mostly aimed at unlocking practical engineering problems, which also leads to the majority of research works in the field of building science and engineering. This is mainly due to a series of water-related problems caused by the change in land use types in China. The researchers have determined the type, quantity, location, and combination of the optimal LID measures by establishing appropriate models, using optimization algorithms, and developing multi-level analysis methods. Although the multi-dimensional results of LID in recent years have greatly expanded the framework paradigm, most of the conducted research works are still biased towards the micro-scale. The present hotspot research considers how to make a macroscopic overall layout and efficiently cooperate with the pipelines network, rivers, and lakes systems to unlock the problems pertinent to urban rainwater and non-point source pollution.

Application of nature-based measures in China's sponge city initiative: Current trends and perspectives

Climate change has a large effect on the global water cycle, which will be further impacted by urbanization, resulting in a slew of water issues such as water scarcity and flooding. As a result, it is becoming increasingly vital to prioritize the protection of natural water resources during urban planning and development. China has advanced the concept of low-impact development (LID) through the establishment of sponge cities. Numerous LID approaches have been utilized in urban building and renovation, including rain gardens, green roofs, and permeable pavements. The purpose of this paper is utilized the keyword retrieval method to review the existing literature on three sponge city technologies, with an emphasis on their performance, adoption/implementation in China, and identify the knowledge gaps and limitations. Rain gardens reduce surface runoff by 25–69% and peak runoff by 12–71%. Green roof can reduce the rate of rainfall-induced surface runoff with a maximum delay time of 20 min. Permeable pavements reduce spalling, cracking, and uneven settlement; use construction waste as a construction material for sustainable development. Besides, the areas of inquiry for researchers and possible recommendations to urban planners are also provided. Thus, based on this review, it is recommended that a better understanding of the adaptive capabilities of sponge city technologies could result in more feasible options for sponge city planning, design, development, and implementation.

Performance assessment of sponge city infrastructure on stormwater outflows using isochrone and SWMM models

Sponge city construction in China is integrated with stormwater management infrastructure, which is based on the concept of low impact development, such that the urban flooding and nonpoint storm pollution are mitigated. We hypothesize that an analytic framework based on isochrone and SWMM models can be used to simulate and compare the rainfall-runoff process before and after sponge city construction and thus assess the performance of the sponge city infrastructure on controlling stormwater outflows. In this paper, the analytical framework driven by design storms (with return periods of 2, 5, 20, and 30-year) was developed and tested in the catchment in Fengxi New City, China. The modeling results were then analyzed with indicators like peak flow rate, outflow volume, rainfall-runoff ratio, and stormwater stored due to sponge city construction. Outflow hydrographs and volume curve analyses showed that the sponge city infrastructure significantly mitigates the risk of stormwater overflows in the catchment and dramatically relieves the pressure on the flood control system of its downstream areas by a firm limit of the peak flow rate. Also, the performance generally decreases as rainstorms become less frequent and more intense. We anticipate that the proposed framework provides a practical approach to quantifying the sponge city's response to rainfalls under complex models.

The Impact of Urbanization and LID Technology on Hydrological Effect

Wang, J.; Zhou, L.L.; Han, P., and Li, G.X., 2020. The impact of urbanization and LID technology on hydrological effect. In: Guido Aldana, P.A. and Kantamaneni, K. (eds.), Advances in Water Resources, Coastal Management, and Marine Science Technology. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 104, pp. 14–22. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.The rapid development of urbanization aggravates the problems of urban rain flood disaster and water environment pollution. In order to effectively solve the above problems, the concept of LID (Low Impact Development) were proposed, studied and applied. This research took Baoshan garden sub-watershed, with significant urbanization in Jinan, China, as the study objective. Firstly, in order to clarify the impact of urbanization on hydrological effect, it was simulated and analyzed with SWMM (Storm Water Management Model) at the time node 1985, 1995, 2005 and 2015, respectively. Secondly, in order to restore the hydrological characteristics to the state undevelopment and improve the water environment, a series of LID technical measures were set in the investigated area. Lastly, in order to test the effect of LID technical measures, SWMM was adopted again to simulate the hydrological effect with the setting of LID parameters. And the simulation results after LID application were contrastively analyzed with the hydrological characteristics before and after urbanization. In conclusion, with the development of urbanization, the investigated area showed growing trend in impervious surface coverage, runoff coefficient, the total runoff volume, peak flow and runoff TSS (Total Suspended Solids) pollutant emission, declined in infiltration capacity, and appeared runoff peak ahead of time. Besides, rational utilization of LID technology could not only restore hydrological characteristics, such as the total runoff volume and peak appearance time, to the level of undevelopment, but also achieve remarkably effective control on runoff TSS pollutant emission. The research results can provide theoretical guidance for the prevention and control of rainfall flood, the utilization of rainwater resources, the treatment of water environment and the restoration of water ecology in the urbanized areas.

Sustainable stormwater management: A qualitative case study of the Sponge Cities initiative in China

The Sponge Cities initiative in China is frequently described as a shift from using conventional grey infrastructure to a sustainable stormwater management (SSM) approach. However, it has been noted that Sponge City implementation includes conventional grey infrastructure too. Using the Sponge Cities initiative in China as a case, we examined how a prominent national policy is interpreted and implemented locally. We analysed national policy documents and conducted interviews with local government officials within three case cities. We found that in national policy documents, the Sponge City concept is related to the concept of low impact development, but that in implementation locally, conventional grey infrastructure still plays a significant role. Lack of space and lack of documented efficiency of green infrastructure were the most frequently mentioned reasons for this. Other challenges hindering its implementation were prioritization of quantifiable objectives within a short time-frame and lack of knowledge on SSM. Without sufficient resources (primarily space, knowledge and time), full implementation of the national Sponge City policy would be limited. In future efforts, finding the optimal combination of conventional and SSM solutions, viewing SSM and its management from a long-term perspective and promoting the understanding of SSM could help increase its implementation.

Influence of low-impact development in flood control for a design rainfall event

Urbanisation modifies the natural hydrological cycle and aggravates floods. If the limits imposed by the natural environment are respected in the urban planning process, it is expected that the city resulting from this process will be able to coexist with floods, suffering minor damages. In this context, this work uses the concept of low-impact development (LID) to ‘go back in time’, with the aid of mathematical modelling tools, identifying an earlier moment of initial development of the city of Mesquita, in Brazil, to evaluate the flooding situation at that time and compare it with the current situation, seeking to understand how the worsening process of the urban floods evolved. Then, an alternative growth pattern is modelled from the past to the present, revising urban development guidelines to incorporate flood concerns and LID concepts. The main findings indicate that flood flows need space; the bottom of the valleys and the riverine areas should be preserved as open spaces to accommodate floods, and LID can help in preventing floods, but the excess of imperviousness is critical and very difficult to reverse.

Low Impact Development (LID) as an effort to achieve a sustainable urban drainage system (SUDS). Case Study: Left Side Of Garang River Segment VI Semarang

The Garang River functions as a flood controller and a source of raw water for drinking water. This river is divided into seven segments, and in the downstream segment VI there is intake of raw water for drinking water. The land use is dominated by built-in land, in the form of dense settlements and industrial estates. This study aims to evaluate the condition of the drainage system, both in terms of runoff and water quality, and apply the concept of LID to achieve a sustainable drainage system. The method used is the SWMM. Evaluations were carried out in three outlets. In existing conditions, channel capacity in general is still sufficient, while water quality does not meet effluent standard quality for observed parameters including TSS, BOD, COD, oil & fat parameters and Total coliform. The LID concept that are suitable are Bio retention cell, Permeable Pavement and Rooftop disconnection.The use of this type of LID is significant enough to reduce runoff by 77% at outlet 1, 98% at outlet 2 and 73% at outlet 3 and decrease in some parameters of water quality by 77% to 100%.

Application of low impact development concept in the construction of Shouxian County

Low Impact Development (LID), also known as low impact design or low impact urban design and development, is a rainwater management method based on the principle of simulating natural hydrological conditions, using source control concepts to achieve stormwater control and utilization. Through the analysis of the current topography, meteorology, rainfall, and urban underlying surface of Shouxian County, the author finds out the cause of the county, and proposes to appropriately improve the design standards in the construction of municipal drainage facilities, and learn from the successful experience of sponge city construction in developed countries. The six-character policy of seepage, stagnation, storage, net, use and platoon is implemented in the engineering practice of the county-level recessed green space, rain garden, grass-growing ditch, infiltration pavement and water system remediation. Through several years of implementation, the phenomenon of sea watching in the county has disappeared, the water saving effect is obvious, the greening of the urban landscape has been greatly improved, and the social, economic and environmental benefits have been significantly improved

Landscape ecological planning of coastal industrial park based on low impact development concept: A case of the second coastal industrial base in Yingkou City, Liaoning Province, China.

Low impact development (LID) of industrial parks is an important component in the construction of China's sponge cities. We compared the methods of optimizing ecological spatial structure for rain and flood control in industrial parks, via analyzing the influence of landscape pattern on hydrological process. Firstly, according to the hydrological and geological conditions of the coastal area, the landscape pattern of the industrial park was optimized, with the water corridor system being structured and green patches being integrated. Then, the reasonable spatial allocation for the ecological infrastructure of the industrial park was realized, with the rain and flood control areas being divided based on the characteristics of the underlying surface. The runoff control indices of different control areas were determined, and the LID technical measures of different landscape nodes were selected. The results showed that the landscape pattern optimization strengthened landscape connectivity by constructing the ecological network within the industrial park. The runoff control rate of the park increased from 45% to 70% through the combination of various LID technologies, with the pervious pavement, submerged green space, rainwater garden, wet pond and grass ditch accounting for 1.3%, 1.9%, 0.2%, 0.2% and 0.1% of the total area, respectively. This study could provide new ideas and methods for the low impact development and construction of coastal industrial parks.

Research on Rainwater System Optimization Design Based on LID Concept -- A Case Study of Sponge Landscape Design in Qian’an, China

The rapid development of urbanization in China brings convenience to people’s lives, but it also faces the risk of water crisis. The effective resources such as rain, which is large in quality and easy to obtain, are wasted due to poor management and become cities. The potential safety threats, out of consideration of the above issues, China proposed the concept of building a “sponge city”, promoted the exploration and practice of solving storm water problems in cities and building low-impact rainwater systems in various fields, and also constituted an opportunity and basis for this study. . This article is based on low-impact development concepts and practices as the basis for research, focusing on its system construction methods and specific facilities in China’s “sponge city” construction. Therefore, the design principles, design methods, and post-assessment methods of rainwater landscape based on low-impact development were proposed, and the design contents, methods, advantages, and disadvantages of the sponge landscape design case in Qian’an City in China were studied and studied.

Study on purification effect of infiltration materials to pavement runoff pollution

The concentrations of pollutants in pavement runoff are higher than those in other surface runoff normally, which causes serious problems in protecting the environment of receiving rivers and soils. According to the concept of low impact development (LID), a pavement runoff pollution control measure was developed by using infiltration structure. In order to infiltration structure play a superior role in the control of pavement runoff pollution, purification capacity of four typical infiltration materials was tested. Then, long-term purification efficiency of infiltration materials was explored to suspended solids. Besides, microscopic observation was performed on infiltration materials. Results indicated that purification effects of infiltration materials were significantly different. The purification process can be divided into three stages, which ware "rapid upgrading ", "slow upgrading " and "slow reduction ". Finally, Infiltration materials mainly have two modes to intercept runoff pollutants, which were pore adsorption and mechanical interception of the gap between materials.

The Target Reading and Evaluation System Construction of Sponge City Construction

In face of the increasingly severe urban waterlogging situation both in scale and loss in China, policy making body calls for the constructions of sponge cities which can meet different local ecological requirements through a way of top-level design planning. Based on the concept of low impact development (LID), this paper, from the aspects of elastic function, purification function, ecological function and social function, interprets the construction targets and constructs the evaluation index system of sponge city.

Green stormwater infrastructure with low impact development concept: a review of current research

Green stormwater infrastructure with low impact development concept: a review of current research

LID관련 지방정부 조례제정 특성 기초연구 - 서울시, 수원시, 남양주시를 중심으로 -

본 연구는 저영향개발(LID)의 전국적 확산을 위해 실질적으로 시설의 설치 및 관리의 주체가 되는 국내 지방자치단체의 주요 제도인 조례를 양적 질적으로 분석함으로써 향후 이를 도입하고자 하는 지방정부에 정책적 방향을 제시하기 위해 작성되었다. 저영향개발(LID)과 연관된 주요 검색어 4개(물의 재이용, 빗물, 물순환, 저영향)를 전문가 자문회의를 통해 추출하였으며, 법제처 사이트 검색을 통해 주요 검색어가 포함된 99개의 관련 조례를 도출하여, 이를 검색어별 지방정부 규모별로 분석하였다. 분석결과 과거 2000년대 중반에 제정된 빗물관련 조례가 물의 재이용 촉진 및 지원에 관한 법률에 의한 조례로 전환되고 있음을 알 수 있었고, 물순환과 저영향이라는 키워드를 포함한 조례가 현재 전국에 3개(서울특별시, 남양주시, 수원시)뿐인 것으로 나타났다. 내용적으로 저영향개발(LID)를 포함하고 있는 3개 지자체를 대상으로 업무 담당자 인터뷰를 실시한 결과 도출된 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 현재 우리나라의 빗물, 물의 재이용 관련 조례는 강우강도 불투수율 등 지역 특성을 고려하기보다 행정자치부가 배포한 가이드라인에 따라 제정되고 있어 내용상 지자체마다 동일하다. 둘째, 현재 제정된 조례가 단순한 기술 시설에 국한되어 있어 토지이용 및 공간을 포함하는 저영향(LID) 개념을 포함할 수 없는 상황이다. 이에 저영향개발(LID)의 의미를 올바로 반영하기 위해서는 서울특별시와 같은 관련 조례 제정 및 강우강도, 불투수율 등 지역별 특성을 반영할 수 있는 새로운 가이드라인이 필요할 것으로 판단된다. This study suggests direction of new ordinance establishment for the future national application of Low Impact Development(LID) by analyzing current LID-related regulations of local governments, substantial agents to install and maintain a facility, through qualitative and quantitative methodologies. Four key words related to LID were derived from advisory conference and then ninety nine ordinances as the LID-related regulations were extracted to analyze. The study shows that rainwater-related ordinance passed in the middle of 2000s are being merely converted to the law on the promotion and support of water reuse. Regulations on water cycle and LID exist only in three cities nationwide(Seoul City, Suwon City and Namangju City). Interview with administrators of three cities to have LID-related regulations revealed following results. First, both rainwater and water reuse related regulations have not considered regional characteristics such as rainfall intensity, effects of impervious and merely followed guidelines by Ministry of Government Administration and Home Affairs. Second, existing ordinance is confined to specific facilities and thus cannot include the concept of LID which covers land and space utilization. Therefore, for proper application of LID, this study proposes issue of ordinance that resembles Seoul City ordinance and a new guideline that can reflect regional characteristics such as rainfall and location.

Sustainable urban drainage approach, focusing on lid techniques, applied to the design of new housing subdivisions in the context of a growing city

City growth must be carefully planned, in order to deal with the relevant hydrological changes, caused by urbanisation effects. Frequently, the increasing of the impervious surface areas is the major cause of urban fl oods aggravation. For this reason, new urban drainage design concepts have been researched in the recent decades, looking for a more sustainable stormwater management approach. The concept of sustainability in urban drainage implies that fl oods may not be transferred to downstream and that drainage systems must be planned considering urban development along time. Storage and infi ltration measures, distributed over the watershed and integrated with urban landscape, should be introduced to reduce fl ood peaks and reorganise fl ood fl ow patterns. Following this path, the concept of low impact development (LID) may be a reference for urban drainage projects of new housing subdivisions. This concept tends to produce built environments with minor hydrological changes, trying to preserve or recover natural fl ow conditions prior to the urbanisation. In this context, this paper aims to discuss the problems related to urban fl ood in a conceptual, but practical, perspective, comparing different alternatives of drainage design for urban areas in a development process. In particular, a case study in the neighbourhood of Guaratiba, at Rio de Janeiro City, Brazil, will be developed. This region is under an increasing urban growth pressure, but it is still possible to plan and design an alternative occupation. Basically, two approaches were compared: a traditional end of pipe design concept and an alternative sustainable design approach, based on the LID concept. The effects of the LID fl ood control measures were analysed and compared, applied in both public and private areas of a new urban subdivision project. A critical storm event was considered for the local scale and for Cabucu River, which is the receiving water body for the local drainage system. The combined use of infi ltration and storage measures was able to recover fl ood peaks. The pre-urbanisation values were approximately reproduced, both for the local and the basin scales, although peak times were not recovered.

Integral stormwater management master plan and design in an ecological community

Urban stormwater runoff nearly discharges directly into bodies of water through gray infrastructure in China, such as sewers, impermeable ditches, and pump stations. As urban flooding, water shortage, and other environment problems become serious, integrated water environment management is becoming increasingly complex and challenging. At more than 200ha, the Oriental Sun City community is a large retirement community located in the eastern side of Beijing. During the beginning of its construction, the project faced a series of serious water environment crises such as eutrophication, flood risk, water shortage, and high maintenance costs. To address these issues, an integral stormwater management master plan was developed based on the concept of low impact development (LID). A large number of LID and green stormwater infrastructure (GSI) approaches were designed and applied in the community to replace traditional stormwater drainage systems completely. These approaches mainly included bioretention (which captured nearly 85th percentile volume of the annual runoff in the site, nearly 5.4×105m3 annually), swales (which functioned as a substitute for traditional stormwater pipes), waterscapes, and stormwater wetlands. Finally, a stormwater system plan was proposed by integrating with the gray water system, landscape planning, an architectural master plan, and related consultations that supported the entire construction period. After more than 10years of planning, designing, construction, and operation, Oriental Sun City has become one of the earliest modern large-scale LID communities in China. Moreover, the project not only addressed the crisis efficiently and effectively, but also yielded economic and ecological benefits.

Agent-based assessment of stormwater re-use potential of low-impact development control facilities at the site of Vlasina Lake, Serbia

Vlasina Lake in south-east Serbia is classified as an Area of Distinct Land Use and, as such, is subject to high environmental protection standards applied in the Master Plan. Two open channels for stormwater and sediment transportation to two large detention basins with pumping stations for water evacuation into the lake were envisaged in the Master Plan. In the preliminary design, the stormwater system was quite different: wherever possible, on-site natural features were used for allocation of ponds, and drainage channels were led through existing road culverts. The applied design concept has been low impact development (LID), which led to potential blue-green corridors, recognized by project stakeholders. The paper studies the possibility of using ponds as a key element of both the LID concept and the blue-green corridors approach. For that purpose, an initial Vlasina Lake site agent-based simulation model has been created. A realistic physical model is included, and simulation results for two hypothetical climatic and socio-economic scenarios are presented. From the experience in creating the agent-based model, and based on the simulation results, recommendations are given for further work. It is shown that ponds have potential for the investigated water re-use purposes.